Ekãalɔ “Gbɛfalɔ yɛ Sanekpakpa lɛ Gbɛɛ-kɛ-Shwamɔ Mli”

ABƆ amaniɛ akɛ, beni George Borrow yeɔ afii 18 lɛ, no mli lɛ ewieɔ wiemɔi 12. Yɛ afii enyɔ sɛɛ lɛ, enyɛ etsɔɔ wiemɔi srɔtoi 20 ashishi “yɛ gbɛ ni yɔɔ mlɛo ni ja jogbaŋŋ nɔ.”

Yɛ afi 1833 lɛ, British and Foreign Bible Society ni yɔɔ London, yɛ England lɛ fɔ̃ nine etsɛ nuu ni he esa waa nɛɛ kɛha sanegbaa. Akɛni Borrow, ni eye afii 30 lɛ nyɛɛɛ ewo gbɛfaa lɛ he nyɔmɔ, shi etswa afai shi akɛ ekɛ hegbɛ ni sa jogbaŋŋ nɛɛ baatsu nii hewɔ lɛ, enyiɛ kilomitai 180 kɛjɛ eshia ni yɔɔ Norwich lɛ kɛtee jɛmɛ, ni efee nakai yɛ ŋmɛlɛtswai 28 pɛ mli.

Bible Society lɛ kɛ nitsumɔ ko ni wa waa fɔ̃ ehiɛ—koni ekɛ nyɔji ekpaa akase Manchu wiemɔ ni awieɔ yɛ China hei komɛi lɛ. Ebi koni aha lɛ wiemɔ he mla wolo, shi nɔ pɛ ni amɛnyɛ amɛha lɛ ji Mateo Sanekpakpa lɛ ni aŋma yɛ Manchu wiemɔ mli, kɛ wiemɔ komekomei ashishitsɔɔmɔ wolo ko ni aŋma yɛ Manchu kɛ French wiemɔ mli. Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ otsii 19 mli lɛ, eŋma wolo kɛtee London akɛ, “Mikase Manchu wiemɔ lɛ migbe naa,” ni taakɛ etsɔɔ mli lɛ, yɛ “Nyɔŋmɔ yelikɛbuamɔ naa.” Nɛkɛ oti ni eshɛ he nɛɛ sa kadimɔ waa diɛŋtsɛ, ejaakɛ yɛ nakai beaŋ nɔŋŋ lɛ eejaje tɔmɔi ni yɔɔ Luka Sanekpakpa ni aŋma yɛ Nahuatl, ni ji Mexicobii awiemɔi lɛ ateŋ ekome lɛ mli.

Biblia lɛ yɛ Manchu Wiemɔ Mli

Beni ama Mongolia Uighur wiemɔ lɛ mli niŋmaa okadii lɛ ni akɛŋma Manchu wiemɔ lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa yɛ afii ohai 17 lɛ, ebatsɔ wiemɔ ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ China nɔyeli lɛ mli. Eyɛ mli akɛ ekɛ nitsumɔ ba shi yɛ be ko sɛɛ moŋ, shi British and Foreign Bible Society mli bii lɛ miisumɔ akɛ amɛkala Biblia lɛ yɛ Manchu wiemɔ mli koni amɛjara. Beni afi 1822 shɛɔ lɛ, no mli lɛ amɛkɛ shika eye ebua kɛkala efã ni ji Mateo Sanekpakpa ni Stepan V. Lipoftsoff tsɔɔ shishi lɛ ekomekomei 550. Eji Russian Foreign Office mli bii ateŋ mɔ ko, ni ehi China afii 20. Akala enɛ yɛ St. Petersburg, shi beni ajara fioo ko pɛ lɛ, nu afua ko kpata fã ni shwɛ lɛ hiɛ.

Etsɛɛɛ ni abɔi Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi muu lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ. Yɛ afi 1834 lɛ, blema shishitsɔɔmɔ ko ni akɛ niji ŋmala, ni Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ babaoo yɔɔ mli ni nine shɛ nɔ lɛ ha miishɛɛ ni ayɔɔ yɛ Biblia lɛ he lɛ tee hiɛ. Namɔ baanyɛ akwɛ Manchu Biblia ni yɔɔ lɛ mli tɔmɔi ajajemɔ lɛ nɔ koni egbe efã ni eshwɛ lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ naa? George Borrow, ji mɔ ni British and Foreign Bible Society lɛ fã koni eyatsu nitsumɔ nɛɛ yɛ amɛnajiaŋ.

Kɛtee Russia

Beni Borrow yashɛ St. Petersburg lɛ, ekɛ ekãa bɔi Manchu wiemɔ lɛ kasemɔ koni no aye abua lɛ ni enyɛ ekane Biblia lɛ ni ejaje niŋmaai lɛ amli tɔmɔi lɛ ni eŋma lɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, nitsumɔ lɛ bafee nɔ ni wa waa, ni etsu nii aaashɛ ŋmɛlɛtswai 13 daa gbi kɛye ebua koni ato  niŋmaa okadii ni akɛbaatsu nii kɛkala Kpaŋmɔ Hee Lɛ, ní yɛ naagbee lɛ awie he akɛ “eji bokagbɛ wolo ko ni atsɔɔ shishi jogbaŋŋ.” Yɛ afi 1835 lɛ, akala ekomekomei 1000. Shi ate shi awo Borrow fai shi ni etswa kɛ yiŋtoo akɛ ekɛbaaya China koni eyajara yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ. Akɛni Russia nɔyeli lɛ she gbeyei akɛ abaanyɛ abu nifeemɔ nɛɛ akɛ eji maŋsɛɛ sanekpakpa jajemɔ nitsumɔ ko ni baanyɛ afite naanyobɔɔ wekukpaa ni kã ekɛ China teŋ hewɔ lɛ, ekpɛlɛɛɛ Borrow gbɛbimɔ koni efã gbɛ kɛya China husui lɛ anaa, kɛji ekɛ “Manchu Biblia kome pɛ po” baaya.

Yɛ aaafee afii nyɔŋma sɛɛ lɛ, ajara fioo komɛi, ni yɛ afi 1859 lɛ, nine shɛ Mateo kɛ Marko Sanekpakpai ni atsɔɔ shishi yɛ Manchu kɛ China wiemɔi amli yɛ baafai lɛ amli biɛ kɛ biɛ lɛ nɔ. Shi yɛ nakai be lɛ mli lɛ, mɛi ni baanyɛ akane Manchu wiemɔ lɛ babaoo sumɔɔ ni amɛkane China wiemɔ lɛ, ni gbɛkpamɔ ni aná akɛ abaaná Biblia muu lɛ fɛɛ yɛ Manchu wiemɔ mli lɛ bɔi laajemɔ. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, no mli lɛ Manchu ji wiemɔ ko ni miilaaje, wiemɔ ko ní etsɛŋ ni China wiemɔ baaha elaaje lɛ. Tsakemɔ nɛɛ ba mli yɛ afi 1912 lɛ mli, beni China batsɔ kwasafo nɔyeli maŋ lɛ.

Iberia Ŋshɔkpɔ Lɛ

Niiashikpamɔi ni George Borrow ná lɛ wo lɛ hewalɛ ni eku esɛɛ kɛtee London. Yɛ afi 1835 lɛ, asaa aha lɛ nitsumɔ yɛ Portugal kɛ Spain, koni taakɛ etsɔɔ mli lɛ yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ, “eyakwɛ he ni gbɔmɛi lɛ anilee eshɛ kɛha Kristojamɔ mli anɔkwalei lɛ anɔkpɛlɛmɔ.” Yɛ nakai be lɛ mli lɛ, British and Foreign Bible Society lɛ nitsumɔi shɛko nakai maji enyɔ lɛ amli he ko kwraa yɛ maŋkwramɔŋ basabasafeemɔ kɛ mɛi ateŋ béi ni egbɛ eshwã lɛ hewɔ. Borrow ná he miishɛɛ akɛ ekɛ mɛi ni yɔɔ Portugal akrowai amli lɛ aaagba Biblia lɛ mli saji, shi yɛ be fioo ko sɛɛ lɛ, jamɔ he shikpilikpiifeemɔ kɛ shitee-kɛwoo ni ekɛkpe yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ ha eshi kɛtee Spain.

Ekɛ kaa kroko yakpe yɛ Spain, titri lɛ yɛ Gypsybii ni etsɛɛɛ ni Borrow kɛ amɛ bɔi bɔɔ gbagbalii yɛ amɛwiemɔ lɛ ni enyɛɔ ewieɔ hewɔ lɛ agbɛfaŋ. Beni eyashɛ jɛmɛ sɛɛ etsɛɛ ni ebɔi “Kpaŋmɔ Hee” lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ kɛmiiya Spain Gypsy wiemɔ, ni ji Gitano mli. Efɔ̃ nine etsɛ Gypsy yei enyɔ koni amɛbaye amɛbua lɛ kɛtsu nɛkɛ nitsumɔ nɛɛ. Ekaneɔ shishitsɔɔmɔ ni yɔɔ Spain wiemɔ mli lɛ ehaa amɛ ni ebiɔ koni amɛtsɔɔ shishi amɛha lɛ. Kɛtsɔ nɛkɛ gbɛ nɔ lɛ, enyɛ ekase bɔ ni akɛ Gypsy abɛbuai tsuɔ nii jogbaŋŋ ahaa. Nɔ ni jɛ mɔdɛŋbɔɔ nɛɛ mli kɛba ji akɛ, akala Luka Sanekpakpa lɛ yɛ afi 1838 agbiɛnaa be lɛ mli, ni eha osɔfonukpa ko po jaje akɛ: “Borrow baatsɔ gypsy wiemɔ lɛ nɔ etsake Spainbii fɛɛ.”

Afã George Borrow koni “etao mɔ ko ni he esa koni etsɔɔ Ŋmalɛi lɛ ashishi kɛya Basque wiemɔ mli.” Borrow ŋma akɛ, akɛ nakai nitsumɔ lɛ wo Datrɛfonyo Oteiza, ni eji tsofafeelɔ ko ni “ni le nakai wiemɔ lɛ jogbaŋŋ, ni mi hu miyɛ he nilee fioo” lɛ dɛŋ. Yɛ afi 1838 lɛ, Luka Sanekpakpa lɛ bafee klɛŋklɛŋ Biblia wolo ni je kpo yɛ Spain Basque wiemɔ mli.

Shwelɛ ni Borrow yɔɔ akɛ ebaaha mɛi foji anilee aya hiɛ lɛ tsirɛ lɛ ni efã gbɛ kɛtee hei shɔŋŋ shɔŋŋ, bei pii gbɛfaai ni yɔɔ oshara  koni eyajara Biblia woji lɛ eha ohiafoi ni yɔɔ akrowai amli. Efee enɛ kɛ susumɔ akɛ ekɛmiiha amɛná jamɔ he nilee ni ekɛkpɔ amɛ kɛjɛ apasa hemɔkɛyelii amli. Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, bɔni afee ni eha amɛna sɛɛnamɔ ni bɛ shika ni amɛkɛhaa yɛ eshai ni amɛfee lɛ hewɔ lɛ he lɛ, ekɛɔ akɛ: “Ani ebaanyɛ eba akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ, ni eji mɔ kpakpa lɛ baakpɛlɛ shika ni akɛaawo esha he nyɔmɔ lɛ nɔ?” Shi akɛni Bible Society lɛ she gbeyei akɛ tutuamɔ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ ni ekɛbaa kusumii ni ato shishi momo lɛ anɔ lɛ baanyɛ eha agu amɛnitsumɔ lɛ hewɔ lɛ, amɛfã lɛ koni ekɛ ejwɛŋmɔ ama Ŋmalɛi lɛ ni eeejara lɛ nɔ titri.

Akɛ naabu kpɛlɛ nɔ aha Borrow koni ekala El Nuevo Testamento, ni ji Kpaŋmɔ Hee ko ni yɔɔ Spain wiemɔ mli, ní Roma Katolik tsɔɔmɔi ahe niŋmaai bɛ mli. Enine shɛ nakai gbɛŋmɛɛ lɛ nɔ yɛ shitee-kɛ-woo ni maŋ sɔɔlɔ nukpa ni wie shishitsɔɔmɔ lɛ he akɛ eji nɔ ko ni kɛ oshara baaba kɛ “wolo ko ni ehiii” lɛ kɛba enɔ yɛ shishijee mli lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ. Kɛkɛ ni Borrow gbele shwapo ko yɛ Madrid koni ekɛhɔɔ nɛkɛ Kpaŋmɔ Hee nɛɛ yɛ jɛmɛ, ni eji nifeemɔ ko ni kɛ bei ba ekɛ jamɔ mli hiɛnyiɛlɔi kɛ agbɛnɛ maŋ nɔyelɔi lɛ ateŋ. Awo lɛ tsuŋ gbii 12. Beni Borrow wie eshi nifeemɔ nɛɛ, abi koni eshi maŋ lɛ mli dioo. Akɛni ele jogbaŋŋ akɛ tsuŋ ni awo lɛ lɛ ejaaa hewɔ lɛ, etsi bɔfo Paulo nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ tã ni ehala akɛ ebaahi shi kɛyashi naagbee lɛ, akpɛlɛ enɔ yɛ mla naa.—Bɔfoi lɛ Asaji 16:37.

Beni Bible Society tsulɔ ni yɔɔ ekãa lɛ shi Spain yɛ afi 1840 lɛ, amɛnyɛ amɛbɔ amaniɛ akɛ: “Ajara Ŋmalɛi aaashɛ 14,000 yɛ Spain yɛ afii 5 ni eho nɛɛ amli.” Akɛni Borrow ná gbɛfaŋnɔ kpele yɛ enɛ mli hewɔ lɛ, emu niiashikpamɔi ni ená yɛ Spain lɛ naa akɛ “miwala shihilɛ mli afii ni miishɛɛ yɔɔ mli fe fɛɛ.”

Wolo ni ji The Bible in Spain, ni akala klɛŋklɛŋ nɔ yɛ afi 1842—ni aakala lolo amrɔ nɛɛ—ji George Borrow shihilɛ he saji ni lɛ diɛŋtsɛ eŋmala ni yɔɔ faŋŋ ni kɔɔ egbɛfaai kɛ nibii amli ni etsɔmɔ lɛ ahe. Yɛ wolo ni akpɛlɛ nɔ amrɔ nɔŋŋ nɛɛ mli lɛ, etsɛ ehe akɛ “gbɛfalɔ yɛ sanekpakpa lɛ gbɛɛ-kɛ-shwamɔ mli.” Eŋma akɛ: “Mito miyiŋ akɛ maya teemɔhei kɛ hei ni etse ehe banee ni yɔɔ gɔŋkpɔi kɛ gɔji anɔ lɛ, koni mikɛ gbɔmɛi ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ awie gbɛ ni mikɔ yɛ Kristo gbɛfaŋ lɛ he.”

George Borrow to shishitoo nɔ kɛha mɛi krokomɛi—hegbɛ ko ni yɔɔ nyam waa diɛŋtsɛ—kɛtsɔ Ŋmalɛi lɛ ni ejara kɛ shishi ni etsɔɔ kɛ ekãa babaoo lɛ nɔ.

[Shikpɔŋ he mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 29]

(Kɛ́ ootao ona bɔ ni saji nɛɛ ji diɛŋtsɛ lɛ, no lɛ kwɛmɔ wolo lɛ mli)

Mɔdɛŋ ni George Borrow bɔ koni etsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi ni ejara lɛ ha efã gbɛ kɛjɛ (1) England kɛtee (2) Russia, (3) Portugal, kɛ (4) Spain

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 28]

Yohane Sanekpakpa ni yɔɔ Manchu wiemɔ mli ni akala yɛ afi 1835 lɛ hiɛkpamɔ wiemɔi, ní kanemɔ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ ŋwɛi abɛkugbɛ kɛhoɔ ninejurɔgbɛ

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

From the book The Bible of Every Land, 1860

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 27 lɛ Jɛ]

From the book The Life of George Borrow by Clement K. Shorter, 1919