Wessel Gansfort “Owo Emi Akanamde Ukpụhọde Mbemiso Ini Ukpụhọde”
Wessel Gansfort “Owo Emi Akanamde Ukpụhọde Mbemiso Ini Ukpụhọde”
Kpukpru nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Ini Ukpụhọde Protestant, oro ọkọtọn̄ọde ke isua 1517, ẹmehe ye enyịn̄ owo nte Luther, Tyndale, ye Calvin. Nte ededi, ibat ibat owo kpọt ẹfiọk Wessel Gansfort. Ẹdọhọ ke enye edi “Owo Emi Akanamde Ukpụhọde mbemiso Ini Ukpụhọde.” Nte akpama ndinen̄ede mfiọk n̄kpọ mban̄a ọbọn̄ emi?
WESSEL akamana ke isua 1419 ke obio Groningen ke Netherlands. Ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 15, ediwak owo ikakaha n̄wed, edi Wessel ama aka. Okposụkedi enye ọkọfiọkde n̄wed, enye ama etre n̄wed ke ini ekedide isua usụkkiet sia ete ye eka esie ẹkedide ọkpọikpọi ubuene. Ke ini ebeakpa kiet emi ekedide imọ owo okokopde aban̄a ifiọk Wessel, enye ama enyịme ndidọn̄ Wessel n̄wed. Ntem, Wessel ama ekeme ndifiak n̄ka n̄wed. Nte ini akakade enye ama enyene udiana n̄weditoro ufọkn̄wed ntaifiọk. Etie nte enye ama ọbọ akwa n̄weditoro ke ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono n̄ko.
Ama enen̄ede ọdọn̄ Wessel ndinyene akaka ifiọkn̄wed. Nte ededi, itie ubonn̄wed ikawakke ke eyo esie. Okposụkedi ẹketọn̄ọde ndida ukwak umịn̄n̄wed emi ẹtan̄de-tan̄ mme abisi ẹdọn̄ mmịn̄ n̄wed ke eyo esie, ẹkesiwet ata ediwak n̄wed ke ubọk ndien mmọ ẹma ẹsọn̄ urua etieti. Wessel ama odu ke otu nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ oro ẹkesisan̄ade ke mme itie ubonn̄wed ye mme ufọkidụn̄ mọn̄k kiet kiet ẹyom n̄kani n̄wed oro ẹkesopde ye n̄kani uwetn̄kpọ eken. Ekem mmọ ẹma ẹtie ye kiet eken ẹneme se mmọ ẹkekpepde. Enye ama ekpep ekese n̄kpọ onyụn̄ ewet akpakịp n̄kpọ emi enye okokotde ke mme ọwọrọetop n̄wed ọdọn̄ ke ekpri n̄wed uwetn̄kpọ esie. Mme ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono eken ẹma ẹsinyene eyịghe ẹban̄a ifiọk Wessel sia enye ọkọfiọkde ata ediwak n̄kpọ oro mmọ mîkam ikopke-kop iban̄a. Ẹkekot Wessel Magister Contradictionis, m̀mê Etubom Mfan̄a.
‘Ntak Mûdaha Mi Ubịne Christ-e?’
N̄kpọ nte isua 50 mbemiso Ini Ukpụhọde, Wessel ama osobo ye Thomas à Kempis (n̄kpọ nte isua 1379 esịm 1471), emi ẹdọhọde ke enye ekewet ọwọrọetop n̄wed oro De Imitatione Christi (Edikpebe Christ). Thomas à Kempis ekedi owo n̄ka Edidianakiet, emi ẹkesịnde udọn̄ ẹnọ owo ndisịn ifịk ke n̄kpọ Abasi. Ewet mbụkuwem Wessel ọdọhọ ke Thomas à
Kempis ama esịn udọn̄ ọnọ Wessel ediwak ini ete ọbọn̄ akam ọnọ Mary an̄wam enye. Wessel ndien ama obụp ete: “Ntak mûdaha mi ubịne Christ emi ọdọhọde mbon oro ẹbiomde ndodobi mbiomo ẹtiene imọ?”Ẹdọhọ ke Wessel ikamaha ndidi oku. Ke ini ẹkebụpde ntak emi enye ekesịnde ndikporo idet etịn̄ibuot m̀mê ndikporo ntan̄ebek nte ọkwọrọ ederi, enye ọkọbọrọ ete ke imọ ifeheke owo ndiyịri imọ n̄wot adan̄a nte imọ isụk ikemede ndikere n̄kpọ ọfọn. Etie nte enye eketịn̄ aban̄a nte owo mîsikemeke ndikot mme oku ikpe, ndien etie nte idet oro mmọ ẹkesikporode ama akam anyan̄a ediwak mmọ osio ke n̄kpa! Wessel ama ọbiọn̄ọ ndusụk ọsọ edinam ido ukpono n̄ko. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, ẹma ẹsụk enye uyo sia enye mîkenịmke mme utịben̄kpọ oro ẹbụkde ke ọwọrọetop n̄wed eyo esie oro ẹkotde Dialogus Miraculorum. Edi enye ọkọdọhọ ete: “Akam ọfọn ndikot Edisana N̄wed Abasi.”
“Obụp Mbụme Okop Usem”
Wessel ama ekpep usem Hebrew ye Greek onyụn̄ enyene ekese ifiọk aban̄a uwetn̄kpọ Mme Ete Ufọkabasi eset. Ẹma ẹtịm ẹfiọk nte enye amade usem Hebrew ye Greek, sia enye okodude uwem mbemiso Erasmus ye Reuchlin. * Mbemiso Ini Ukpụhọde, mme ọfiọk usem Greek ikawakke. Ke Germany, nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ifan̄ kpọt ẹkefiọk usem Greek, ndien n̄kpọ ndomokiet ikodụhe ndin̄wam mme owo ẹkpep usem oro. Ke obio Constantinople ama ọkọduọ ke isua 1453, etie nte ini oro ke Wessel ekedisobo ye mbon n̄ka mọn̄k emi ẹtode Greece ẹfehe ẹka Edem Usoputịn onyụn̄ ekpep n̄kpri ikọ Greek. Ke eyo oro, mme Jew kpọt ẹkesisem usem Hebrew, ndien etie nte Wessel ekekpep n̄kpri ikọ Hebrew oto mme Jew oro ẹkekabarede esịt.
Wessel ama enen̄ede ama Bible. Enye akada Bible nte n̄wed emi ẹkedade odudu spirit Abasi ẹwet, onyụn̄ enịm ke kpukpru n̄wed Bible ẹdu ke ọyọhọ n̄kemuyo ye kiet eken. Wessel ọkọdọhọ ke ẹnyene ndikabade ufan̄ikọ Bible ntiene se ẹkenemede ẹban̄a, ye nte ke owo inyeneke ndiyụrọde enye ntiene ekikere owo. Ẹkenyene ndida kpukpru itie oro ẹkenamde an̄wan̄a ke usụn̄ en̄wen nte isio ukpepn̄kpọ. Kiet ke otu itie Bible Matthew 7:7, emi ọdọhọde ete: “Ẹka iso ẹyom, ndien mbufo ẹyekụt.” Ufan̄ikọ oro ama anam Wessel enen̄ede enịm ke ọfọn ndisibụp mbụme, ọdọhọde ete ke “obụp mbụme okop usem.”
oro enye akamade akan ekediN̄wọrọnda Eben̄e
Wessel ama aka Rome ke isua 1473. Enye ama osobo ye Pope Sixtus IV do. Pope emi ekedi akpa ke otu pope itiokiet oro oburobụt ido mmọ akanamde Mbon Protestant ẹyom ukpụhọde. Ewetmbụk oro Barbara W. Tuchman ọdọhọ ke Sixtus IV ọkọtọn̄ọ eyo emi “ẹkenen̄erede ẹyom udia n̄wo, ẹsịnde ibuot ẹsịn itọn̄ ẹyom okụk, ẹkenyụn̄ ẹdade odudu ẹkan ke mbre ukara.” Enye ndinam n̄kpọ ke unyene owo ama akpa mbon ufọkabasi ye ofụri obio idem. Ewetmbụk kiet ewet ete ke anaedi Sixtus okoyom ndinam itie pope edi n̄kpọ ufọk mmọ. Mme owo ikedehedei ikụt ndudue inọ enye ke utọ ndiọi ido oro.
Nte ededi, Wessel Gansfort iketiehe ntre. Usen kiet Sixtus ama ọdọhọ enye ete: “Eyen mi, ben̄e se ededi oro oyomde ndien iyọnọ fi.” Wessel ama ọsọsọp ọbọrọ ete: “Edisana ete, . . . sia afo adade itie akamba oku ye ekpemerọn̄, mben̄e . . . fi nte anam ọsọn̄urua utom fo emi ke usụn̄ oro edide ke ini Akwa Ekpemerọn̄ . . . edide, enye ọkpọdọhọ fi ete: ‘Emetịm anam, eti ofụn emi anamde akpanikọ, dụk ke idatesịt Usọufọk.’” Sixtus ama ọbọrọ ke utom imọ edi oro, edi yak Wessel emek n̄kpọ oro idinamde inọ enye. Wessel ọkọbọrọ ete: “Ọfọn, mbọk sio Bible usem Greek ye Hebrew ke Itie Ubon N̄wed Obio Ukara pope nọ mi.” Pope ama anam eben̄e Wessel ekem ọdọhọ ke Wessel edi nditen̄, ke enye ekpekeben̄e imọ imek enye bishop!
“Nsu ye Ndudue”
Sixtus ama ọdọhọ ẹkpe okụk man ẹbọn̄ akam ẹnọ mbon oro ẹkpan̄ade sia enye okoyomde okụk ke mbrenyịn ndida mbọp ọwọrọetop Ufọkakam Sixtus. Ubọn̄ akam nnọ mme akpan̄kpa ama ọwọrọ etop etieti. N̄wed oro ẹkotde Vicars of Christ—The Dark Side of the Papacy ọdọhọ ete: “Mbon oro nsan̄andọ ye nditọ mmọ ẹkpade ẹsibiat kpukpru se
mmọ ẹnyenede man ẹbọn̄ akam ẹsio mbonima mmọ ke Purgatory.” Mme owo ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹnịm ke akpanikọ ke pope ekeme ndinam iman ye mme ufan mmọ ẹka heaven, ndien emi ama anam mmọ ẹma edinam ubọn̄ akam emi.Nte ededi, Wessel ama enen̄ede enịm ke ofụri Ufọkabasi Catholic, esịnede pope ke idemesie, ikenyeneke unen ndifen mme idiọkn̄kpọ. Wessel ikedịpke-dịp inua ke ini okokotde mbubịne ubọn̄ akam nnọ mme akpan̄kpa emi, “nsu ye ndudue.” Enye ikonyụn̄ inịmke ke ama oyom ẹyarade idiọkn̄kpọ ẹnọ mme oku mbemiso ẹfende ẹnọ owo.
Wessel ama owụt n̄ko ke pope esinam ndudue, ọdọhọde ke ufọkabasi idisọn̄ọke ida edieke kpukpru owo ẹnyenede ndinịm se pope etịn̄de, sia mmọ ẹsinam ndudue. Wessel ekewet ete: “Edieke mme adaiso ido ukpono ẹkpọnọrede ibet Abasi ẹnịm n̄kan̄ kiet ẹnyụn̄ ẹwụkde ewụhọ idemmọ, . . . se mmọ ẹnamde ẹnyụn̄ ẹwụkde edi ikpîkpu.”
Wessel Etịm Itie Ọnọ Ukpụhọde
Wessel akakpa ke isua 1489. Enye okosụk edi owo Catholic kpa ye oro enye akasuade ndusụk ndiọi n̄kpọ oro ẹkenamde ke ufọkabasi. Edi ufọkabasi akananam ibiomke enye ikpe nte ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ. Nte ededi, ke enye ama akakpa, ndusụk mọn̄k Catholic emi ẹkenyenede ukwan̄ ifiopesịt ẹma ẹdomo ndibiat kpukpru se enye ekewetde sia mmọ mîkadaha se enye ekewetde ke edisana. Ke eyo Luther, akayak nsịn̄ ekpefre enyịn̄ Wessel ofụri ofụri, owo ikemịn̄ke n̄wed esie ndomokiet, ndien n̄wed esie oro ẹkekam ẹdude ẹsịm ini oro ikawakke aba. Ke akpatre, ẹma ẹmịn̄ akpa n̄wed Wessel ke n̄kpọ nte isua 1520 esịm 1522. Emi ama esịne leta emi Luther ekewetde ada otoro mme n̄wed Wessel.
Okposụkedi Wessel mîkedịghe Anam-Ukpụhọde nte Luther, enye ikamaha ndusụk edinam oro ẹkedade ẹkesịm Edinam Ukpụhọde. Ke akpanikọ, n̄wed oro ẹkotde Cyclopedia emi McClintock ye Strong ẹwetde ọdọhọ ke enye ekedi “ata akpan owo Germany oro eketịmde itie ọnọ Edinam Ukpụhọde.”
Luther ama ọfiọk ke Wessel akama se imọ n̄ko ikamade. Ewet n̄wed oro ekerede C. Augustijn ewet ete: “Luther emen eyo esie ye se ikọwọrọde enye odomo ye eke Elijah. Kpa nte prọfet oro ekekerede ke imọ ikpọn̄ ikosụhọ ndin̄wana ekọn̄ Abasi, Luther n̄ko ekekere ke imọ ikpọn̄ ikọbiọn̄ọ ndiọi edinam ufọkabasi. Edi ke enye ama okokot mme n̄wed Wessel, enye ama edifiọk ke Ọbọn̄ ama enịm ‘nsụhọ ke Israel.’” “Luther aka iso ọdọhọ ete: ‘Ekpedi mma mbak n̄kot se enye ekewetde, mme asua mi ẹkpekekere ke Wessel ekekpep Luther kpukpru n̄kpọ, sia enye ekenen̄erede ekere onyụn̄ anam n̄kpọ nte ami.’” *
“Mbufo Ẹyekụt”
Ukpụhọde oro akadade itie ikedịghe ke mbuari. Mme n̄kpọntịbe emi ẹkedade ẹkesịm Edinam Ukpụhọde ẹma ẹtọtọn̄ọ. Wessel ama ọfiọk ke nte mme pope ẹkedude oburobụt uwem ayanam ẹyom ndinam ukpụhọde. Usen kiet enye ama ọdọhọ eyen ufọkn̄wed kiet ete: “Ọfiọkn̄kpọ eyen, afo oyodu uwem okụt nte kpukpru nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Christian ẹdisịnde ukpepn̄kpọ . . . mbon ido ukpono oro ẹsịnde ndutịme.”
Okposụkedi Wessel ọkọfiọkde ndusụk ndudue ye mme ukwan̄n̄kpọ oro ẹketịbede ke eyo esie, enye ikekemeke ndiyarade ofụri un̄wana akpanikọ Bible. Kpa ye oro, enye akada Bible nte n̄wed emi anade ẹkot ẹnyụn̄ ẹkpep. Nte n̄wed oro A History of Christianity ọdọhọde, Wessel “ekenịm nte ke ẹnyene ndida Bible mbiere kpukpru se iban̄ade ido ukpono sia ẹkedade Edisana Spirit ẹwet enye.” Ke eyomfịn, ata mme Christian ẹnịm ke Bible edi Ikọ Abasi eke odudu spirit. (2 Timothy 3:16) Nte ededi, idịghe aba ọkpọsọn̄ n̄kpọ ndikụt m̀mê ndifiọk akpanikọ Bible. Edumbet Bible emi edi akpanikọ mfịn akan nte ekedide ke eset: “Ẹka iso ẹyom, ndien mbufo ẹyekụt.”—Matthew 7:7; Mme N̄ke 2:1-6.
[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]
^ ikp. 9 Iren emi ẹma ẹtịp ekese ẹsịn ke ndikpep usem Hebrew ye Greek. Ke isua 1506, Reuchlin ama emịn̄ n̄wed usem Hebrew, ndien emi ama anam ẹtetịm ẹkpep N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew. Erasmus ama emịn̄ n̄wed Greek emi ẹkedade ẹkabade n̄wed Abasi Christian Usem Greek ke isua 1516.
^ ikp. 21 Wessel Gansfort (1419-1489) and Northern Humanism, page 9, 15.
[Ekebe/Ndise ke page 14]
WESSEL YE ENYỊN̄ ABASI
Ediwak ini Wessel ekesiwet enyịn̄ Abasi nte “Johavah” ke mme n̄wed esie. Nte ededi, Wessel ama ewet “Jehovah” utịm ikaba, ke nsụhọde n̄kaha. Ke ini ewet n̄wed oro ekerede H. A. Oberman ekenemede n̄kpọ aban̄a Wessel, enye ọkọdọhọ ke Wessel ekekere ke edieke Thomas Aquinas ye mbon eken ẹkpefiọkde usem Hebrew, “mmọ ẹkpefiọk ke enyịn̄ oro Abasi akayararede ọnọ Moses ikọwọrọke ‘Ami ndi se ndide,’ edi ọkọwọrọ ‘Ami nyedi se ndidide.’” * Edikabade eke Obufa Ererimbot akabarede enye nnennen nnennen ete: “Ami nyedi se ndidide.”—Exodus 3:13, 14.
[Ikọ idakisọn̄]
^ ikp. 30 N̄wed oro ẹkotde Wessel Gansfort (1419-1489) and Northern Humanism, page 105.
[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]
Uwetn̄kpọ: Universiteitsbibliotheek, Utrecht
[Mme ndise ke page 15]
Wessel ama asua ọnọ ubọn̄ akam nnọ mme akpan̄kpa oro Pope Sixtus IV ekenyịmede