Christophe Plantin Efata Mɛi Ni Je Biblia Kalamɔ Shishi Lɛ Ahe

EYƐ mli akɛ Johannes Gutenberg ni hi shi aaafee afi 1397 kɛyashi afi 1468 lɛ ehé gbɛi waa akɛ mɔ klɛŋklɛŋ ni kɛ woji akalamɔ tsɔne kala Biblia lɛ moŋ, shi mɛi fioo pɛ le Christophe Plantin. Ehi shi yɛ afi 1500 afii lɛ amli, ni efata mɛi ni je woji akalamɔ shishi lɛ ahe. Kɛfata he lɛ, eye ebua babaoo ni mɛi ni hi shi yɛ ebeaŋ lɛ anine shɛ woji kɛ Bibliai anɔ amɛkane.

Afɔ́ Christophe Plantin aaafee afi 1520 yɛ Saint-Avertin yɛ France. Akɛni Plantin yasumɔ ni ehi he ko ni mɛi efeee shɛii yɛ mɛi krokomɛi ajamɔ he, kɛ he ko ni enitsumɔ baaya nɔ jogbaŋŋ fe France hewɔ lɛ, beni eye aaafee afii 28 lɛ, eyahi Antwerp yɛ kpokpaa ni ale lɛ akɛ Low Countries lɛ. *

No mli lɛ, nii ni Plantin tsuɔ ji ekpɛɔ woji ni ehàa sɛɛ, ni ekɛ kooloi ahewolo hu kpɛɔ baagi, tokota, kɛ nibii ni tamɔ nakai. Nibii ni ekɛ kooloi ahewolo fee lɛ yɛ fɛo jogbaŋŋ ni niiatsɛmɛi ji mɛi titri ni hé nibii ni efee lɛ. Shi oshara ko ni Plantin kɛkpe yɛ afi 1555 lɛ ha etsake nii ni etsuɔ lɛ. Bɔ ni ebalɛ ji akɛ, be ko beni enyiɛ gbɛ ekɛ kooloi ahewolo adeka bibioo ko ni Spain Maŋtsɛ Philip II ní kwɛɔ Antwerp kpokpai lɛ anɔ lɛ kɛɛ efee eha lɛ lɛ yaaha lɛ lɛ, dãatɔlɔi komɛi yatutua lɛ yɛ Antwerp gbɛ lɛ nɔ. Amɛtsu ekɔŋ akplɔ. Eyɛ mli akɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ, Plantin he wa lɛ moŋ, shi enyɛɛɛ nii ni akɛ hewalɛ tsuɔ etsu dɔŋŋ, ni no ha ekpa nii ni no mli lɛ etsuɔ lɛ. Hendrik Niclaes ni ji Anabaptistbii akuu ko hiɛnyiɛlɔ lɛ kɛ shika ye bua Plantin ni ebɔi woji akalamɔ.

“Hiɛmiamɔ Kɛ Nitsumɔ”

Gbɛi ni Plantin kɛwo ewoji akalamɔ nitsumɔhe lɛ ji De Gulden Passer (Shika Kompase). Enitsumɔ lɛ kadimɔnii ji kompase enyɔ ni akɛ shikatsuru kɔla etɛ̃ŋ kɛ ehewɔ niŋmaa ni kaneɔ akɛ “Labore et Constantia,” eshishi ji “Hiɛmiamɔ Kɛ Nitsumɔ.” Kadimɔnii nɛɛ sa Plantin ní tsuɔ nii waa lɛ jogbaŋŋ.

Akɛni Plantin beaŋ lɛ, no mli lɛ tsakemɔi wuji miiya nɔ yɛ Europa jamɔi kɛ maŋkwramɔ nifeemɔi amli hewɔ lɛ, ekwɛ ehe nɔ jogbaŋŋ koni ekayatĩ amane kɛmiiha ehe. Woji akalamɔ bafee nɔ̃ titri ni kã etsui nɔ. Woloŋmalɔ Maurits Sabbe tsɔɔ mli akɛ, eyɛ mli akɛ no mli lɛ Plantin fiɔ Protestant Jamɔ Hiɛtsakemɔ lɛ sɛɛ moŋ, shi “ehaaa ana kɛji eyɛ jamɔ he miishɛɛ aloo ebɛ he miishɛɛ.” Enɛ hewɔ lɛ, mɛi wiewie ehe huhuuhu akɛ ekalaa jamɔŋ atuatselɔi awoji, ni saji nɛɛ haaa ehe ajɔ lɛ. Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, yɛ afi 1562 lɛ, saji nɛɛ ha ejo foi eyahi Paris aaafee afi.

Beni Plantin ku sɛɛ etee Antwerp yɛ afi 1563 lɛ, ekɛ jarayelɔi niiatsɛmɛi komɛi yafee ekome kɛtsu nii. Ale nakai niiatsɛmɛi lɛ ateŋ mɛi pii akɛ amɛkpɛlɛɔ Calvin jamɔŋ tsɔɔmɔi lɛ anɔ. Yɛ afii enumɔ ni Plantin kɛ amɛ tsu nii lɛ mli lɛ, amɛkala woji srɔtoisrɔtoi 260 yɛ ewoji akalamɔhe lɛ. Woji nɛɛ ekomɛi ji Bibliai ni atsɔɔ shishi kɛtee Hebri, Hela, kɛ Latin wiemɔi amli, ni Dutch Katolik Louvain Biblia hu fata he.

‘Woji ni Akala lɛ

Ateŋ Nɔ ni He Hiaa Fe Fɛɛ’

Yɛ afi 1567 beni maji ni yɔɔ Antwerp kpokpai anɔ ní Spain yeɔ amɛnɔ lɛ ateŋ babaoo tseɔ Spain  nɔyeli hiɛ atũa lɛ, Maŋtsɛ Philip II lɛ wó Lumɔ ni yɔɔ Alba lɛ amralo eto nakai kpokpai lɛ anɔ. Lumɔ nɛɛ bɔ mɔdɛŋ koni emɔ atũa ni Protestantbii lɛ tseɔ lɛ naa, ni maŋtsɛ lɛ fĩ esɛɛ kpɛŋŋ. Enɛ hewɔ lɛ, Plantin kɔ nitsumɔ wulu ko efɔ̃ enɔ kɛ hiɛnɔkamɔ akɛ no baajie jwɛŋmɔ fɔŋ ni mɛi hiɛ yɛ ehe akɛ eji jamɔŋ atuatselɔ lɛ kɛje jɛmɛ. Ekɛfɔ̃ enɔ akɛ ebaakala Biblia lɛ eko yɛ blema wiemɔi ni akɛŋma lɛ amli eha woloŋlelɔi kpanakpanaa. Maŋtsɛ Philip II lɛ kpɛlɛ akɛ ebaaye ebua Plantin ni ekala Biblia nɛɛ. Maŋtsɛ lɛ wo lɛ shi akɛ ekɛ shika baaye ebua lɛ, ni kɛfata he lɛ, etsu owula ko ni ehé gbɛi waa ni atsɛ́ɔ lɛ Arias Montano koni eyakwɛ nakai Biblia lɛ kalamɔ nɔ.

Montano nuɔ wiemɔi srɔtoi, ni daa gbi lɛ, ekɛ ŋmɛlɛtswai 11 tsuɔ nii. Spainnyo, Belgiumnyo, kɛ Frenchnyo ko ni le amɛmaŋ wiemɔi lɛ jogbaŋŋ ye bua lɛ. Oti ni ma amɛhiɛ ji akɛ, amɛbaafee Komplutumbii a-Polyglot Biblia lɛ ehee. * Bɔ ni Plantin fee e-Polyglot Biblia hee lɛ ji akɛ, etsɔɔ Bibliai tamɔ Latin Vulgate, Hela Septuagint lɛ, Hebri ŋmalɛ lɛ, Aramaik Targum lɛ kɛ Syriabii a-Peshitta lɛ ashishi tɛ̃ɛ kɛtee Latin wiemɔ mli ni ekala Bibliai nɛɛ kɛ amɛshishitsɔɔmɔ lɛ fɛɛ efee wolo kome.

Abɔi kalamɔ yɛ afi 1568 mli. Agbe nitsumɔ ni wa nɛɛ naa yɛ afi 1572 mli. Eji nitsumɔ ko ni agbe naa oya waa. Sane ko ni Montano ŋma yɛ wolo ko ni eŋma Maŋtsɛ Philip II lɛ mli lɛ kaneɔ akɛ: “Eheɔ afi ni akɛtsuɔ nii ni atsuɔ yɛ biɛ yɛ nyɔŋ kome lɛ yɛ Roma.” Wolokpoi kpaanyɔ yɔɔ Polyglot Biblia hee ni Plantin fee lɛ mli, ni ekala wolokpoi lɛ ekomekomei 1,213. Atɛ̃ŋ jata, tsina, klaŋ, kɛ gwantɛŋ bi ní miiye nii yɛ kooloi aniyenii anɔ̃ kome mli yɛ baafa ni aŋma Biblia lɛ gbɛi yɛ mli lɛ, ni sane ni yɔɔ Yesaia 65:25 lɛ nɔ adamɔ atɛ̃ŋ nakai mfoniri lɛ. Ahɔ̃ɔ Biblia kpoi kpaanyɔ ni akɛ wolo titrii ehako sɛɛ lɛ ahé Netherlands shika guilder 70—eji  shika babaoo ejaakɛ no mli lɛ weku muu fɛɛ afi nyɔmɔwoo ji guilder 50. Abale kpoi kpaanyɔ lɛ fɛɛ akɛ Antwerp Polyglot. Awo lɛ gbɛi hu akɛ Biblia Regia (Odehei a-Biblia) ejaakɛ Maŋtsɛ Philip II lɛ ni kɛ shika ye ebua ni akɛfee.

Eyɛ mli akɛ Paapa Gregory XIII lɛ ŋmɛ gbɛ ákɛ akɛ Biblia nɛɛ atsu nii moŋ, shi mɛi wie nyanyaanya amɛshi Arias Montano ní kwɛ ekalamɔ nɔ lɛ. Montano buɔ blema Hebri ŋmalɛi lɛ akɛ enɔ kwɔ fe Latin Vulgate lɛ, ni enɛ fata nibii ni ha mɛi wie amɛshi lɛ lɛ he. Mɔ titri ni wie eshi lɛ waa ji Spainnyo Nyɔŋmɔjamɔ he nilelɔ ni gbɛi ji León de Castro. Kɛha nilelɔ nɛɛ, Latin Vulgate lɛ ta Bibliai fɛɛ nɔ. De Castro folɔ Montano naa akɛ ekɛ mɛi ni teɔ shi amɛwoɔ Triniti tsɔɔmɔ lɛ asaji efutu ŋmalɛ lɛ. Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, de Castro gbala jwɛŋmɔ titri kɛtee Syriabii a-Peshitta lɛ nɔ akɛ ajie ŋmalɛ ni yɔɔ 1 Yohane 5:7 ní kɛɔ akɛ, “mɛi etɛ ji mɛi ni yeɔ odase yɛ ŋwɛi: Tsɛ lɛ, wiemɔ lɛ, kɛ Mumɔ krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ, ni mɛi etɛ nɛɛ ekomeŋ” lɛ kɛjɛ mli. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, mɛi ni ju shi amɛkɛ nakai sane lɛ wo Biblia lɛ mli. Spain Sane Mlipɛimɔ Kuu ni yeɔ jamɔŋ atuatselɔi asaji lɛ kɛɛ naafolɔmɔi ni akɛshi Montano akɛ eji jamɔŋ atuatselɔ lɛ ekome folo nɛkɛ bɛ mli. Kɛha mɛi komɛi lɛ, Antwerp Polyglot lɛ ji “woji ni aŋkro woji akalalɔ ko kala yɛ afi 1500 afii lɛ amli lɛ ateŋ nɔ ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ.”

Aná He Sɛɛ Afii Babaoo

Yɛ Plantin beaŋ lɛ, no mli lɛ woji akalamɔhei enyɔ loo etɛ pɛ woji akalalɔi yɔɔ. Shi beni Plantin nitsumɔ lɛ bama shi jogbaŋŋ lɛ, no mli lɛ eyɛ woji akalamɔhei aaafee 22 kɛ nitsulɔi hu aaafee 160. Ehé gbɛi waa ákɛ woji akalalɔ kpanaa yɛ maji ni awieɔ Spain wiemɔ yɛ mli lɛ amli.

Shi no beaŋ lɛ, mɛi ni yɔɔ Antwerp kpokpai lɛ anɔ ní teɔ shi woɔ Spain nɔyeli lɛ ayi miifa. Yɛ afi 1576 lɛ, Spain asraafoi komɛi ni no mli lɛ awoko amɛ nyɔmɔ lɛ kɛ atuatsemɔ yatutua Antwerp maŋ lɛ. Awo shĩai fe 600 amli la, ni akpata mɛi ni yɔɔ Antwerp lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo ahiɛ. Guɔyelɔi jo foi amɛshi maŋ lɛ mli. Enɛ gbee Plantin shi waa. Jeee no kɛkɛ lɛ, anyɛ enɔ hu ni ewo shika babaoo ni esa akɛ akɛwo nakai asraafoi lɛ nyɔmɔ lɛ.

Yɛ afi 1583 lɛ, Plantin fã kɛtee Leiden, yɛ Antwerp kooyigbɛ, ni gbɛ ni kã maji enyɔ nɛɛ ateŋ lɛ aaashɛ kilomitai 100. Ema woji akalamɔhe yɛ jɛmɛ, ni univɛsiti ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ ni ji Leiden Univɛsiti lɛ fee lɛ amɛwoji akalalɔ. Protestantbii ni kpɛlɛɔ Calvin tsɔɔmɔi lɛ anɔ ji mɛi ni fee nakai univɛsiti lɛ. Shikome ekoŋŋ lɛ, abɔi enaa folɔmɔ akɛ eetse Katolik Jamɔ lɛ hiɛ atũa. No hewɔ lɛ, beni eshwɛ fioo ni afi 1585 lɛ baagbo lɛ, Plantin ku esɛɛ kɛtee Antwerp, ni no mli lɛ, maŋ lɛ ebaje Spain nɔyeli shishi ekoŋŋ etsɛko. No beaŋ lɛ, eye fe afii 60, ni ewoji akalamɔ nitsumɔhe ni ji Shika Kompase lɛ ejwa, nitsulɔi ejwɛ pɛ eshwɛ yɛ jɛmɛ kɛ woji akalamɔ tsɔne kome. Plantin je shishi akɛ eewo nitsumɔ lɛ nɔ ekoŋŋ, shi eyatamɔɔɔ tsutsu nɔ̃ lɛ kɛyashi egbo yɛ July 1 afi 1589.

Yɛ afii 34 mli lɛ, Christophe Plantin kala woji srɔtoisrɔtoi 1,863, ni kɛ́ aja mli lɛ, kɛ́ hooo lɛ, daa afi lɛ ekalaa woji srɔtoi 55. Ŋmɛnɛ po lɛ, kɛ́ woji akalalɔ ko tsu nii ni tamɔ nakai lɛ, abaakɛɛ akɛ ehiɛ wa waa! Eyɛ mli akɛ Plantin diɛŋtsɛ kɔɔɔ shidaamɔ ni yɔɔ shiŋŋ yɛ Nyɔŋmɔjamɔ gbɛfaŋ moŋ, shi eye ebua babaoo yɛ woji akalamɔ mli, ni Biblia lɛ hu ni efee lɛ wo mɛi hewalɛ ni amɛkase Ŋmalɛi lɛ. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, Plantin kɛ woji akalalɔi ni hi shi yɛ ebeaŋ lɛ ye bua babaoo ni mɛi kpɔ̃ji ená Biblia lɛ eko amɛkaneɔ.

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[Akrabatsa/Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 15]

PLANTIN KƐ MORETUS BLEMA NIBII ATOOHE LƐ

Akɛ tsũi ni yɔɔ Antwerp ní Plantin kɛ eseshibii hi mli kɛ nɔ ni amɛtsu nii yɛ mli lɛ fee blema nibii atoohe, ni yɛ afi 1877 lɛ, agbele naa koni maŋbii ayakwɛ nibii ni yɔɔ mli. Woji akalamɔhei ni afee yɛ Plantin beaŋ lɛ ateŋ eko bɛ shihilɛ mli ja enɔ̃ lɛ pɛ. Woji akalamɔhei enumɔ ní akɛtsu nii yɛ afi 1600 afii lɛ kɛ afi 1700 afii lɛ amli lɛ yɛ ní mɛi yakwɛɔ mli. Akɛ enyɔ krokomɛi hu—nomɛi ji woji akalamɔhei ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ ni ale—ni fata he lɛ tsu nii yɛ Plantin beaŋ tɔ̃ɔ. Kɛ́ otee blema nibii atoohei nɛɛ lɛ, obaana nibii srɔtoisrɔtoi akpekpei abɔ ni akɛkalaa woji yɛ jɛmɛ. Ayɛ blema woji 638 ni akɛ niji ŋmala yɛ afi 800 afii lɛ amli kɛmɔ afi 1500 afii lɛ amli yɛ wojiatoohe ni yɔɔ blema nibii atoohe lɛ, ni ayɛ woji srɔtoi 154 hu ni akala dani afi 1501 shɛ yɛ jɛmɛ. Biblia ni Gutenberg diɛŋtsɛ kala dani afi 1461 shɛ lɛ fata woji nɛɛ ahe, ni ayɛ Plantin Antwerp Polyglot Bibliai ni ehé gbɛi waa lɛ hu ekome yɛ jɛmɛ.

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 15]

Arias Montano

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 16]

Atsɔɔ Bibliai tamɔ Hebri ŋmalɛ lɛ, Latin “Vulgate,” Hela “Septuagint” lɛ, Syriabii a-“Peshitta” lɛ, kɛ Aramaik Targum lɛ ashishi kɛtee Latin wiemɔ mli, ni afee Bibliai nɛɛ fɛɛ kɛ amɛshishitsɔɔmɔ lɛ ekome, ni no ji Antwerp Polyglot lɛ

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 15 lɛ Jɛ]

Mfonirii enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen