A special group of Roman soldiers, originally organized by Augustus as a bodyguard for the emperor. In the beginning, it likely consisted of nine cohorts of 1,000 men each, but the number of cohorts and their size changed over time. Initially most Praetorians came from Italy and received a higher pay than the soldiers in the legions, possibly two to three times as much. Tiberius concentrated this corps d’elite in Rome by constructing fortified barracks NE of the walls of the city. Though mainly stationed in Rome, cohorts might be sent to foreign lands. Since the Praetorian Guard were basically the only permanent troops in Italy, they came to  constitute a powerful political force in the supporting or overthrowing of an emperor. Eventually the men from the provinces were admitted into the Praetorian Guard. It was finally abolished by Emperor Constantine in 312 C.E.

In the Gospels and Acts, the Latinism prai·toʹri·on is used with regard to a palace or residence. The tent of an army commander had been known as praetorium, and so, in time, the term was applied to the residence of a provincial governor. Thus Pilate interrogated Jesus in the praetorium, or “governor’s palace.” (Joh 18:28, 33; 19:9; see GOVERNOR’S PALACE.) Evidently there, judgments were rendered and troops were barracked. (Mt 27:27; Mr 15:16) At Caesarea, Paul was “kept under guard in the praetorian palace of Herod.”​—Ac 23:35.

In view of this usage, some have suggested that prai·toʹri·on at Philippians 1:13 applied to Nero’s palace on Palatine Hill or to a judgment hall where Paul’s case might be heard. However, the Cyclopaedia by M’Clintock and Strong (Vol. VIII, p. 469) points out: “It was not the imperial palace, . . . for this was never called praetorium in Rome; nor was it the judgment-hall, for no such building stood in Rome, and the name praetoria was not until much later applied to the courts of justice.” When first imprisoned in Rome, Paul was “permitted to stay by himself with the soldier guarding him.” (Ac 28:16) So his prison bonds would have become public knowledge in association with Christ among the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard, and especially so if his guard was changed daily. As a consequence, many translators understand prai·toʹri·on at Philippians 1:13 to signify the Praetorian Guard and not some building or judicial body.​—RS, NW, AS, TC.

The Textus Receptus includes at Acts 28:16: “the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard.” (KJ) This latter officer has been explained by some to have been Sextus Afranius Burrus, the prefect of the Praetorian Guard under Nero until 62 C.E. Darby even renders it: “the centurion delivered up the prisoners to the praetorian prefect.” However, Darby’s version puts this material in brackets as an instance where there are variations in the manuscripts. Other modern versions omit the phrase altogether since it is not in ancient manuscripts such as the Sinaitic, Alexandrine, and Vatican No. 1209.​—RS, AT, NW, JB.