EPULO 2
Mbela ope na ngoo oinima i na omwenyo ya tungwa po paunafangwa?
Mbela otashi shiiva ngoo eesele omaludi a yoolokafana e dule 200, odo da tunga po olutu lomunhu, di kale de uya po ombadilila?
Olutu lomunhu olo limwe lomoinima ei ya kitakana shimwe to nyengwa. Ola tungwa po meesele dinini, omabiliyona eyovi; eesele domakipa, dohonde, douluvi nosho tuu.7 Eesele odo da tunga po olutu lomunhu odi li pamaludi a konda 200.8
Nonande oda yoolokafana neenghono molupe nomonghedi omo hadi longo, ohadi longele kumwe monghedi ikumwifi noya kitakana. Nonande ointaneta oya kwatakanifa eekombiyuta omamiliyona nohai taambekida omauyelele konhapo yopombada, itai li mo sha monghedi omo eesele hadi longo. Kaku na nande oikwamashina ya longwa kovanhu tai dulu okuyelekanifwa nokuli nonosele oyo ya talika ko i li paunafangwa. Eesele odo da tunga po olutu lomunhu oda dja peni?
Ovanongononi vahapu otava ti ngahelipi? Eesele adishe di na omwenyo oda tukulwa meengudu mbali da fimana; odo di na exuku (o-nucleus), naado dihe na exuku. Eesele odo da tunga po olutu lomunhu, oinamwenyo, ile oimeno odi na exuku. Eesele odo da tunga po eembakiteli kadi na exuku. Eesele odo di na exuku ohadi ifanwa eukaryotic. Odo dihe na exuku ohadi ifanwa prokaryotic. Molwaashi eesele odo di na exuku oda kitakana kanini di dule odo dihe na exuku, vahapu ova itavela kutya eesele doinamwenyo nodoimeno oda dilila keesele deembakiteli.
Vahapu ohava hongo kutya oule weedula omamiliyona, eesele dimwe, odo dihe na exuku, oda pona po eesele dikwao, ndele inadi di myanghaula po. Pahongo olo, otaku tiwa kutya eesele, odo da pona po dikwao, oda etifa po omalunduluko mokulonga kweesele odo da ponwa po, neesele odo da ponwa po oda kala meni losele oyo ye di pona po, eshi tai ende nokulitukaula.9 a
Ombiibeli otai ti ngahelipi? Ombiibeli otai ti kutya oinima oyo i na omwenyo kombada yedu oya shitwa komunhu omunaendunge. Didilika nghee Ombiibeli ye shi popya sha yukilila nawa, ya ti: “Eumbo keshe oli na omutungi walo, ndele Kalunga oye a shita oinima aishe.” (Ovaheberi 3:4) Natango Ombiibeli oya ti: “Omwene, oilonga yoye oi fike peni! Aishe owe i shita nounongo, edu oli yadi oishitwa yoye. . . . Omo mu yadi ndoondoo oinamwenyo itai dulika okuvalwa, ei inini naai [ya kula].” — Epsalme 104:24, 25.
Mbela osele, oyo ya talika ko i li paunafangwa, otai dulu okweetwa po koikwakemikolo ihe na omwenyo?
Oumbangi otau holola shike? Exumokomesho, olo la ningwa po mounongononi weesele, ole shi ningifa tashi shiiva okunongonona moule meni leesele di na omwenyo, odo dihe na exuku noda talika ko danafangwa, ashike ohadi longo monghedi ikumwifi. Ovanongononi, ovo va itavela moevolusi, otava diladila kutya, eesele dotete di na omwenyo oda li da fela keesele odo.10
Ngeenge ehongo loevolusi oli li paushili, oli na okuyelifa nawa kutya “eesele dotete, odo di li paunafangwa,” ode uya po ngahelipi ombadilila. Mepingafano naasho, ngeenge oinima i na omwenyo oya shitwa, ope na okukala pe na oumbangi, nokuli nomoishitwa oyo inininini, kutya oya shitwa nounongo. Mbela ino hala okushiiva kutya osele, oyo ihe na exuku, oya tungwa po ngahelipi? Natu shi konakoneni. Eshi hatu i konakona, lipula kutya, mbela osele ya tya ngaho otai dulu ngoo okuuya po ombadilila?
OSHIPA SHOKOMBADA OSHO HASHI AMENE OSELE
Opo ngeno u dule okuya meni losele, oyo ihe na exuku, ou na okukala umunini elela lwomapa omafele mokuyelekanifa noshitwa osho shi li pexulilo letumbulo. Oshipa shokombada shosele osha fa oluumbo lekuma, olo la dingilila ofakitoli. Opo oshipa shosele shi kale shi fike pomungenge wombapila, oshi na okuhapupalifwa lwomayovi omulongo lwaapo. Ashike ohashi longo monghedi ya kitakana neenghono shi dulife oluumbo lekuma. Ngahelipi mbela?
Ngaashi ashike oluumbo lekuma lofakitoli, oshipa shosele ohashi amene oinima oyo i li meni layo koinima ya nyika oshiponga, oyo i li momudingonoko wayo. Ashike oshipa shosele kashi fi shikukutu nohashi dulu “okufuda,” tashi pitike oinima ngaashi omhepo yohapi i uye mo, ile i pite mo. Ndele pefimbo opo tuu opo, oshipa osho ohashi kelele eemolekula da kitakana noda nyika oshiponga dihe uye mosele nopehe na epitikilo. Ohashi kelele yo eemolekula, odo di na oshilonga, diha pite mo mosele. Ohashi ende ngahelipi, opo oshipa osho shi longe monghedi ya tya ngaho?
Diladila natango koshihopaenenwa shofakitoli. Ofakitoli ohai kala i na ovakeleli vopomivelo, ovo hava tale oinima oyo tai uya mo naayo tai piti mo. Sha faafana, oipa yeesele oi na eemolekula deeproteina de likalekelwa, odo hadi longo onga omivelo nosho yo ovakeleli vopomivelo.
Oshipa shosele oshi na eeproteina, odo hadi longo onga “ovakeleli vopomivelo,” ovo hava pitike oinima yokondadalunde i uye mo, ile i pite mo
Eeproteina dimwe da tya ngaho (1) odi na eembululu pokati, odo hadi pitike ashike eemolekula donhumba dokondadalunde di ye mosele, ile di pite mo. Eeproteina dimwe ohadi kala da patuluka kombinga imwe, (2) ofimbo kombinga ikwao oda idila. Odi na eenhele dokuyelulila, (3) omo hamu wana ashike oinima yokondadalunde. Shimha oinima ya fiki ponhele yokuyelulila, omuvelo wokombinga ikwao yoproteina ohau yeuluka nokweefa oinima oyo i pite mo (4). Oiningwanima ya tya ngaho ohai kala tai ningwa koshipa shokombada, nokuli nosheesele odo di li paunafangwa.
OSHO HASHI NINGWA MENI LOSELE
Natu tye nee ngeno owa pitikwa u pite “povakeleli vopomivelo,” nopaife ou li meni losele. Osele, oyo ihe na exuku, ohai kala i na oshikunguluki osho shi yadi oitungifi, oikwamongwa noinima ikwao. Osele ohai longifa oinima oyo ya dja nokutumbulwa, opo i longe oilongomwa oyo ya pumbwa. Ndele oilongomwa oyo ihai longwa monghedi ya dundakana. Ngaashi ashike oinima hai longwa palandulafano meefakitoli, osele nayo oi na omikalo omayovi dopakemikolo dokulonga oinima palandulafano lokondadalunde nosho yo pamaufwafimbo.
Luhapu osele ohai kala ye lipyakidila nokunduluka eeproteina. Osho ohashi ningwa ngahelipi mbela? Tete, oto ka mona osele tai nduluka oihovelitungifi 20 lwaapo, ya yoolokafana, oyo hai ifanwa ee-amino acid. Oihovelitungifi oyo ohai twalwa moifolomifo oyo tai ifanwa ribosome (5), oyo hai longo ngaashi omashina opautomatika okutula kumwe ee-amino acid pamulandu wonhumba, opo di folome po oproteina yokondadalunde. Ngaashi ashike ofakitoli tashi dulika i kale tai longo tai kondololwa “koprograma yonhumba yopakombiyuta,” oinima ihapu oyo hai longo meni losele ohai kala tai kondololwa “koprograma yopakombiyuta,” oku shi popya pafaneko, o-DNA (6). O-ribosome ohai pewa ouyelele ko-DNA, oo tau ufa kutya oi na okufoloma po oproteina ya tya ngahelipi nonghee i na oku shi ninga (7).
Oproteina ohai ndulukwa po monghedi ikumwifi lela! Keshe imwe ohai folomwa momukalo we likalekelwa, i na oule womukokomoko, oule wopombada nounene (8). Omufolomo oo oo hau ufa kutya oproteina keshe otai ka longa shike kondadalunde. b Oku shi faneka, kala nee ngeno wa fa u li mofakitoli, omo hamu longwa eeindjina. Oshitukulwa keshe shoindjina osha pumbwa okukala sha longwa noukeka momufolomo washo, opo i longe nawa. Sha faafana, oproteina keshe oi na okulongwa noukeka momufolomo wayo, opo i longe nawa. Ngeenge hasho, otai ka nyona osele.
Ngaashi ashike mofakitoli hamu longifwa oikwamashina, osele nayo oi yadi oikwamashina, oku shi popya pafaneko, oyo hai tula kumwe nokwaandjakaneka oilongomwa ya kitakana
Ohashi ende ngahelipi opo oproteina i tavakane okudja opo ya ndulukwa, i ye oko ya pumbiwa? Oproteina keshe mosele ohai kala i na “ondjukifi,” oku shi popya pafaneko, oyo tai ufa kutya otai ka longifwa peni. Momunute keshe, ohapa ndulukwa eeproteina omayovi nohadi tuminwa oko da pumbiwa.
Omolwashike ouyelele oo tau ti sha? Eemolekula da kitakana, odo di li moinima i na omwenyo, oyo ya talika ko i li paunafangwa, itadi dulu okuhapupala kudo vene. Ngeenge oda kala dihe li mosele, ohadi halakana po ashike. Meni losele, ohadi hapupala ashike kekwafo ladikwao. Pashihopaenenwa, ee-enzyme oda pumbiwa, opo di nduluke eemolekula de likalekelwa, hadi ifanwa adenosine triphosphate (ATP), odo hadi yandje eenghono. Ndele pefimbo opo tuu opo, opo pa ndulukwe ee-enzyme, opa pumbiwa eenghono odo hadi di mee-ATP. Sha faafana natango, o-DNA (oyo tai ka kundafanwa moshitukulwa 3) oya pumbiwa opo ku ndulukwe ee-enzyme, ndele pefimbo opo tuu opo, eenzyme oda pumbiwa, opo ku ndulukwe o-DNA. Natango, eeproteina dimwe ohadi longwa kosele, ndele osele oya tungwa po keeproteina. c
Omunongononi umwe weesele, Radu Popa, ita tu kumwe nehokololo lOmbiibeli leshito. Ndele mo 2004, okwa pula a ti: “Ongahelipi oushitwe tau dulu okweetifa po omwenyo ngahenya, ngeenge fye ohatu nyengwa oku u eta po meelabolatori, omo hatu kendabala okuninga oinima noukeka?”13 Okwa weda ko a ti: “Okulonga kwoitukulwa yosele i na omwenyo okwa kitakana neenghono, nomolwaashi okuuya po ombadilila kwoitukulwa aishe oyo oshinima tashi monika sha fa itashi shiiva.”14
Ngeenge efilitya, olo la tungilwa kekanghameno lihe na ongushu, otali dulu okuteka po, mbela ongahelipi shi na sha nehongo loevolusi, olo la nyengwa okuyelifa kutya oinima i na omwenyo oye uya po ngahelipi?
Oto ti ngahelipi? Pahongo loevolusi otaku tiwa kutya Kalunga haye a shita oinima i na omwenyo, oyo i li kombada yedu. Ndele eshi ngoo ovanongononi tava nongonona oinima i na omwenyo, osho ngoo tapa ende tape uya oumbangi, oo tau ulike kutya oinima i na omwenyo itai dulu okukala ye uya po ngahenya. Molwaashi ounongononi owa lelwa, ovanongononi vamwe, ovo va itavela moevolusi, otave lipwililikile epulo olo kutya oinima i na omwenyo oye uya po ngahelipi. Mbela natu itavele ngoo ehongo la tya ngaho?
Ehongo loevolusi ola kanghamena kediladilo olo kutya omwenyo owa etifwa po koiningwanima i lili noku lili yombadilila. Opo nee vati okwa ka holoka natango oiningwanima yombadilila, oyo ya etifa po oinima i lili noku lili i na omwenyo noya kitakana. Ndele omunhu oto dulu ngoo okwiitavela omadiladilo oo e likolelela kehongo lihe na ekanghameno lolela? Ngaashi ashike efilitya, olo la tungilwa kekanghameno lihe na ongushu, tali dulu okuteka po, ehongo loevolusi, molwaashi ola nyengwa okuyelifa kutya oinima i na omwenyo oye uya po ngahelipi, nalo olahamakasha.
Eshi wa tala pauxupi nghee osele, oyo ya talika ko i li “paunafangwa,” ya tungwa po nohai longo, oto ti ngahelipi? Mbela oya etifwa po koiningwanima yombadilila, ile oya shitwa kOmushiti omunaendunge? Ngeenge natango owa limbililwa, konakona moule “o-DNA,” oyo tai dana onghandangala ya kula mokulonga kweesele adishe.
a Kape na omalolelo opaunongononi, oo taa ulike kutya oshinima sha tya ngaho otashi shiiva.
b Eeproteina dimwe odo hadi longwa keesele ohadi ifanwa ee-enzyme. O-enzyme keshe ohai kala i na omufolomo wayo we likalekelwa nelalakano lokuxwaxwameka okulonga kwoikwakemikolo meesele. Ee-enzyme omafele ohadi pumbwa okulongela kumwe, opo osele i kale tai longo nawa.
