Mari Blema Maŋ ko ni Hé Shi Waa yɛ Shia Ŋa lɛ Nɔ

ANDRÉ PARROT ni ji Francenyo shitsaa nibii ahe nilelɔ lɛ kaiɔ akɛ: “Mimii shɛ mihe jogbaŋŋ beni mibote tsu ni miwɔɔ mli lɛ mli yɛ gbi gbɛkɛ ní mikɛ minanemɛi lɛ eye nɔ̃ kpakpa ko ni wɔyana lɛ he gbijurɔ sɛɛ lɛ.” Yɛ January afi 1934 mli lɛ, Parrot kɛ enanemɛi shitsalɔi lɛ yana amaga ko ni aŋma yɛ nɔ akɛ: “Lamgi-Mari ni ji Mari maŋtsɛ kɛ nyɔŋmɔ Enlil osɔfonukpa lɛ” yɛ Tell Hariri ni bɛŋkɛ Eufrate faa lɛ naa maŋ bibioo ko ni atsɛ́ɔ lɛ Abu Kemal ni yɔɔ Syria lɛ mli. Enɛ ni amɛyana lɛ ha amɛmii shɛ amɛhe babaoo.

Ayana Mari maŋ lɛ agbɛnɛ! Mɛni hewɔ Biblia kaselɔi yɔɔ nɔ ni shitsalɔi yana nɛɛ he miishɛɛ lɛ?

Mɛni Hewɔ ni Wɔyɔɔ Maŋ Nɛɛ He Miishɛɛ?

Eyɛ mli akɛ yinɔsane mli niŋmaai wieɔ Mari maŋ ni ehi shi pɛŋ lɛ he moŋ, shi aleee he tuuntu ni ato maŋ nɛɛ yɛ. Sumeriabii woloŋmalɔi komɛi tsɔɔ akɛ Mari ji maŋtiase ko ni ekolɛ, be ko ni eho lɛ ajɛ jɛmɛ aye maji ni yɔɔ Mesopotamia kpokpai lɛ anɔ lɛ nɔ. Aje gbɛ ato Mari maŋ lɛ yɛ Eufrate faa lɛ naa yɛ jarayeli gbɛŋta ko naa, ni gbɛjegbɛi ni jɛɔ gbɛŋta nɛɛ naa lɛ yaa Persia Ŋshɔ lɛ naa kɛ Assyria, Mesopotamia, Anatolia kɛ Mediteranea Ŋshɔ lɛ hu naa. Akɛ guɔyeli nibii tamɔ tsei, dadei kɛ tɛi ni ji nibii ní námɔ wa yɛ Mesopotamia  lɛ batsɔɔ maŋ lɛ mli kɛhoɔ kɛyaa hei krokomɛi. Guɔyeli nibii nɛɛ ahe onia ni atsuɔ ahaa Mari nɔyeli lɛ ha ebaná nii babaoo, ni enɛ ha ebahé shi waa fe maji krokomɛi fɛɛ ni yɔɔ nakai kpokpai lɛ anɔ. Shi kɛlɛ, gbɛi ni ehe nɛɛ ba shi beni Akkad maŋtsɛ Sargon ye Syria nɔ kunim lɛ.

Yɛ Sargon kunimyeli lɛ sɛɛ aaafee afii 300 lɛ amli fɛɛ lɛ, nɔyelɔi srɔtoi ni ji asraafoi baye Mari nɔ. Maŋ nɛɛ ku sɛɛ ebahé shi bɔ ni sa yɛ asraafoi nɛɛ anɔyelii ashishi. Shi kɛlɛ, beni shɛɔ Mari naagbee nɔyelɔ ni ji Zimri-Lim yinɔ lɛ, no mli lɛ egbɛi ni ehe lɛ eba shi. Zimri-Lim bɔ mɔdɛŋ koni etswa emaŋtsɛyeli lɛ ema shi kɛtsɔ kpaŋmɔi ni efee, tai srɔtoi ni ewu, kɛ ekome ni ekɛ maji yafee kɛtsɔ gbalashihilɛ mlibotemɔ nɔ lɛ anɔ. Shi aaafee afi 1760 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, Babilon Maŋtsɛ Hammurabi batutua maŋ lɛ ni ekpata hiɛ kwraa, ni enɛ kɛ maŋ ni Parrot wie he akɛ “efata blema maji ni hiŋmɛigbelemɔ tee hiɛ babaoo yɛ mli lɛ ahe” lɛ ba naagbee.

Beni Hammurabi asraafoi lɛ kpata Mari maŋ lɛ hiɛ butuu lɛ, no mli lɛ amɛleee akɛ amɛnifeemɔ lɛ he baaba sɛɛnamɔ kɛha ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ shitsalɔi kɛ yinɔsane ŋmalalɔi. Beni amɛkumɔ gbogboi ni akɛ brikishi ni ashãaa yɛ flɔnɔɔ mli fee lɛ amɛshwie shi lɛ, gbogboi lɛ kumɔ shwie tsũi komɛi anɔ ni efũ amɛ kwraa, ekomɛi lɛ mitai 5 kwɔlɛ, ni enɛ ha tsũi nɛɛ hi shi afii babaoo ni amɛfiteee. Mɛi ni tsaa shi kɛtaoɔ blema nibii lɛ eyana gbatsui kɛ maŋtsɛwei ahe tsukoi, ŋaalɔi aninenaa nitsumɔi kɛ taoi srɔtoi pii ní aŋmala amɛnɔ nii, ni enɛɛmɛi fɛɛ haa anaa bɔ ni hiŋmɛigbelemɔ tee nɔ eha yɛ blema beaŋ.

Mɛni hewɔ wɔyɔɔ Mari amaŋfɔ̃i lɛ ahe miishɛɛ lɛ? Susumɔ beni blematsɛ Abraham yɔɔ shikpɔŋ nɔ lɛ he okwɛ. Afɔ́ Abraham yɛ afi 2018 D.Ŋ.B., yɛ Nu Afua kpeteŋkpele ni ba lɛ sɛɛ afii 352. Ebeaŋ bii lɛ ji yinɔbii ni ji nyɔŋma kɛ́ akane kɛjɛ Noa yinɔ. Abraham shi Ur ni ji ejaku maŋ lɛ mli yɛ Nyɔŋmɔ fãmɔ naa, ni etee Haran. Beni Abraham ná afii 75 yɛ afi 1943 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, eshi Haran kɛbaho Kanaan shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ. Italynyo Paolo Matthiae ni ji shitsaa nibii ahe nilelɔ lɛ wie akɛ: “Gbɛfaai srɔtoi ni Abraham kɛ ehe wo mli kɛjɛ Ur kɛtee Yerusalem [ni yɔɔ Kanaan] lɛ fɛɛ tee nɔ beaŋ beni Mari maŋ lɛ yɔɔ shihilɛ mli lɛ.” Enɛ hewɔ ni Mari maŋ ni ayana lɛ he yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔ waa lɛ, ejaakɛ ebaanyɛ eye ebua wɔ koni wɔna bɔ ni jeŋ ni Nyɔŋmɔ tsulɔ anɔkwafo Abraham hi shi yɛ mli lɛ yɔɔ ha lɛ jogbaŋŋ. *—1 Mose 11:10–12:4.

Mɛni Ayana yɛ Amaŋfɔi lɛ Amli?

Nyɔŋmɔi lɛ ajamɔ hé shi waa yɛ Mari taakɛ eba lɛ yɛ no beaŋ Mesopotamia maji krokomɛi lɛ amli lɛ. Kɛha amɛ lɛ, adesai agbɛnaa ji ní amɛsɔmɔ nyɔŋmɔi lɛ. Ataoɔ nɔ ni nyɔŋmɔi lɛ asuɔmɔnaa nii ji be fɛɛ be dani akpɛɔ yiŋ yɛ saji ni yɔɔ hiɛdɔɔ lɛ ahe. Shitsalɔi ni taoɔ blema nibii eyana gbatsui srɔtoi ekpaa komɛi ahe tsukoi. Temple of Lions (nɔ ni mɛikomɛi susuɔ akɛ no ji Dagan ni ji Biblia mli Dagon gbatsu) lɛ, Ishtar ni ji nyɔŋmɔyoo ni haa afɔ́ɔ lɛ gbatsu kɛ hulu nyɔŋmɔ Shamash hu nɔ̃ ji tsukoi ni ayana lɛ ekomɛi agbɛii. Ayɛ nyɔŋmɔi ni ajɔɔ gbatsui nɛɛ anɔ aha ní asɔleɔ ahaa amɛ hu lɛ ahe amagai yɛ gbatsui nɛɛ eko fɛɛ eko mli. Jálɔi ni basɔleɔ lɛ feɔ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛhe amagai bibii ni amɛshĩɔ yɛ gbatsu lɛ mli sɛii anɔ kɛ hemɔkɛyeli akɛ, amagai bibii nɛɛ tsaa jamɔ ni  amɛkɛhaa lɛ nɔ. Parrot yɔse akɛ: “Jálɔ lɛ kɛ amaga bibioo ni efeɔ ehaa ehe lɛ tsuɔ nii taakɛ Katolikbii kɛ kɛnɛrɛ tsuɔ nii ŋmɛnɛ lɛ, shi yiŋtoo ni yɔɔ sɛɛ lɛ yaa shɔŋŋ fe nakai, yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ amaga lɛ yeɔ jálɔ lɛ najiaŋ.”

Tell Hariri amaŋfɔi lɛ amli nibii ni ayana lɛ ateŋ nɔ ni sa kadimɔ fe fɛɛ ji maŋtsɛwe wulu ko ni tsui pii yɔɔ mli, ni Mari naagbee Maŋtsɛ Zimri-Lim ni hi mli lɛ gbɛi akɛwo tsu nɛɛ. Francenyo Louis-Hugues Vincent ni ji shitsaa nibii ahe nilelɔ lɛ wie maŋtsɛwe nɛɛ he akɛ eji “blema Bokagbɛ ŋaalɔi ni tsuɔ tsumaa he nii lɛ anine naa nitsumɔ ko ni yɔɔ fɛɔ jogbaŋŋ.” Maŋtsɛwe nɛɛ dalɛ shɛɔ hɛktai 2.5, ni tsui 300 kɛ amɛhe ablanaai yɔɔ mli. Yɛ nakai blema bei lɛ amli po lɛ, abuɔ maŋtsɛwe nɛɛ akɛ eji je lɛŋ tsũi wuji fɛfɛji lɛ ateŋ ekome. Georges Roux wie tsũ nɛɛ he yɛ Ancient Iraq wolo ni eŋma lɛ mli akɛ: “Maŋtsɛwe nɛɛ hé gbɛi aahu akɛ no ha Syria ŋshɔ naa maŋ ni ji Ugarit lɛ nɔ Maŋtsɛ lɛ ha ebinuu fã gbɛ kilomitai 600 kɛtee jɛmɛ koni eyashara shi kɛkwɛ bɔ ni ‘Zimri-Lim we lɛ’ yɔɔ ha.”

Saralɔi tsɔɔ agbó ni yɔɔ mɔ̃ji enyɔ ateŋ lɛ mli kɛtsɔɔ abalanaa agbo ko nɔ kɛboteɔ maŋtsɛwe ní asraafoi buɔ he nɛɛ. Mari naagbee maŋtsɛ Zimri-Lim taa maŋtsɛsɛi ni ma kpoku ko nɔ lɛ nɔ, ni etsuɔ tawuu mli saji, jarayeli kɛ majimaji ateŋ saji ahe nii; ni jɛmɛ nɔŋŋ etaa ekojoɔ maŋbii lɛ; ni ehereɔ gbɔi kɛ maji anajiaŋdamɔlɔi hu. Ayɛ tsũi pii ni gbɔi bawɔɔ mli, ni maŋtsɛ lɛ fɔɔ okpɔlɔŋmɛɛi kɛ enɔ niyenii kɛ dãai ni ŋɔɔŋɔi kɛha gbɔi ni baa jɛmɛ lɛ. Looi komɛi ni ashãa aloo ahóɔ afataa niyenii ni ayeɔ lɛ ahe ji tsina loo, too loo, yɔɔ loo, ŋshɔŋ loo kɛ wuɔ loo, ni ayeɔ enɛɛmɛi kɛ fɔlɔo srɔtoi ni ŋɔɔŋɔi, ni akɛ yelibaai kɛ keesui srɔtoi hu fataa he. Ajaa aduawai srɔtoi ni akɛ sikletɛi ekpá ekomɛi ahe kɛ keekii hu kɛjieɔ daaŋ yɛ okpɔlɔŋmɛɛi nɛɛ ashishi. Ahaa gbɔi lɛ beer loo wein yɛ nu najiaŋ.

 Atsuɔ falefalefeemɔ hu he nii jogbaŋŋ yɛ maŋtsɛwe lɛ. Hejuuhei kɛ amɛmli tɔkpoi ni akɛ sũ fee kɛ niiaŋyaahei fata nibii ni ayana lɛ ahe. Akɛ amã ekpá hejuuhei kɛ niiaŋyaahei nɛɛ amli shikpɔŋ lɛ kɛ gbogboi lɛ ahe yɛ amɛshishigbɛ, bɔni afee ni nu akatsɔ mli. Nui ni akɛfɔ nii ahe kɛ mɔsɛɛ nui tsɔɔ nujɔɔi ni akɛ brikishi fee lɛ amli, ni nui lɛ batsɔɔ nibii blobloi ni akɛ sũ fee ni fɔji kamɔ mli lɛ amli kɛhoɔ, ni eyɛ mli akɛ aaafee afii 3,500 eho moŋ nɛ, shi nɛkɛ nibii ni nui tsɔɔ mli nɛɛ fiteko lolo. Beni hela gbonyo ko bamɔmɔ maŋtsɛ ŋamɛi lɛ ateŋ mɛi etɛ lɛ, akɛ fãmɔi ni naa wa ha. Ahaaa yei ni tamɔ nɛkɛ lɛ ateŋ mɔ ko ahi mɛi ateŋ, shi atsĩɔ amɛnaa yɛ he ko banee. “Mɔ ko mɔ ko kɛ helatsɛ lɛ kɔɔpoo akanu nu, ekaye nii yɛ ekpɔlɔ nɔ, ni ekata helatsɛ lɛ sɛi nɔ hu.”

Mɛni Wɔbaanyɛ Wɔkase Kɛjɛ Blema Taoi Anɔ Niŋmaai lɛ Amli?

Parrot kɛ enanemɛi shitsalɔi lɛ yana blema taoi aaafee 20,000 hu ni aŋmala amɛnɔ nii yɛ Akkad wiemɔ mli. Saji ni aŋmala yɛ taoi nɛɛ anɔ lɛ wieɔ woji ni aŋmala akɛmaje mɛi, nitsumɔi anɔkwɛmɔ kɛ shika helɛtemɔ ahe. Saji fɛɛ ni yɔɔ taoi nɛɛ anɔ lɛ mlijaa etɛ mli ekome pɛ aŋmala yɛ woji amli. Shi kɛlɛ, saji nɛɛ kɛkɛ aŋmalamɔ hé wolokpoi 28 sɔŋŋ. Mɛɛ sɛɛnamɔ yɔɔ taoi nɛɛ anɔ niŋmaai lɛ ahe? Jean-Claude Margueron ni ji Mari Blema Nibii Atsaa He Nitsulɔi Akuu lɛ mli hiɛnyiɛlɔ lɛ wie akɛ: “Dani aaayana Mari blema nibii lɛ, no mli lɛ nɔ ko nyɛkɛsiɔɔ pɛ wɔle yɛ mɛi ni hi shi yɛ Mesopotamia kɛ Syria yɛ afii komɛi ni nyiɛ afi 2000 D.Ŋ.B. sɛɛ lɛ ahe, ni wɔbɛ amɛnitsumɔi kɛ amɛ daa gbi shihilɛi ahe nilee ko kwraa. Blema taoi lɛ eye ebua ni anyɛ aŋmala mɛi ni hi shi yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ ahe yinɔsane woji babaoo.” Taakɛ Parrot tsɔɔ mli lɛ, “anaa saji ni je amɛhe ni haa mɔ naa kpɛɔ ehe waa kɛ́ akɛ gbɔmɛi ahe saji ni taoi nɛɛ wieɔ he lɛ to Kpaŋmɔ Momo lɛ mli saji ni wieɔ bei amli ni Blematsɛmɛi lɛ kɛhi shi lɛ he lɛ ahe.”

Blema taoi ni ayana yɛ Mari lɛ hu yeɔ ebua ni ehaa Biblia mli saji komɛi amli feɔ faŋŋ. Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, taoi lɛ anɔ niŋmaai lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ maŋtsɛ ŋamɛi kɛ ehemɛi ni ashɔ̃ɔ kɛjɛɔ henyɛlɔ maŋtsɛ ni ayeɔ enɔ kunim lɛ dɛŋ ahaa he lɛ ji “nifeemɔ titri ko ni maŋtsɛmɛi ni yeɔ nɔ yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ fɔɔ feemɔ.” Ŋaawoo ni sɛɛgbɛtsɔɔlɔ Ahitofel kɛha Maŋtsɛ David binuu Absalom akɛ ekɛ etsɛ hemɛi ayawɔ lɛ jeee nɔ̃ hee ko.—2 Samuel 16:21, 22.

Kɛjɛ afi 1933 kɛbaa nɛɛ, atsa Tell Hariri maŋ lɛŋ hei srɔtoi 41. Shi kɛlɛ, kɛbashi amrɔ nɛɛ Mari maŋ ni dalɛ shɛɔ hɛktai 270 lɛ mli hei ni shɛɔ hɛktai 20 pɛ atsa kɛtao blema nibii. Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, nibii ni sa kadimɔ babaoo yɛ lolo ni shitsalɔi baana yɛ Mari ni ji blema maŋ ko ni hé shi waa yɛ shia ŋa lɛ nɔ lɛ.

[Shishigbɛ niŋmaa]

[Shikpɔŋ he mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 10]

(Kɛ́ ootao ona bɔ ni saji nɛɛ ji diɛŋtsɛ lɛ, no lɛ kwɛmɔ wolo lɛ mli)

Persia Ŋshɔ

Ur

MESOPOTAMIA

Eufrate Faa

MARI

ASSYRIA

Haran

ANATOLIA

KANAAN

Yerusalem

Mediteranea Ŋshɔ (Ŋshɔ Wulu)

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 11]

Tao nɛɛ nɔ niŋmaai lɛ wieɔ Mari Maŋtsɛ Iahdun-Lim ni shwã efɔ̃ etsumaa nitsumɔi lɛ anɔ lɛ he

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 11]

Lamgi-Mari he amaga ni ayana lɛ ha abale Mari maŋ lɛ he saji babaoo

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 12]

Ebih-Il ni ji Mari maŋ onukpa lɛ ni miisɔle

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 12]

Kpoku ni yɔɔ maŋtsɛwe lɛ ní ekolɛ ashɔ̃ nyɔŋmɔyoo lɛ he amaga ama nɔ lɛ

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 12]

Mari amaŋfɔi lɛ, nɔ̃ mli ni anaa tsũi komɛi ni akɛ brikishi ni ashãaa yɛ flɔnɔɔ mli mã lɛ

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 12]

Hejuuhe ko ni yɔɔ maŋtsɛwe lɛ

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 13]

Blema tɛtao ni wieɔ Naram-Sin ni ye Mari nɔ kunim lɛ kunimyeli lɛ he

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 13]

Ayana blema taoi aaafee 20,000 yɛ maŋtsɛwe lɛ amaŋfɔi lɛ amli

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 10 lɛ Jɛ]

© Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)

[Hei ni Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 11 lɛ Jɛ]

Tao kɛ enɔ niŋmaai: Musée du Louvre, Paris; amaga: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)

[Hei ni Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 12 lɛ Jɛ]

Amaga: Musée du Louvre, Paris; kpoku kɛ hejuuhe: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)

[Hei ni Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 13 lɛ Jɛ]

Kunimyeli tɛtao: Musée du Louvre, Paris; maŋtsɛwe amaŋfɔi: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)