Tertullian Saji ni kɛ Amɛhe Kpaaa Gbee

‘MƐƐ ekomefeemɔ yɔɔ Kristofonyo kɛ jeŋnilelɔ teŋ? mɔ ni fiteɔ anɔkwale lɛ, kɛ mɔ ni kɛ anɔkwale lɛ maa shi ni ekɛtsɔɔ mɛi anii lɛ teŋ? Mɛɛ gbeekpamɔ yɔɔ Nikasemɔhe Wulu kɛ Sɔlemɔ lɛ teŋ?’ Tertullian ni ji afii ohai enyɔ kɛ afii ohai etɛ Ŋ.B. lɛ mli niŋmalɔ lɛ tée sanebimɔi ni mli wawai nɛɛ ashi. Abale lɛ akɛ “Mɛi ni Sɔlemɔ lɛ he yinɔsane kɛ etsɔɔmɔi ni atsɔɔ yɛ ebeaŋ lɛ babaoo jɛ amɛŋɔɔ lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome.” Etamɔ nɔ ni ehiɛ yɛ jamɔŋ shihilɛ mli nifeemɔi fɛɛ nɔ.

Ekolɛ nɔ ni akɛle Tertullian jogbaŋŋ ji ewiemɔi ni tamɔ nɔ ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe, tamɔ enɛɛmɛi akɛ: “Belɛ Nyɔŋmɔ da waa diɛŋtsɛ, beni Eji bibioo. Bɔ fɛɛ bɔ ni fee lɛ esa akɛ ahe [Nyɔŋmɔ Bi lɛ gbele lɛ] aye, ejaakɛ eshishinumɔ bɛ faŋŋ. Afu [Yesu], ni ete shi ekoŋŋ; anyɛŋ aje anɔkwale nɛɛ he ŋwane, ejaakɛ ewa akɛ eeenyɛ eba mli.”

Nibii babaoo yɛ ni kɔɔ Tertullian he ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe fe ewiemɔi lɛ. Eyɛ mli akɛ ekpɛ eyiŋ akɛ ebaaha eniŋmaai lɛ afã anɔkwale lɛ he ni ehiɛ sɔlemɔ lɛ emuuyeli lɛ kɛ etsɔɔmɔi lɛ amli moŋ, shi yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ efite anɔkwa tsɔɔmɔi lɛ. Yelikɛbuamɔ titri ni ekɛha Kristendom lɛ bafee tsɔɔmɔ ko ni sɛɛ mli lɛ niŋmalɔi tswa Triniti tsɔɔmɔ lɛ amɛma nɔ. Bɔni afee ni onu bɔ ni fee ni eba lɛ nakai lɛ shishi lɛ, klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ nyɛhaa wɔsusua Tertullian diɛŋtsɛ he fioo.

“Ehe yɛ Miishɛɛ”

Tertullian shihilɛ he sane fioo ko pɛ ale. Woloŋlelɔi pii kpɛlɛɔ nɔ akɛ afɔ lɛ aaafee afi 160 Ŋ.B. yɛ Carthage, Afrika Kooyigbɛ. Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, ele woloŋ jogbaŋŋ diɛŋtsɛ ni ele gbɔmɛi akui titri ni hiɛ jeŋnilee tsɔɔmɔ ni yɔɔ egbii lɛ amli lɛ jogbaŋŋ. Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, nɔ ni gbala lɛ kɛtee Kristojamɔ mli ji suɔmɔ mli ni mɛi ni tsɛɔ amɛhe Kristofoi lɛ jɛɔ koni amɛgbo kɛha amɛhemɔkɛyeli lɛ. Ebi yɛ nɔ ni kɔɔ Kristofonyo ni agbeɔ lɛ akɛ lá odasefonyo lɛ he akɛ: “Ejaakɛ namɔ ní susuɔ gbo ni abaagbo akɛ lá odasefonyo lɛ he lɛ, náaa he miishɛɛ akɛ eeebi nɔ ni kanyaa nakai nifeemɔ lɛ? namɔ ni beni etao mli sɛɛ lɛ, emɔɔɔ wɔtsɔɔmɔi lɛ amli?”

Yɛ etsakemɔ kɛha Kristojamɔ folo lɛ mli lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, Tertullian batsɔ niŋmalɔ ni le ŋaa ni yɔɔ hesaa yɛ sasaŋsɔ̃ wiemɔi ni yɔɔ kukuji amli. Wolo ni ji The Fathers of the Church lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “[Eyɛ] nyɛmɔ ko ní afɔɔɔ námɔ yɛ Nyɔŋmɔ jamɔ he nilelɔi ateŋ.” “Ehe yɛ miishɛɛ.” Woloŋlelɔ ko wie akɛ: “Tertullian [yɛ] nikeenii kɛha wiemɔi fe wiemɔ muu, ni eji nɔ ni yɔɔ mlɛo waa akɛ abaanu esasaŋsɔ̃ wiemɔi lɛ ashishi fe bɔ ni aaanyɛ anu enaataamɔi lɛ ashishi. Ekolɛ enɛ hewɔ ni bei pii lɛ afɔɔ ewiemɔi ayisɛɛ tsɛmɔ ni afɔɔɔ efai komɛi ayisɛɛ tsɛmɔ babaoo lɛ.”

Yɛ Kristojamɔ Hefamɔ Mli

Tertullian wolo ni ale fe fɛɛ ji Apology, ni akpɛlɛɔ nɔ akɛ eji Kristojamɔ folo hefamɔi awolo ni yɔɔ hewalɛ waa lɛ ateŋ ekome. Aŋma yɛ be mli ni be fɛɛ be lɛ Kristofoi ebafee mɛi ni piŋɔ yɛ basabasafeelɔi ni hiɛ apasa hemɔkɛyeli adɛŋ lɛ mli. Tertullian fã Kristofoi nɛɛ ahe ni ewie eshi niseniianii ni jwɛŋmɔ bɛ mli ni akɛbaa amɛnɔ lɛ. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “[Shitee-kɛ-wolɔi] lɛ susuɔ akɛ Kristofoi lɛ haa maŋ lɛ naa amanehulu kɛ nɔ fɔŋ fɛɛ nɔ fɔŋ ni baa gbɔmɛi lɛ anɔ lɛ. . . . Kɛji Nilo ejeee  ŋa ni eshwie ŋmɔji lɛ anɔ, kɛji kɔɔyɔɔ lɛ mli tsakeee, kɛji shikpɔŋhosomɔ, hɔmɔ, haomɔ ko ba lɛ—Amrɔ nɔŋŋ lɛ anuɔ bolɔmɔ akɛ: ‘Nyɛfɔa Kristofoi lɛ nyɛhaa jata lɛ!’”

Eyɛ mli akɛ bei pii lɛ afolɔɔ Kristofoi anaa akɛ amɛyeee Maŋ lɛ anɔkwa moŋ, shi Tertullian bɔ mɔdɛŋ koni etsɔɔ diɛŋtsɛ akɛ amɛji maŋbii ni abaanyɛ akɛ he afɔ amɛnɔ fe fɛɛ ni yɔɔ. Beni etsɛ jwɛŋmɔ yisɛɛ kɛtee mɔdɛŋ srɔtoi ni abɔ koni awo nɔyeli lɛ ashɛ afɔ lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, ekai eshitee-kɛ-wolɔi lɛ akɛ mɛi ni tee nɔyeli lɛ yinɔ apam lɛ ji wɔŋjalɔi diɛŋtsɛ, shi jeee Kristofoi. Tertullian tsɔɔ mli akɛ kɛji agbe Kristofoi lɛ, nɔ ko ŋmɛɔ maŋ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ.

Woji krokomɛi ni Tertullian ŋma lɛ kɔɔ Kristofoi ashihilɛ he. Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, yɛ enii amlitsɔɔmɔ yɛ On the Shows lɛ mli lɛ, Tertullian wo ŋaa eshi hiɛtserɛjiemɔhei komɛi ni abaaya, wɔŋjalɔi ashwɛmɔi kɛ hiɛtserɛjiemɔ nifeemɔi. Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, mɛi ni atsake amɛ kɛba ehee lɛ ateŋ mɛi komɛi yɛ ni enaaa nɔ ko ni teɔ shi woɔ ehe yɛ kpe ni abaakpe kɛha Biblia mli tsɔsemɔ kɛ agbɛnɛ wɔŋjalɔi ashwɛmɔi ashishi ni abaaya lɛ mli. Beni Tertullian bɔɔ mɔdɛŋ koni eha amɛnyɛ amɛsusu nii ahe lɛ, eŋma akɛ: “Kwɛ bɔ ni ehiii kwraa akɛ abaajɛ Nyɔŋmɔ sɔlemɔ lɛ mli kɛya abonsam nɔ lɛ mli—kɛjɛ mumɔŋ nibii kɛmiiya kooloi anifeemɔi amli.” Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Nɔ ni okpoo yɛ nifeemɔ mli lɛ, esaaa akɛ okpɛlɛɔ nɔ yɛ wiemɔ mli.”

Efiteɔ Anɔkwale lɛ yɛ Be Mli ni Efãa He

Tertullian je esane lɛ he wiemɔ ko ni yitso ji Against Praxeas lɛ shishi ni ewie akɛ: “Abonsam ewuu eshi ni ete shi ewo anɔkwale lɛ yɛ gbɛi srɔtoi anɔ. Bei komɛi lɛ eyiŋtoo lɛ ji koni ekpata anɔkwale lɛ hiɛ kɛtsɔ ehefamɔ nɔ.” Aleee nuu ni atsɛɔ lɛ Praxeas ni yɔɔ sane he wiemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ pɔtɛɛ, shi Tertullian je etsɔɔmɔi lɛ ni kɔɔ Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ Kristo he lɛ ahe ŋwane. Ebu Praxeas akɛ mɔ ni Satan baanyɛ ekɛ lɛ atsu nii kɛha mɔdɛŋ ni ebɔɔ koni eha eyiŋtoi akɛ ebaafite Kristojamɔ lɛ aya hiɛ.

Sane ko ni he hiaa waa ni yɔɔ mɛi ni tsɛɔ amɛhe Kristofoi lɛ ateŋ yɛ nakai beaŋ ji wekukpaa ni kã Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ Kristo teŋ lɛ. Ewa kɛha amɛteŋ mɛi komɛi, titri lɛ mɛi ni ji Helabii lɛ, akɛ amɛaaha hemɔkɛyeli ni amɛyɔɔ yɛ Nyɔŋmɔ kome mli lɛ kɛ gbɛfaŋnɔ ni Yesu náa akɛ Yiwalaherelɔ kɛ Kpɔlɔ lɛ akpa gbee. Praxeas ka akɛ ebaatsu amɛnaagba lɛ he nii kɛtsɔ tsɔɔmɔ ni etsɔɔ akɛ Yesu ji Tsɛ lɛ ni ejie ehe kpo yɛ gbɛ srɔto ko nɔ, ni srɔto ko bɛ Tsɛ lɛ kɛ Bi lɛ teŋ. Nɛkɛ tsɔɔmɔ nɛɛ ni atsɛɔ lɛ nifeemɔ gbɛ lɛ, kɛɔ akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ jie lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ehe kpo “akɛ Tsɛ lɛ yɛ Nibɔɔ mli kɛ yɛ Mla lɛ hamɔ mli, akɛ Bi lɛ yɛ Yesu Kristo mli, kɛ akɛ Mumɔ Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ yɛ Kristo ŋwɛiyaa lɛ sɛɛ.”

Tertullian tsɔɔ akɛ Ŋmalɛi lɛ ha srɔtofeemɔ ni yɔɔ Tsɛ lɛ kɛ Bi lɛ teŋ lɛ fee faŋŋ. Beni etsɛ 1 Korintobii 15:27, 28 lɛ sɛɛ lɛ esusu saji ahe akɛ: “Esa akɛ Mɔ ni ŋɔ (nibii fɛɛ) to eshishi lɛ, kɛ Mɔ shishi ni aŋɔ ato lɛ—afee mɛi srɔtoi enyɔ.” Tertullian gbala jwɛŋmɔ kɛtee Yesu diɛŋtsɛ wiemɔi akɛ: “Mitsɛ da fe mi” lɛ nɔ. (Yohane 14:28) Be mli ni ekɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ fai komɛi tamɔ Lala 8:6  tsuɔ nii lɛ, eha ana bɔ ni Biblia lɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni Bi lɛ “baa shi” ehaa lɛ mli. Tertullian mu naa akɛ: “No hewɔ lɛ, esoro Tsɛ lɛ kwraa yɛ Bi lɛ he, ni eda fe Bi lɛ. Shii abɔ ni mɔ ni fɔɔ mɔ lɛ ji mɔ pɔtɛɛ ko, ni Mɔ ni afɔɔ lɛ lɛ hu ji mɔ kroko lɛ; Lɛ, mɔ ni tsuɔ mɔ lɛ hu ji mɔ pɔtɛɛ ko, ni Mɔ ni atsuɔ lɛ lɛ hu ji mɔ kroko; ni shikome ekoŋŋ lɛ, Lɛ mɔ ni feɔ lɛ ji mɔ pɔtɛɛ ko, ni Mɔ ni atsɔɔ enɔ afeɔ nakai lɛ hu ji mɔ kroko.”

Tertullian bu Bi lɛ akɛ eyɛ Tsɛ lɛ shishi. Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ mɔdɛŋ ni ebɔ koni efite nyɔŋmɔi etɛ ni efee ekome tsɔɔmɔ lɛ, efee nii ‘kɛteke nɔ ni aŋma lɛ.’ (1 Korintobii 4:6) Be mli ni Tertullian taoɔ gbɛ ni ejaaa ni eeetsɔ nɔ etsɔɔ krɔŋkrɔŋ ni Yesu ji lɛ mli kɛtsɔ tsɔɔmɔ kroko nɔ lɛ, ekɛ nitsɔɔmɔ gbɛ ko ba akɛ “mɛi etɛ ni yɔɔ gbɔmɔtso sú kome mli.” Beni ekɛ tsɔɔmɔ nɛɛ tsuɔ nii lɛ, ebɔ mɔdɛŋ koni eha ana akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ, e-Bi lɛ, kɛ mumɔ krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ ji gbɔmɛi srɔtoi etɛ ni yɔɔ gbɔmɔtsoŋ sú kome ni yɔɔ krɔŋkrɔŋ mli. No hewɔ lɛ, Tertullian batsɔ mɔ klɛŋklɛŋ ni kɛ Latin wiemɔ henɔ ni ji “triniti” tsu nii kɛha Tsɛ lɛ, Bi lɛ, kɛ mumɔ krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ.

Kwɛmɔ Jogbaŋŋ yɛ Jeŋnilee He

Te Tertullian fee tɛŋŋ ni ekɛ ŋaa ni ji “gbɔmɔtso sú kome yɛ mɛi etɛ mli” lɛ ba? Abaana hetoo lɛ yɛ nuu lɛ he nibii krokomɛi ni kɛ amɛhe kpaaa gbee lɛ amli—esusumɔ yɛ jeŋnilee he. Tertullian tsɛ jeŋnilee akɛ “gbɔmɛi kɛ ‘daimonioi atsɔɔmɔi.’” Ewie eshi nifeemɔ ni ji jeŋ nilee ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛfiɔ Kristofoi anɔkwalei asɛɛ lɛ he. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Tsi ohe kɛjɛ mɔdɛŋ fɛɛ ni abɔɔ koni aná Kristojamɔ nifeemɔ ni akɛ Stoa tsɔɔmɔ, Plato tsɔɔmɔ kɛ saji amli ni jeŋ nilelɔi taoɔ lɛ he niŋmaa ni efite lɛ ahe.” Ni kɛlɛ, Tertullian diɛŋtsɛ kɛ jeŋ nilee tsu nii babaoo kɛji ekɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ esusumɔi kpãa gbee.—Kolosebii 2:8.

Wolo ko tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Triniti Nyɔŋmɔ jamɔ he nikasemɔ biɔ yelikɛbuamɔ ni jɛ Hela tsɔɔmɔi kɛ kui kɛha ehiɛyaa kɛ ewiemɔ lɛ mli.” Ni wolo ni ji The Theology of Tertullian lɛ wie akɛ: “[Eji] mla naa nibii ni ataoɔ ale ni akɛfutu jeŋnilee susumɔi kɛ wiemɔi, ni ye ebua Tertullian koni ekɛ triniti tsɔɔmɔ lɛ aha yɛ gbɛ ko ni, yɛ efatɔɔi kɛ emuu ni eyeee lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, ekɛ shishitoo nɔ kɛha tsɔɔmɔ ni ajie lɛ kpo sɛɛ mli yɛ Nikae Gwabɔɔ lɛ shishi lɛ ha.” No hewɔ lɛ, Tertullian nitsɔɔmɔ gbɛ ni ji—gbɔmɛi etɛ yɛ ŋwɛi gbɔmɔtsoŋ sú kome mli lɛ—tsu gbɛfaŋnɔ ko ni he hiaa waa he nii yɛ jamɔŋ tɔmɔ lɛ gbɛɛ-kɛ-shwãmɔ yɛ Kristendom fɛɛ lɛ mli.

Tertullian wie eshi mɛi krokomɛi akɛ amɛmiifite anɔkwale lɛ yɛ be mli ni amɛbɔɔ mɔdɛŋ koni amɛfã he lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, ákɛ nɔ ni kɛ ehe kpãaa gbee lɛ, kɛtsɔ Biblia mli anɔkwalei ni ajɛ Nyɔŋmɔ mumɔ lɛ mli aŋma lɛ ni efutu lɛ kɛ adesai ajeŋ nilee lɛ nɔ lɛ, lɛ diɛŋtsɛ efee nɔ ni efolɔ mɛi krokomɛi anaa akɛ amɛmiifee lɛ nɔŋŋ. No hewɔ lɛ, nyɛhaa wɔkɛ kɔkɔbɔɔ ni Ŋmalɛi lɛ bɔ eshi “he ni akɛ aaayakpɛtɛ lakamɔ mumɔi kɛ daimonioi atsɔɔmɔi ahe” lɛ atsua nii—1 Timoteo 4:1.

[Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 29, 30]

Tertullian wie eshi jeŋnilee shi ekɛtsu nii koni ekɛha lɛ diɛŋtsɛ esusumɔi aya hiɛ

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Baafai 29 kɛ 30: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 31]

Anɔkwa Kristofoi kpoɔ Biblia mli anɔkwalei ni amɛkɛaafutu adesai ajeŋ nilee