Sɔlemɔ lɛ kɛ Maŋ lɛ yɛ Byzantium

MƆ NI to Kristojamɔ shishi lɛ ha srɔtofeemɔ ni sa akɛ ekã ekaselɔi lɛ kɛ adesai aje lɛ ní etsi ehe kɛjɛ Nyɔŋmɔ he lɛ teŋ lɛ fee faŋŋ. Yesu kɛɛ ekaselɔi lɛ akɛ: “Eji je lɛŋ nyɛjɛ kulɛ, je lɛ aaasumɔ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ emɛi, shi akɛni nyɛjɛɛɛ je lɛŋ, shi mi moŋ mihala nyɛ kɛjɛ je lɛŋ lɛ, no hewɔ je lɛ nyɛ̃ɔ nyɛ lɛ.” (Yohane 15:19) Yesu kɛɛ Pilato, ni ji maŋkwramɔ hewalɛ ni yeɔ nɔ nakai beaŋ lɛ najiaŋdamɔlɔ lɛ akɛ: “Mimaŋtsɛyeli lɛ jɛɛɛ je nɛŋ.”—Yohane 18:36.

Bɔni afee ni Kristofoi atsu sɔ ni kã amɛnɔ ákɛ amɛshiɛ “kɛyashi shikpɔŋ lɛ naagbeehei lɛ” lɛ he nii lɛ, esa akɛ amɛkwa je lɛŋ saji ni baagbala amɛjwɛŋmɔ lɛ. (Bɔfoi lɛ Asaji 1:8) Taakɛ Yesu ji lɛ, mra be mli Kristofoi lɛ kɛ amɛhe woŋ maŋkwramɔŋ saji amli. (Yohane 6:15) Ebafee faŋŋ akɛ, anɔkwa Kristofoi sɔmɔɔɔ akɛ maŋ lɛ mli onukpai loo onukpai ni kwɛɔ nitsumɔi  anɔ. Beni be shweɔ mli lɛ, enɛ batsake kwraa.

‘Batsɔ Je lɛ Fã’

Beni bɔfoi lɛ ateŋ naagbee mɔ lɛ gbo sɛɛ ní bei ko shwie mli lɛ, jamɔŋ hiɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ jɛ amɛsuɔmɔ mli amɛtsake susumɔ ni kã amɛ kɛ je lɛ teŋ lɛ. Amɛje shishi amɛfee “maŋtsɛyeli” ko ni jeee akɛ je lɛŋ pɛ eyɔɔ, shi moŋ eji je lɛ fã lɛ hu he mfoniri. Kɛ́ wɔsusu bɔ ni jamɔ kɛ maŋkwramɔ fee ekome yɛ Byzantium Maŋtsɛyeli—Roma Bokagbɛ Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ, ní emaŋtiase yɔɔ Byzantium (ni amrɔ nɛɛ etsɔ Istanbul)—lɛ mli lɛ he lɛ, ebaafee nikasemɔ kpele kɛha wɔ.

Yɛ maŋ ni kusum jamɔ tsu gbɛfaŋ nɔ ko ni he hiaa he nii yɛ mli lɛ, Byzantium Sɔlemɔ lɛ, ní eshikwɛ̃ɛhe yɔɔ Byzantium lɛ ná hewalɛ bɔ ni sa. Sɔlemɔ yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Panayotis Christou kɛɛ be ko akɛ: “Byzantiumbii lɛ susu akɛ amɛshikpɔŋ nɔ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ feɔ Nyɔŋmɔ Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ he mfoniri.” Shi kɛlɛ, jeee be fɛɛ be maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli nɔyeli hegbɛ lɛ kɛ nakai susumɔ lɛ kpãa gbee. Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ji akɛ, bei komɛi lɛ, wekukpaa ni kã Sɔlemɔ lɛ kɛ Nɔyeli lɛ teŋ lɛ feɔ basabasa. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium lɛ kɛɔ akɛ: “Constantinople [loo Byzantium] osɔfonukpai lɛ jie sui srɔtoi akpo, ni nɔ ni fata he ji gbeyeishemɔ ni amɛkɛsɔmɔɔ yɛ nɔyeli ni he wa lɛ shishi . . . , ekome ni amɛkɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ feɔ . . . , kɛ ekãa ni amɛkɛteɔ shi amɛwoɔ nɔ ni maŋtsɛ lɛ sumɔɔ lɛ.” Constantinople sɔlemɔ blematsɛ, ni ji Boka Sɔlemɔ lɛ hiɛnyiɛlɔ lɛ batsɔ gbɔmɔ ko ni ná hewalɛ waa. Lɛ ji mɔ ni woɔ maŋtsɛ lɛ, no hewɔ lɛ ebaakpa gbɛ akɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ baafee mɔ ko ni baafã Ortodɔks tsɔɔmɔi lɛ ahe. Agbɛnɛ  hu blematsɛ lɛ yɛ nii waa, ejaakɛ lɛ ekwɛɔ nibii babaoo ni sɔlemɔ lɛ yɔɔ lɛ nɔ. Hewalɛ ni eyɔɔ lɛ haa enáa hewalɛ waa yɛ mɔ kome shihilɔi babaoo lɛ anɔ taakɛ enáa yɛ mɛi foji lɛ anɔ lɛ nɔŋŋ. Bei pii lɛ, blematsɛ lɛ nyɛɔ etseɔ maŋtsɛ lɛ hiɛ atua. Ebaanyɛ ewo ehe gbeyei akɛ ebaashwie lɛ—ni enyɛɔ enɔ ni efee esuɔmɔnaa nii yɛ Nyɔŋmɔ gbɛi amli—aloo ekɛ gbɛ̀i krokomɛi ni abaanyɛ atsɔ nɔ ajie maŋtsɛmɛi lɛ tsuɔ nii.

Beni maŋ nɔkwɛmɔ gbɛjianɔtoo yɛ maŋtiase lɛ sɛɛ lɛ bɔi shibaa fiofio lɛ, bei pii lɛ, osɔfonukpai lɛ bafeɔ mɛi ni yɔɔ hewalɛ waa yɛ amɛmaji lɛ amli, ni amɛyɛ hewalɛ tamɔ maŋtiase nɔyelɔi lɛ nɔŋŋ, mɛi ni amɛyeɔ amɛbuaa ni ahalaa amɛ lɛ. Osɔfonukpai lɛ kɛ amɛhe woɔ saneyelihe mli saji kɛ heloonaa nitsumɔi amli be fɛɛ be ní enɛ kɔɔ sɔlemɔ lɛ he—ni bei komɛi lɛ kɛji ekɔɔɔ sɔlemɔ lɛ he po. Nɔ kome ni ye ebua ji akɛ, osɔfoi lɛ kɛ mɔ kome shihilɔi fɛɛ ní amɛyifalɛ shɛɔ akpei nyɔŋmai abɔ lɛ yɛ amɛ osɔfonukpai lɛ ashishi.

 Maŋkwramɔ kɛ Jamɔŋ Gbɛhe Hemɔ

Taakɛ nɔ ni yɔɔ yiteŋgbɛ lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ, anyɛɛɛ agbála osɔfoyeli nitsumɔ lɛ kɛ maŋkwramɔ teŋ. Kɛfata he lɛ, osɔfoi lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo kɛ amɛjamɔi amli nifeemɔi lɛ bi ni aná shika babaoo diɛŋtsɛ. Osɔfoi babaoo ni yɔɔ gbɛhei ni nɔ kwɔlɔ mli lɛ hi ogbɔjɔ shihilɛ mli. Beni sɔlemɔ lɛ náa hewalɛ kɛ nii lɛ, ohia ni bɔfoi lɛ yeɔ lɛ kɛ krɔŋkrɔŋ ni esa akɛ amɛji lɛ sɛɛ fo. Osɔfoi kɛ osɔfonukpai komɛi hã shika koni ahala amɛ. Jamɔŋ gbɛhe hemɔ lɛ fee nɔ ni egbɛ eshwã aahu kɛtee osɔfoi anɔyeli kuu ni kwɔ fe fɛɛ lɛ mli. Osɔfoi lɛ kɛ shika nyiɛɔ mli kɛtaoɔ sɔlemɔ lɛ mli nitsumɔi ahegbɛ yɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ dɛŋ.

Nyɔɔŋnihemɔ hu bafee gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ akɛnáa jamɔ mli hiɛnyiɛlɔi onukpai lɛ anɔ hewalɛ. Beni Manyɛ Zoe (c. 978-1050 Ŋ.B.) ha agbe ewu Romanus III ní etao ni ekɛ esuɔlɔ kɛ mɔ ni baafee Maŋtsɛ Michael IV abote gbalashihilɛ mli lɛ, ekɛ oyaiyeli tsɛ Blematsɛ Alexius kɛba emaŋnyɛ we lɛ. Jɛmɛ ji he ni blematsɛ lɛ baná ele Romanus gbele lɛ kɛ blematsɛmɛi asɔɔmɔ ni akpaa lɛ gbɛ akɛ ebaatsu he nii lɛ he sane yɛ. Akɛni no mli lɛ sɔlemɔ lɛ miiye “Good Friday” gbi jurɔ lɛ nakai gbɛkɛ lɛ hewɔ lɛ, ehaaa nibii afee mlɛo kɛha Alexius. Shi kɛlɛ, ekpɛlɛ nikeenii babaoo ni maŋnyɛ ni etsɔ okulafo lɛ kɛɛ ekɛbaaha lɛ lɛ nɔ ni etsu nɔ ni yoo lɛ bi lɛ he nii.

Sɔɔmɔ yɛ Nɔyelɔ lɛ Shishi

Bei komɛi yɛ Byzantium Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ yinɔsane mli lɛ, nɔyelɔ lɛ kɛ hegbɛ ni eyɔɔ diɛŋtsɛ akɛ ehalaa mɔ ko kɛ́ abaahala blematsɛ ni yɔɔ Constantinople lɛ tsuɔ nii. Yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ, mɔ ko mɔ ko nyɛɛɛ abatsɔ blematsɛ ni nɔyelɔ lɛ ekpɛlɛko nɔ loo ní eeetsɛ fe nine.

Nɔyelɔ Andronicus II (1260-1332) na akɛ ehe miihia ni etsake blematsɛmɛi shii nɛɛhu. Yɛ shihilɛ ni tamɔ nakai lɛ babaoo mli lɛ, oti lɛ ji ni akɛ mɔ ko ni baaŋmɛɛ saji ahe kɛsaa lɛ ata blematsɛmɛi lɛ asɛi lɛ nɔ. Taakɛ wolo ni ji The Byzantines lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ, blematsɛ ko po wo nɔyelɔ lɛ shi kɛtsɔ niŋmaa nɔ akɛ, “ebaafee nɔ fɛɛ nɔ ni ebaabi lɛ, ekɔɔɔ he eko bɔ ni sane lɛ ejaaa yɛ mla naa ha, ni efeŋ nɔ ko nɔ ko ni esumɔɔɔ.” Nɔyelɔi lɛ ka shii enyɔ koni amɛnyɛ amɛsuɔmɔnaa nii anɔ amɛwo sɔlemɔ lɛ mli kɛtsɔ odehei aweku lɛ mli lumɔ ko ni amɛhalaa lɛ ákɛ blematsɛ lɛ nɔ. Nɔyelɔ Romanus I hala ebinuu Theophylact, ní eye afii 16 pɛ lɛ akɛ eji amɛblematsɛmɛi lɛ ateŋ mɔ ko.

Kɛ́ blematsɛ ko esaaa maŋtsɛ lɛ hiɛ lɛ, enyɛɔ enyɛɔ enɔ koni eŋmɛɛ enitsumɔ lɛ he loo efãa gwabɔɔ ko ni amɛkpa lɛ. Wolo ni ji Byzantium lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Yɛ Byzantium yinɔsane shihilɛ babaoo mli lɛ, hegbɛi ni kwɔlɔ lɛ kɛ hewalɛ ni Nɔyeli lɛ ná lɛ ná hewalɛ diɛŋtsɛ yɛ osɔfonukpai lɛ ahalamɔ mli.”

Akɛni blematsɛ lɛ fiɔ nɔyelɔ lɛ sɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, nɔyelɔ lɛ hu kwɛɔ sɔlemɔ gwabɔi anɔ. Ekudɔ sane naataamɔi, eto hemɔkɛyeli he saji ahe gbɛjianɔ, ni ekɛ osɔfonukpai kɛ agbɛnɛ hu jamɔŋ atuatselɔi taa saji anaa, ni mɔ ni ekɛtaa saji anaa fe fɛɛ lɛ—agbeɔ lɛ yɛ sɛŋmɔtso nɔ. Nɔyelɔ lɛ hu maa mla ni akpɛlɛɔ nɔ yɛ gwabɔɔ lɛ mli lɛ nɔ mi ni ekɛtsuɔ nii. Ebuuu mɛi ni teɔ shi woɔ lɛ lɛ fɔ akɛ amɛmiiye maŋtsɛ lɛ awui kɛkɛ, shi moŋ ákɛ amɛji sɔlemɔ lɛ kɛ Nyɔŋmɔ henyɛlɔ. Blematsɛ ko ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai ekpaa lɛ mli lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Esaaa akɛ afeɔ nɔ ko yɛ Sɔlemɔ lɛ mli ni baate shi awo Nɔyelɔ lɛ mlai.” Ákɛ gbɛtsɔɔmɔ lɛ, osɔfonukpai ni yɔɔ gwabɔɔ lɛ mli—ni feɔ nii  yɛ hiɛaŋhiɛaŋ, ni anyɛɔ akɔneɔ amɛyiŋ, ni gbɔmɔtso ni akɛtsuɔ nii akɛtsɔɔ kpɛlɛmɔ ni akpɛlɛɔ nii anɔ kɛ nilee gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ akɛyeɔ nii anaa lɛ nyɛɔ ekɔneɔ amɛyiŋ oyai lɛ—ewieee eshiii tamɔ amɛ hiɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ.

Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, beni Blematsɛ Ignatius (c. 799-878 Ŋ.B.) kpoo akɛ eeeha Maŋsɔɔlɔ Nukpa Bardas nuntsɔ niyenii lɛ, maŋsɔɔlɔ lɛ kɛ lɛ wuu. Bardas folɔ Ignatius naa akɛ ekpãŋ maŋtsɛ lɛ yinɔ ni eto akɛ ebaate shi ewo lɛ. Amɔ blematsɛ lɛ, ni atswa enaneshi tu kɛjɛ maŋ lɛ mli. Maŋsɔɔlɔ lɛ hã afɔ̃ oshiki ahã Photius, mɔ ni ejeee osɔfo lɛ ákɛ ebaye enajiaŋ, ni yɛ gbii ekpaa pɛ mli lɛ, etee hiɛ kɛyashɛ sɔlemɔ lɛ hegbɛi ni kwɔ fe fɛɛ lɛ nɔ, ni sɛɛ mli lɛ ebashɛ blematsɛmɛi agbɛhe lɛ. Ani Photius shɛɔ taomɔ nii ahe kɛha nakai mumɔŋ gbɛhe lɛ? Awie ehe akɛ eji “mɔ ni taoɔ anunyam ni he esa waa diɛŋtsɛ, henɔwolɔ ko ni nɔ bɛ, kɛ mɔ ni yɔɔ maŋkwramɔŋ nyɛmɔi ni anyɛɛɛ akɛ nɔ ko ato ehe.”

Tsɔɔmɔ ni Aná yɛ Maŋkwramɔ Sɔɔmɔ lɛ Mli

Bei pii lɛ, Ortodɔks tsɔɔmɔ lɛ kɛ jamɔŋ atuatsemɔ hàa maŋkwramɔŋ shitee-kɛ-woi anɔ, kɛ maŋkwramɔŋ nibii anɔ fe suɔmɔ ni aaasumɔ akɛ akɛ tsɔɔmɔi heei aaakɔne nɔyelɔi lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo yiŋ. Kɛ́ aaawie lɛ, nɔyelɔ lɛ yɛ hegbɛ akɛ ejajeɔ tsɔɔmɔi kɛ toiboo ni esa akɛ sɔlemɔ lɛ afee yɛ esuɔmɔnaa nii ahe lɛ mli.

Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Nɔyelɔ Heraclius (575-641 Ŋ.B.) bɔ mɔdɛŋ waa koni etsĩ mligbalamɔ ni kɔɔ su ni Kristo hiɛ ni miitao agbála enɔyeli ni he waaa lɛ mli lɛ naa. Akɛni eebɔ mɔdɛŋ ni eŋmɛɛ saji ahe kɛsaa hewɔ lɛ, ekɛ tsɔɔmɔ hee ko ni atsɛɔ lɛ Mɔ Kome Suɔmɔnaa Nii Jamɔ lɛ hã. * Kɛkɛ lɛ, bɔni afee ni Heraclius akwɛ ni wuoyigbɛ maji lɛ aye emaŋtsɛyeli lɛ anɔkwa lɛ, ehala blematsɛ hee yɛ Alexandria, ni ji Cyrus ni jɛ Phasis, mɔ ni kpɛlɛ tsɔɔmɔ ni nɔyelɔ lɛ fĩ sɛɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ. Nɔyelɔ lɛ efeee Cyrus blematsɛ kɛkɛ, shi moŋ Egypt nɔkwɛlɔ, ni ená hegbɛ yɛ nɔyelɔi ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ anɔ. Yɛ nɔnyɛɛ ni jɛ yiwaa fioo ni ba lɛ mli lɛ hewɔ lɛ, Cyrus bɔ mɔdɛŋ koni eha Egypt sɔlemɔ lɛ akpɛlɛ enɔ.

Amɛnine Nyɛ Shi

Te aaafee tɛŋŋ ni nɛkɛ nifeemɔi nɛɛ aaajie wiemɔ kɛ mumɔ ni Yesu jie lɛ kpo yɛ esɔlemɔ lɛ mli, he ni ekɛɛ akɛ esɛɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ ‘efeŋ je lɛ fã’ lɛ?—Yohane 17:14-16.

Mɛi ni kɛɛ Kristofoi hiɛnyiɛlɔi ji amɛ yɛ Byzantium bei lɛ amli lɛ ena nɔ̃ diɛŋtsɛ yɛ amɛhe ni amɛkɛwo maŋkwramɔŋ kɛ je lɛŋ asraafoi anifeemɔi amli lɛ he lɛ. Mɛni ji nɔ ni yinɔsane ni wɔsusu he fioo nɛɛ kɛɔ bo? Ani Byzantium Sɔlemɔ lɛ hiɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ ná Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ Yesu Kristo nɔ kpɛlɛmɔ?—Yakobo 4:4.

Anɔkwa Kristojamɔ nako jamɔ mli hiɛnyiɛlɔi ni taoɔ hiɛnyam lɛ kɛ amɛ maŋkwralɔi lɛ ahe sɛɛ. Nɛkɛ futumɔ ni akɛ jamɔ futu maŋkwramɔ saji yɛ gbɛ ni ejaaa nɔ nɛɛ eha aná jwɛŋmɔ gbonyo yɛ jamɔ krɔŋŋ ni Yesu tsɔɔ lɛ he. Eba akɛ wɔɔkase nii kɛjɛ yinɔsane mli ni ana wɔ akɛ ‘wɔjeee je lɛ fã.’

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[Akrabatsa/Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 10

“TAMƆ NYƆŊMƆ KO NI MIIFAMƆ ENAJI YƐ ŊWƐI”

Saji ni kɔɔ Blematsɛ Michael Cerularius (c. 1000-1059) he lɛ ji nɔ ko ni tsɔɔ gbɛfaŋnɔ ni sɔlemɔ lɛ yitso lɛ baanyɛ aná yɛ Maŋ lɛ nifeemɔi kɛ anunyam ni yɔɔ mli lɛ mli. Beni Cerularius nine eshɛ blematsɛmɛi anitsumɔ lɛ nɔ sɛɛ lɛ, ekɛ otii ni kwɔlɔ fe fɛɛ mamɔ ehiɛ. Awie ehe akɛ hetsɔɔlɔ, henɔwolɔ, kɛ mɔ ni bɛ tswãa—“ni esu lɛ tamɔ Nyɔŋmɔ ko ni miifamɔ enaji yɛ ŋwɛi.”

Akɛni Cerularius sumɔ ni ewó ehe nɔ hewɔ lɛ, ewo hewalɛ koni agbála ekɛ paapa ni yɔɔ Roma lɛ mli yɛ afi 1054 lɛ mli, ni enyɛ nɔyelɔ lɛ nɔ koni ekpɛlɛ mligbalamɔ lɛ nɔ. Akɛni Cerularius ná miishɛɛ yɛ ekunimyeli lɛ mli hewɔ lɛ, eto gbɛjianɔ ni ekɛ Michael VI ta maŋtsɛsɛi lɛ nɔ ni eye ebua lɛ ni ewaje enɔyeli lɛ. Afi sɛɛ lɛ, Cerularius nyɛ nakai nɔyelɔ lɛ nɔ ní ekpa maŋtsɛ ni eyeɔ lɛ, ni ekɛ Isaac Comnenus (c. 1005-1061) ta maŋtsɛsɛi lɛ nɔ.

Béi ni kã blematsɛmɛi anitsumɔ lɛ kɛ nɔyeli lɛ teŋ lɛ mli bawo wu. Cerularius—ní ná ele akɛ maŋbii lɛ fĩ esɛɛ lɛ—kɛ hegbeyeiwoo, nɔnyɛɛ, kɛ awuiyeli tsu nii. Yinɔsaneŋmalɔ ko ni hi shi yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Ewie Nɔyelɔ lɛ shigbeemɔ he yɛ heguɔgbee wiemɔ mli akɛ, ‘Mi miwo onɔ, bo mɔ ni bɛ jwɛŋmɔ; shi mafite bo.’” Shi kɛlɛ, Isaac Comnenus ha amɔ lɛ, awo lɛ tsuŋ, ni atswa enane shi tu kɛtee Imbros.

Nɔkwɛmɔnii ni tamɔ enɛɛmɛi tsɔɔ naagba ni blematsɛmɛi ni yɔɔ Constantinople lɛ baanyɛ amɛkɛba kɛ bɔ ni amɛbaanyɛ amɛkɛ ekãa ate shi ashi nɔyelɔ lɛ. Bei pii lɛ, nɔyelɔ lɛ kɛ gbɔmɛi ni tamɔ nɛkɛ, ni he esa akɛ maŋkwralɔi, ni nyɛɔ amɛteɔ shi amɛwoɔ nɔyelɔ lɛ kɛ asraafoi lɛ yeɔ.

[Shikpɔŋ he mfoniri/Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 9]

(Kɛ́ ootao ona bɔ ni saji nɛɛ ji diɛŋtsɛ lɛ, no lɛ kwɛmɔ wolo lɛ mli)

He Ni Byzantium Nɔyeli Lɛ Yashɛ

Ravenna

Roma

MAKEDONIA

Constantinople

Ŋshɔ Diŋ

Nicaea

Efeso

Antiokia

Yerusalem

Alexandria

Mediteranea Ŋshɔ

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 10, 11]

Comnenus

Romanus III (yɛ abɛkugbɛ)

Michael IV

Maŋnyɛ Zoe

Romanus I (yɛ abɛkugbɛ)

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Comnenus, Romanus III, and Michael IV: Courtesy Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.; Empress Zoe: Hagia Sophia; Romanus I: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.

[Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 12]

Photius

[Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 12]

Heraclius kɛ ebi nuu

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Heraclius and son: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.; all design elements, pages 8-12: From the book L’Art Byzantin III Ravenne Et Pompose