1. How Life Began—Evolution’s Three Geneses, ya Alexandre Meinesz, na yĩalyũlĩtwe nĩ Daniel Simberloff, 2008, ĩth. 30-33, 45.

a. Life Itself—Its Origin and Nature, ya Francis Crick, 1981, ĩth. 15-16, 141-153.

2. Scientific American, “A Simpler Origin for Life,” ya Robert Shapiro, Mwei wa 6, 2007, ĩth. 48.

a. The New York Times, “A Leading Mystery of Life’s Origins Is Seemingly Solved,” ya Nicholas Wade, Matukũ 14, Mwei wa 5, 2009, ĩth. A23.

3. Scientific American, Mwei wa 6, 2007, ĩth. 48.

4. Scientific American, Mwei wa 6, 2007, ĩth. 47, 49-50.

5. Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life, ya Hubert P. Yockey, 2005, ĩth. 182.

6. Astrobiology Magazine, “Life’s Working Definition—Does It Work?” ya NASA, (http://www.nasa.gov/ vision/universe/starsgalaxies/ life’s_working_definition.html), yasomiwe 3/17/2009.

7. Princeton Weekly Bulletin, “Nuts, Bolts of Who We Are,” ya Steven Schultz, Ĩtukũ 1, Mwei wa 5, 2000, (http://www.princeton.edu/ pr/pwb/00/0501/p/brain.shtml), yasomiwe 3/27/2009.

a. “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002,” ĩtangaso ya Matukũ 7, Mwei wa 10, 2002, (http://nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/ press.html), yasomiwe 3/27/2009.

8. “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002,” Matukũ 7, Mwei wa 10, 2002.

9. Encyclopædia Britannica, CD 2003, “Cell,” “The Mitochondrion and the Chloroplast,” kyongo kĩnini, “The Endosymbiont Hypothesis.”

10. How Life Began—Evolution’s Three Geneses, ĩth. 32.

11. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Ĩvuku ya Kelĩ, ya Bruce Alberts et al, 1989, ĩth. 405.

12. Molecular Human Reproduction, “The Role of Proteomics in Defining the Human Embryonic Secretome,” ya M. G. Katz-Jaffe, S. McReynolds, D. K. Gardner, na W. B. Schoolcraft, 2009, ĩth. 271.

13. Between Necessity and Probability: Searching for the Definition and Origin of Life, ya Radu Popa, 2004, ĩth. 129.

14. Between Necessity and Probability: Searching for the Definition and Origin of Life, ĩth. 126-127.

 (Ĩsandũkũ) Yo Cell Ĩkuaa Ĩvinda Yĩana Ata Kumĩthya Ĩngĩ?

15. Origin of Mitochondria and Hydrogenosomes, ya William F. Martin na Miklós Müller, 2007, ĩth. 21.

16. Brain Matters—Translating Research Into Classroom Practice, ya Pat Wolfe, 2001, ĩth. 16.

17. Research News Berkeley Lab, (http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/ LSD-molecular-DNA.html), ũvoo: “Molecular DNA Switch Found to Be the Same for All Life,” mũũngamĩi: Lynn Yarris, ĩth. 1 katĩ wa 4; wasomiwe 2/10/2009.

18. Life Script, ya Nicholas Wade, 2001, ĩth. 79.

19. Bioinformatics Methods in Clinical Research, ya Rune Matthiesen, 2010, ĩth. 49.

20. Scientific American, “Computing With DNA,” ya Leonard M. Adleman, Mwei wa 8, 1998, ĩth. 61.

21. Nano Letters, “Enumeration of DNA Molecules Bound to a Nanomechanical Oscillator,” ya B. Ilic, Y. Yang, K. Aubin, R. Reichenbach, S. Krylov, na H. G. Craighead, Ĩvu. 5, Na. 5, 2005, ĩth. 925, 929.

22. Genome—The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters, ya Matt Ridley, 1999, ĩth. 7-8.

23. Essential Cell Biology, Ĩvuku ya Kelĩ, ya Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Karen Hopkin, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, na Peter Walter, 2004, ĩth. 201.

24. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Ĩvuku ya Kana, ya Bruce Alberts et al, 2002, ĩth. 258.

25. No Ordinary Genius—The Illustrated Richard Feynman, ya Christopher Sykes, 1994, visa wĩ ĩthangũnĩ yĩtonanĩtw’e namba; sisya maelesyo ma visa.

a. New Scientist, “Second Genesis—Life, but Not As We Know It,” ya Bob Holmes, Matukũ 11, Mwei wa 3, 2009, (http://www.newscientist.com/article/ mg20126990.100) yasomiwe 3/11/2009.

26. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence—A Philosophical Inquiry, ya David Lamb, 2001, ĩth. 83.

27. Associated Press Newswires, “Famous Atheist Now Believes in God,” ũvoo wa Richard N. Ostling, Matukũ 9, Mwei wa 12, 2004.

(Ĩsandũkũ) Kalungu Kanini Katonya Kũsomwa na Kumĩthw’a Kovi

28. Intelligent Life in the Universe, Ĩvuku ya Kelĩ, ya Peter Ulmschneider, 2006, ĩth. 125.

29. Biology and Philosophy, “The Concept of Monophyly: A Speculative Essay,” ya Malcolm S. Gordon, 1999, ĩth. 335.

30. New Scientist, “Uprooting Darwin’s Tree,” ya Graham Lawton, Matukũ 24, Mwei wa 1, 2009, ĩth. 34.

31. New Scientist, Matukũ 24, Mwei wa 1, 2009, ĩth. 37, 39.

32. Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin, “Conflicts Between Darwin and Paleontology,” ya David M. Raup, Mwei wa 1, 1979, ĩth. 23.

33. Archaeology, “The Origin of Form Was Abrupt Not Gradual,” ya Suzan Mazur, Matukũ 11, Mwei wa 10, 2008, (www.archaeology.org/online/ interviews/newman.html), yasomiwe 2/23/2009.

34. In Search of Deep Time—Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, ya Henry Gee, 1999, ĩth. 23.

35. Biology and Philosophy, ĩth. 340.

36. National Geographic, “Fossil Evidence,” Mwei wa 11, 2004, ĩth. 25.

37. The Evolutionists—The Struggle for Darwin’s Soul, ya Richard Morris, 2001, ĩth. 104-105.

(Ĩsandũkũ) Nata Ĩũlũ wa Andũ?

38. The Human Lineage, ya Matt Cartmill na Fred H. Smith, 2009, Ndeto sya Mbee, ĩth. xi.

39. Fossils, Teeth and Sex—New Perspectives on Human Evolution, ya Charles E. Oxnard, 1987, Ndeto sya Mbee, ĩth. xi, xii.

a. From Lucy to Language, ya Donald Johanson na Blake Edgar, 1996, ĩth. 22.

b. Anthropologie, XLII/1, “Palaeodemography and Dental Microwear of Homo Habilis From East Africa,” ya Laura M. Martínez, Jordi Galbany, na Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, 2004, ĩth. 53.

c. In Search of Deep Time—Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, ĩth. 22.

40. Critique of Anthropology, Ĩvuku ya 29(2), “Patenting Hominins—Taxonomies, Fossils and Egos,” ya Robin Derricourt, 2009, ĩth. 195-196, 198.

41. Nature, “A New Species of Great Ape From the Late Miocene Epoch in Ethiopia,” ya Gen Suwa, Reiko T. Kono, Shigehiro Katoh, Berhane Asfaw, na Yonas Beyene, Matukũ 23, Mwei wa 8, 2007, ĩth. 921.

42. Acta Biologica Szegediensis, Ĩvuku ya 46(1-2), “New Findings—New Problems in Classification of Hominids,” ya Gyula Gyenis, 2002, ĩth. 57, 59.

43. New Scientist, “A Fine Fossil—But a Missing Link She’s Not,” ya Chris Bead, Matukũ 30, Mwei wa 5, 2009, ĩth. 18.

44. The Guardian, London, “Fossil Ida: Extraordinary Find Is ‘Missing Link’ in Human Evolution,” ũvoo wa James Randerson, Matukũ 19, Mwei wa 5, 2009, (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/ may/19/ida-fossil-missing-link), wasomiwe 8/25/2009.

45. New Scientist, Matukũ 30, Mwei wa 5, 2009, ĩth. 18-19.

46. Critique of Anthropology, Ĩvuku ya 29(2), ĩth. 202.

47. Science and Justice, Ĩvu. 43, Na. 4, (2003) kĩlungu, Forensic Anthropology, “Anthropological Facial ‘Reconstruction’—Recognizing the Fallacies, ‘Unembracing’ the Errors, and Realizing Method Limits,” ya C. N. Stephan, ĩth. 195.

48. The Human Fossil Record—Volume Three, ya Ralph L. Holloway, Douglas C. Broadfield, na Michael S. Yuan, 2004, Ndeto sya Mbee, xvi.

49. Scientific American Mind, “Intelligence Evolved,” ya Ursula Dicke na Gerhard Roth, Mwei wa 8/Mwei wa 9, 2008, ĩth. 72.

50. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, “How Neandertals Inform Human Variation,” ya Milford H. Wolpoff, 2009, ĩth. 91.

51. Conceptual Issues in Human Modern Origins Research, ya G. A. Clark na C. M. Willermet, 1997, pp. 5, 60.

a. Wonderful Life—The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History, ya Stephen Jay Gould, 1989, ĩth. 28.