Endowooza Eyingira mu Nzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya, Kristendomu, n’Obusiraamu

“Eddiini y’emu ku ngeri y’okutegeezaamu abantu nti lumu bajja kufa, bafune obulamu obusingako obulungi oluvannyuma lw’okufa, bazaalibwe okudda mu bulamu obulala, oba byombi.” ​—⁠GERHARD HERM, OMUWANDIISI OMUGIRIMAANI.

1. Amadiini agasinga obungi geesigamya ekisuubizo ky’obulamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa ku njigiriza ki enkulu?

MU KWOGERA ku kisuubizo ky’obulamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa, kumpi buli ddiini eba ekkiriza nti omuntu alina emmeeme etafa era nti ku kufa egenda mu ttwale eddala oba esengukira mu kitonde ekirala. Nga bwe twalabye mu kitundu ekivuddeko, enzikiriza y’obutafa bw’omuntu ebadde nkulu nnyo mu madiini g’Ebuvanjuba okuva bwe gaatandikibwawo. Naye kiri kitya eri enzikiriza y’Abayudaaya, Kristendomu, n’Obusiraamu? Enjigiriza eyo yafuuka etya enkulu mu nzikiriza zino?

Enzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya Eyingiramu Endowooza z’Abayonaani

2, 3. Okusinziira ku Encyclopaedia Judaica, ebyawandiikibwa ebitukuvu eby’Olwebbulaniya byayigiriza obutafa bw’emmeeme?

² Enzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya yatandika emyaka nga 4,000 egiyise Ibulayimu we yabeererawo. Ebiwandiiko by’Olwebbulaniya ebitukuvu byatandika okuwandiikibwa mu kyasa kya 16 B.C.E. era ne bimalirizibwa mu kiseera Socrates ne Plato we baatandikira enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme. Ebyawandiikibwa bino byayigiriza obutafa bw’emmeeme?

³ Encyclopaedia Judaica eddamu bw’eti: “Enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme yakakata luvannyuma lwa kiseera kya Baibuli . . . era n’efuuka emu ku njigiriza enkulu mu nzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya n’ey’Ekikristaayo.” Era egamba: “Omuntu yatwalibwa okuba omulambirira mu kiseera kya Baibuli. Bwe kityo emmeeme teyayawulibwa ku mubiri.” Abayudaaya abaasooka bakkiririza mu kuzuukira kw’abafu, era kino “kyawufu ku kukkiririza . . . mu butafa bw’emmeeme,” bw’etyo encyclopaedia bw’egamba.

4-6. Enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme yafuuka etya “enkulu” mu nzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya?

⁴ Kati olwo, enjigiriza eno yafuuka etya “enkulu” mu nzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya? Ebyafaayo biwa eky’okuddamu. Mu 332 B.C.E., Alexander the Great, yawamba ekitundu kinene eky’Amassekati g’Ebuvanjuba mu kaseera katono nnyo. Bwe yatuuka mu Yerusaalemi, Abayudaaya baamwaniriza n’essanyu. Okusinziira ku Flavius Josephus, munnabyafaayo w’omu kyasa ekyasooka, baamulaga n’obunnabbi obuli mu kitabo kya Danyeri, obwali buwandiikiddwa emyaka egisukka 200 emabega, obwannyonnyola obulungi obuwanguzi bwa Alexander nga “kabaka w’e Buyonaani.” (Danyeri 8:​5-8, 21) Abaddira Alexander mu bigere baayongera mu maaso enteekateeka ye ey’okuleeta mu ttwale lye lyonna, olulimi, empisa, n’obufirosoofo bw’Ekiyonaani. Okugatta awamu empisa ezo zombi​—⁠ey’Abayonaani n’ey’Abayudaaya​—⁠kwali tekwebeereka.

⁵ Mu matandika g’ekyasa eky’okusatu B.C.E.,  enkyusa eyasooka ey’Ebyawandiikibwa eby’Olwebbulaniya mu Luyonaani, eyali eyitibwa Septuagint, yatandika okuvvuunulwa. Okuyitira mu nkyusa eyo, Ab’amawanga bangi bassa ekitiibwa mu ddiini y’Ekiyudaaya era ne bagitegeera, abamu ne bakyuka ne bagigoberera. Ku luuyi olulala, Abayudaaya baatandika okutegeera endowooza z’Ekiyonaani era abamu baafuuka abafirosoofo, ekintu ekyali ekippya gye bali. Philo ow’e Alexandria, ow’omu kyasa ekyasooka C.E., yali Muyudaaya omufirosoofo ow’engeri eyo.

⁶ Philo yassa nnyo ekitiibwa mu Plato era n’agezaako okunnyonnyola enzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya ng’akozesa endowooza z’Ekiyonaani. “Ng’agatta wamu endowooza za Plato n’obulombolombo bwa Baibuli,” ekitabo Heaven​—⁠A History, kigamba, “Philo yatemera oluwenda Abakristaayo ab’oluvannyuma [awamu n’Abayudaaya] abagezigezi.” Era Philo yalina ndowooza ki ku mmeeme? Ekitabo kyeyongera ne kigamba: “Okusinziira ku ndowooza ye, okufa kukomyawo emmeeme mu mbeera yaayo eyasooka, nga tennabaawo. Okuva emmeeme bw’eri ey’omu nsi y’eby’omwoyo, obulamu mu mubiri bumala akaseera katono, era emirundi egisinga buba bwa nnaku.” Abayudaaya abalala abeekenneenya abaali bakkiririza mu butafa bw’emmeeme mulimu Isaac Israeli, omusawo omumanyifu ennyo ow’omu kyasa kya 10 ne Moses Mendelssohn, omufirosoofo Omuyudaaya ow’omu Bugirimaani eyaliwo mu kyasa ekya 18.

7, 8. (a) Talmud ennyonnyola etya emmeeme? (b) Ebitabo by’Abayudaaya eby’oluvannyumako byogera ki ku mmeeme?

⁷ Ekitabo ekikutte ennyo ku ndowooza n’obulamu bw’Abayudaaya kiyitibwa Talmud​—⁠obuwandiike bw’amateeka ago agayitibwa amogere, nga bulimu ebyayogerwa era ebyannyonnyolebwa ku mateeka gano oluvannyuma, ebyakuŋŋaanyizibwa balabbi abaaliwo okuva mu kyasa eky’okubiri C.E. okutuuka mu Biseera by’Omu Massekati. Encyclopaedia Judaica, egamba nti, “Balabbi ba Talmud, bakkirizanga nti emmeeme yeeyongera okuba ennamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa.” Talmud era egamba nti abafu bakolagana n’abalamu. “Oboolyawo olw’enjigiriza ya Plato,” Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics egamba, “[balabbi] bakkiriza nti emmeeme zaaliwo ng’omuntu tannabaawo.”

⁸ Ebitabo by’Abayudaaya eby’oluvannyuma, ebiyitibwa Cabala, biyigiriza nti emmeeme ebbulukukira mu bulamu obulala. Ku bikwata ku ndowooza eno, The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia egamba: “Kirabika endowooza eno yava mu Buyindi . . . Mu Kabbalah esooka kulabikira mu kitabo Bahir, ate, okuva ku Zohar n’okweyongerayo, yakkirizibwa abakkiririza mu by’amawano, n’eba n’ekifo kikulu nnyo mu nzikiriza n’ebitabo by’Abasidimu.” Mu Isiraeri leero, emmeeme okubbulukukira mu bulamu obulala kitwalibwa ng’enjigiriza y’Abayudaaya.

9. Obubiina obusinga obungi obw’enzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya bulina ndowooza ki ku butafa bw’emmeeme?

⁹ N’olwekyo, endowooza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme, yayingira mu nzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya okuyitira mu ndowooza z’Abayonaani, era leero endowooza eno ekkirizibwa obubiina bwayo obusinga obungi. Kiki ekiyinza okwogerwa ku ngeri enjigiriza eno gye yayingira mu Kristendomu?

Kristendomu Eyingiramu Endowooza za Plato

10. Omwekenneenya omututumufu Omusipayini yasalawo ki ku bikwata ku ndowooza Yesu gye yalina ku butafa bw’emmeeme?

¹⁰ Obukristaayo obw’amazima bwatandikibwawo Kristo Yesu. Ku bikwata ku Yesu, Minguel de Unamuno, omwekenneenya omututumufu Omusupayini ow’omu kyasa kya 20, yawandiika: “Yakkiririza mu kuzuukira kw’omubiri, okusinziira ku ndowooza y’Abayudaaya, so si mu butafa bw’emmeeme, okusinziira ku ndowooza ya [Omuyonaani] Plato. . . . Obukakafu obukwata ku kino buyinza okulabibwa mu kitabo kyonna eky’obwesigwa.” Yawunzika bw’ati: “Obutafa bw’emmeeme . . . ndowooza ya kikaafiiri.”

11. Endowooza z’Abayonaani zaatandika ddi okuyingira mu Bukristaayo?

¹¹ Ddi era mu ngeri ki ‘endowooza eno ey’ekikaafiiri’ bwe yayingira mu Bukristaayo? New Encyclopædia Britannica egamba: “Okuva mu masekkati  g’ekyasa ekya 2 AD, Abakristaayo abaali bamanyi endowooza z’Ekiyonaani baawulira obwetaavu bw’okunnyonnyola enzikiriza yaabwe okusinziira ku ndowooza ezo, bafune okumatira era bakyuse abakaafiiri abayivu. Endowooza ze basinga okwagala okukozesa ze za Plato.”

12-14. Origen ne Augustine baalina kifo ki mu kugatta endowooza za Plato n’Obukristaayo?

¹² Abafirosoofo ng’abo ab’edda babiri baalina kinene nnyo kye baakola ku njigiriza za Kristendomu. Omu yali Origen ow’e Alexandria (c.185-​254 C.E.), ate omulala yali Augustine ow’e Hippo (354-​430 C.E.). Ku bibakwatako, New Catholic Encyclopedia egamba: “Nga Origen ali Ebuvanjuba ne St. Augustine ng’ali Ebugwanjuba emmeeme baagifuula ekintu eky’eby’omwoyo era ne batandikawo ennyinnyonnyola ey’ekifirosoofo ekwata ku nfaanana yaayo.” Origen ne Augustine basinziira ku ki okutandikawo endowooza zaabwe ezikwata ku mmeeme?

¹³ Origen yali muyizi wa Clement ow’e Alexandria, “Faaza eyasooka okukkiriza obulombolombo bw’Abayonaani obukwata ku mmeeme,” bw’etyo New Catholic Encyclopedia bw’eyogera. Endowooza za Plato ezikwata ku mmeeme ziteekwa okuba nga zirina kinene nnyo kye zaakola ku Origen. “[Origen] yaleeta mu njigiriza y’Ekikristaayo endowooza zonna ezikwata ku mmeeme, ze yajja ku Plato,” bw’atyo bwe yagamba Werner Jaeger omukugu mu by’eddiini mu kitabo The Harvard Theological Review.

¹⁴ Abamu mu Kristendomu baatwala Augustine okuba omwekenneenya ow’edda asingirayo ddala obukulu. Nga tannakyuka kudda mu “Bukristaayo” ku myaka 33 egy’obukulu, Augustine yali ayagala nnyo ebikwata ku bufirosoofo era yali afuuse Omuneoplatonisti. * Bwe yakyuka, yasigala akyagoberera enzikiriza ya Neoplatonism. “Endowooza gye yalina yali etabikiddwamu eddiini y’omu Endagaano Empya n’endowooza za Plato ez’Ekiyonaani,” bw’etyo The New Encyclopædia Britannica bw’egamba. New Catholic Encyclopedia ekkiriza nti “enjigiriza [ya Augustine ekwata ku mmeeme], eyatandika okugobererwa mu nsi z’Ebugwanjuba okutuusiza ddala ng’ekyasa kye 12 kinaatera okuggwaako, okusingira ddala yeesigama ku nzikiriza ya Neoplatonism.”

15, 16. Okwagala okumanya ebikwata ku njigiriza za Aristotle mu kyasa 13 kwakyusa endowooza ekkanisa gye yalina ku njigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme?

¹⁵ Mu kyasa ekya 13, enjigiriza za Aristotle zaatandika okufuuka eŋŋanzi mu Bulaaya, okusingira ddala kuba waaliwo ebiwandiiko ebyali mu lulimi Olulattini eby’Abawalabu abekenneenya abaali boogedde ennyo ku biwandiiko bya Aristotle. Omwekenneenya Omukatuliki ayitibwa Thomas Aquinas yawuniikirira nnyo olw’endowooza za Aristotle. Olw’ebyo Aquinas bye yawandiika, endowooza za Aristotle zaakola kinene nnyo ku njigiriza z’ekkanisa okusinga eza Plato. Kyokka, kino tekyakyusa njigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme.

¹⁶ Aristotle yayigiriza nti emmeeme yali tesobola kwawulibwa ku mubiri era nti teyeeyongera kuba nnamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa era nti singa waliwo ekintu kyonna eky’olubeerera ekiri mu muntu, tekirina ngeri yonna ya buntu era tekitegeera. Okutunuulira emmeeme mu ngeri eno kyali tekikwatagana na nzikiriza ya kkanisa ey’emmeeme ewonawo ku kufa. N’olw’ensonga eyo, Aquinas yakyusa mu ndowooza ya Aristotle ekwata ku mmeeme, ng’agamba nti obutafa bw’emmeeme busobola okukakasibwa n’amagezi. Bwe kityo, enjigiriza y’ekkanisa ey’obutafa bw’emmeeme teyakyukako.

17, 18. (a) Enkyukakyuka y’omu kyasa ekya 16 yakyusa enjigiriza y’emmeeme? (b) Amadiini agasinga obungi mu Kristendomu galina ndowooza ki ku butafa bw’emmeeme?

¹⁷ Mu kyasa ekya 14 ne 15, mu matandika g’Ekiseera eky’Okwezza Obuggya, okwagala okumanya endowooza za Plato kwatojjera buto. Amaka ga  Medici amatutumufu ag’omu Italy gaayamba okutandikawo ettendekero mu Florence okutumbula endowooza za Plato. Mu kyasa ekya 16 ne 17, okwagala okumanya ebikwata ku Aristotle kwakendeera. Era Enkyukakyuka ey’omu kyasa ekya 16 teyakyusa njigiriza ekwata ku mmeeme. Wadde Abaprotestanti Abaleetawo Enkyukakyuka baawakanya enjigiriza ya ppuligaatuli, bakkiriza endowooza y’okubonerezebwa oba okusasulwa emirembe gyonna.

¹⁸ Bwe kityo, enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme nkulu mu madiini ga Kristendomu agasinga obungi. Ku bikwata ku nsonga eno, omwekenneenya Omwamereka yawandiika: “Mu butuufu, eri abantu abasinga obungi mu kitundu kyaffe, eddiini etegeeza butafa, si kirala kyonna. Katonda y’agaba obutafa.”

Obutafa n’Obusiraamu

19. Obusiraamu bwatandikibwawo ddi, era ani yabutandikawo?

¹⁹ Obusiraamu bwatandika Muhammad bwe yayitibwa okuba nnabbi ng’aweza emyaka nga 40 egy’obukulu. Abasiraamu bakkiriza nti yafuna okwolesebwa okumala ekiseera ekiri wakati w’emyaka 20 ne 23, okuva mu 610 C.E. okutuuka we yafiira mu 632 C.E. Okwolesebwa kuno kuli mu Kolaani, ekitabo ky’Abasiraamu ekitukuvu. Mu kiseera Obusiraamu we bwatandikira, enzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya ne Kristendomu byali biyingiddemu endowooza ya Plato ekwata ku mmeeme.

20, 21. Abasiraamu bakkiriza ki ku Bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa?

²⁰ Abasiraamu bakkiriza nti okwolesebwa okwaweebwa Abaebbulaniya abeesigwa n’Abakristaayo ab’edda kwali kusonga ku nzikiriza yaabwe. Kolaani eyogera ku Byawandikibwa eby’Olwebbulaniya n’eby’Oluyonaani. Naye ku njigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme, Kolaani eyawukana ku byawandiikibwa ebyo. Kolaani eyigiriza nti omuntu alina emmeeme eyeyongera okuba ennamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa. Era eyogera ku kuzuukira kw’abafu, olunaku lw’okusalirako omusango, n’ekifo eky’enkomerero eky’emmeeme​—⁠obulamu mu lusuku lwa Katonda olw’omu ggulu oba okubonerezebwa mu muliro ogutazikira.

²¹ Abasiraamu bakkiriza nti emmeeme y’omufu egenda mu Barzakh, “ekifo oba embeera abantu mwe banaaba oluvannyuma lw’okufa naye nga tebannasalirwa musango.” (Sura 23:​99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, obugambo obutono wansi) Mu kifo ekyo, emmeeme eba etegeera, era etuukibwako ekiyitibwa “Okubonerezebwa mu Ntaana” omuntu bw’aba nga yali mubi oba efuna essanyu bw’aba nga yali mwesigwa. Naye abeesigwa nabo bateekwa okubonyaabonyezebwa olw’ebibi ebitono bye baakola nga bakyali balamu. Ku lunaku olw’okusalirako omusango, buli omu agenda mu kifo kye eky’olubeerera, ekikomya embeera eyo ey’omu masekkati.

22. Abawalabu abamu abafirosoofo baalina ndowooza ki ez’enjawulo ezikwata ku mmeeme?

²² Enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme mu nzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya ne Kristendomu yajjawo olw’endowooza ya Plato, naye enjigiriza eno yaliwo mu Busiraamu okuviira ddala ku ntandikwa yaabwo. Kino tekitegeeza nti abeekenneenya Abawalabu tebagezezzaako kugatta njigiriza za Kisiraamu na ndowooza za Bayonaani. Mu butuufu, ensi y’Abawalabu yakwatibwako nnyo ebiwandiiko bya Aristotle. Era abeekenneenya Abawalabu abamanyiddwa ennyo, gamba nga Avicenna ne Averroës, baagaziya ne bannyonnyola endowooza za Aristotle. Kyokka, mu kugezaako okukwataganya endowooza y’Abayonaani n’enjigiriza y’Abasiraamu ekwata ku mmeeme, baakulaakulanya endowooza za njawulo. Ng’ekyokulabirako, Avicenna yagamba nti emmeeme y’omuntu tefa. Averroës, ku luuyi olulala, yawakanya endowooza eyo. Wadde waliwo endowooza zino, obutafa bw’emmeeme ekyali nzikiriza y’Abasiraamu.

23. Enzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya, Kristendomu, n’Obusiraamu birina ndowooza ki ku butafa bw’emmeeme?

²³ N’olwekyo, kya lwatu, enzikiriza y’Ekiyudaaya, Kristendomu, n’Obusiraamu biyigiriza enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme.

[Obugambo obuli wansi]

[Ebibuuzo]

[Ekifaananyi ekiri ku lupapula 14]

Obuwanguzi bwa Alexander the Great bwaviirako okugatta empisa z’Ekiyonaani n’ez’Ekiyudaaya

[Ebifaananyi ebiri ku lupapula 15]

Origen ali waggulu ne Augustine baagezaako okugatta endowooza za Plato n’Obukristaayo

[Ebifaananyi ebiri ku lupapula 16]

Avicenna, ali waggulu, yagamba nti emmeeme tefa. Averroës yawakanya endowooza eno.