Obutafa bw’Emmeeme Entandikwa y’Enjigiriza Eno

“Tewali nsonga ekwata ku bulamu bwe obw’eby’omwoyo etutte ennyo ebirowoozo by’omuntu okusinga eyo ekwata ku mbeera ye oluvannyuma lw’okufa.”​—⁠“ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS.”

1-3. Socrates ne Plato baatumbula batya endowooza nti emmeeme tefa?

O MWEKENNEENYA era omuyigiriza ow’emyaka 70 avunaanibwa obutawa kitiibwa n’okwonoona ebirowoozo by’abaana abato okuyitira mu njigiriza ze. Wadde yeewozaako nnyo ng’awozesebwa, abalamuzi abeekubiddeko oludda bamusingisa omusango era ne bamusalira gwa kufa. Ng’ebulayo ssaawa bussaawa attibwe, omuyigiriza ono akaddiye awa abayizi be abamwetoolodde ensonga eziraga nti emmeeme tefa era nti okufa tekulina kutiibwa.

² Omusajja oyo asaliddwa omusango ye Socrates, omufirosoofo Omuyonaani amanyiddwa ennyo eyaliwo mu kyasa eky’okutaano B.C.E. * Omuyizi we Plato yawandiika ebyaliwo bino mu biwandiiko ebiyitibwa Apology ne Phaedo. Kigambibwa nti Socrates ne Plato be bamu ku abo abaasooka okukulaakulanya endowooza nti emmeeme tefa. Naye si be baatandika enjigiriza eno.

³ Nga bwe tujja okulaba, endowooza nti omuntu tafa yatandika dda nnyo. Kyokka, Socrates ne Plato, baagirongoosa ne bagifuula enjigiriza y’ekifirosoofo, mu ngeri eyo ne bagifuula esikiriza eri ebibiina by’abantu abayivu abaaliwo mu kiseera kyabwe n’ekyaddirira.

Eva ku Pythagoras Okudda e Misiri

4. Nga Socrates tannabaawo, Abayonaani baalina ndowooza ki ku Bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa?

⁴ Abayonaani abaaliwo nga Socrates ne Plato tebannabaawo nabo bakkiriza nti emmeeme esigala nga nnamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa. Pythagoras, Omuyonaani omumanyifu ennyo omukugu mu kubala, eyaliwo mu kyasa eky’omukaaga B.C.E., yagamba nti emmeeme tefa era nti esengukira mu bulamu obulala. Nga tannabaawo, Thales ow’e Miletus, alowoozebwa okuba Omuyonaani omufirosoofo eyasooka, yalowooza nti emmeeme etafa teyali mu bantu, bisolo, na bimera byokka, naye era yali ne mu bintu nga zi-magineti, kubanga zisobola okusika ebyuma. Abayonaani ab’edda baagamba nti emmeeme z’abafu zaasomosebwanga omugga Styx ne zitwalibwa mu ttwale ery’omu ttaka eriyitibwa ensi y’abafu. Mu kifo ekyo, abalamuzi baawanga emmeeme ekibonerezo eky’okubonyaabonyezebwa mu kkomera ery’ebisenge ebiwanvu oba okugenda mu kifo eky’Okwesiima

5, 6. Abaperusi emmeeme baagitwalanga batya?

⁵ Mu Iran, oba Buperusi, ku ludda lw’ebuvanjuba, nnabbi ayitibwa Zoroaster yaliwo mu kyasa eky’omusanvu B.C.E. Yatandikawo engeri y’okusinza eyamanyibwa nga Obuzorowastriani. Eno ye yali eddiini y’Obufuzi bwa Buperusi, obwafuga ensi nga Buyonaani tennafuuka bufuzi kirimaanyi. Ebyawandiikibwa bya Abazorowastriani bigamba nti: “Emmeeme y’Omutuukirivu eneebeeranga mu  mu Butafa emirembe gyonna mu Ssanyu, naye kikakafu ddala nti emmeeme y’Omulimba eneebeeranga mu kubonyaabonyezebwa. Era Amateeka gano, Ahura Mazda [ekitegeeza, “katonda ow’amagezi”] agatongozza okuyitira mu buyinza Bwe.”

⁶ Enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme era yali kitundu kya ddiini y’omu Iran eyaliwo nga ey’Abazorowastriani tennabaawo. Ng’ekyokulabirako, amawanga ag’edda ag’omu Iran, gaafangayo ku mmeeme z’abaafa nga baziwa emmere n’eby’okwambala zibeere bulungi mu kifo ebeera emmeeme z’abafu.

7, 8. Abamisiri ab’edda baalina ndowooza ki ku kuwonawo kw’emmeeme oluvannyuma lw’okufa?

⁷ Okukkiririza mu bulamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa kyali kintu kikulu mu ddiini y’Abamisiri. Abamisiri bakkirizanga nti emmeeme y’omufu erina okulamulibwa Osiris, katonda omukulu mu kifo ebeera emmeeme z’abafu. Ng’ekyokulabirako, ekiwandiiko eky’oku kitoogo ekigambibwa okuba eky’omu kyasa 14 B.C.E. kiraga nga Anubis, katonda w’abafu, akulembera emmeeme y’omuwandiisi ayitibwa Hunefer mu maaso ga Osiris. Omutima gw’omuwandiisi, ogukiikirira omuntu we ow’omunda, gupimibwa ku minzaane nga gugeraageranyizibwa n’ekyoya katonda omukazi ow’amazima n’obwenkanya ky’ayambala ku mutwe gwe. Katonda omulala ayitibwa Thoth, awandiika ebivaamu. Okuva omutima gwa Hunefer bwe gutalina musango, obuzito bwagwo butono ku bw’ekyoya, era Hunefer akkirizibwa okuyingira mu ttwale lya Osiris okufuna obutafa. Era ekitoogo kiraga ekikulekule ekikazi nga kiyimiridde awali minzaane, nga kyetegefu okuvaabira omufu singa omutima gwe gugwa ekigezo. Abamisiri nabo baakazanga abafu baabwe era ne bakuumiranga emirambo gya bafalaawo mu zi-pyramid, kubanga baalowoozanga nti okuwonawo kw’emmeeme kwesigamanga ku kukuuma omulambo nga tegwonoonese.

⁸ Bwe kityo, amawanga agatali gamu ag’edda, gaalina enjigiriza emu gonna gye gaali gakkiririzaamu​—⁠obutafa bw’emmeeme. Enjigiriza eno gaagiggya mu kifo kye kimu?

Ekifo gye Yasibuka

9. Ddiini ki erina ekinene kye yakola ku ensi ey’edda ey’omu Misiri, Buperusi, ne Buyonaani?

⁹ “Mu nsi ey’edda, eddiini y’e Babulooni erina kinene nnyo kye yakola ku Misiri, Buperusi, ne Buyonaani,” bwe kityo ekitabo The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria bwe kigamba. Ekitabo kino kyeyongera ne kinnyonnyola: “Olw’enkolagana eyaliwo edda wakati wa Misiri ne Babulooni, nga bwe kiragibwa ku mayinja g’e El-Amarna, mazima ddala waaliwo emikisa mingi okuyingiza endowooza n’obulombolombo bwa Babulooni mu budiiniddiini bw’omu Misiri. Mu Buperusi, akabiina k’eddiini aka Mithra kalimu endowooza z’Abababulooni . . . Kati abeekenneenya bonna okutwalira awamu bakkiriza nti enjigiriza z’Abayudaaya zagattibwa mu nfumo z’Abayonaani ez’edda ne mu budiini bw’omu Buyonaani era nga kino tekiriiko kuwanaanya kwonna. Enjigiriza zino ez’Ekiyudaaya okusingira ddala zisibuka mu Babulooni.” *

10, 11. Abababulooni baalina ndowooza ki ku bulamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa?

¹⁰ Naye endowooza y’Abababulooni ekwata ku kibaawo oluvannyuma lw’okufa teyawukana nnyo ku y’Abamisiri, Abaperusi, n’Abayonaani? Ng’ekyokulabirako, weetegereze ebiri mu lugero oluyitibwa Epic of Gilgamesh olw’omu Babulooni. Mu lwo, Gilgamesh omuzira eyali akaddiye era eyeeraliikiriranga okufa, atandika okunoonyereza obutafa naye alemererwa okubuzuula. Omuwala atali mufumbo gw’asanga ku lugendo lwe amukubiriza okweyagalira mu bulamu bw’alimu kati, kubanga  yali tajja kuzuula bulamu butaggwaawo bwe yali anoonya. Obubaka obuli mu lugero luno buli nti okufa tekwebeereka era nti okusuubira obutafa kya bulimba. Kino kyanditegeezezza nti Abababulooni tebakkiririza mu bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa?

¹¹ Profesa Morris Jastrow, Jr., ow’omu Univasite ya Pennsylvania, U.S.A., yawandiika: “Abantu wadde abakulembeze b’eddiini [mu Babulooni] baali tebasuubira bulamu kuzikirizibwa ne buggwerawo ddala. Okufa [okusinziira ku ndowooza yaabwe] gwali mulyango ogutuusa mu bulamu bulala, era okugaana enjigiriza y’obutafa kyali kiggumiza buggumiza nti tekisoboka kwewala nkyukakyuka ereetebwa kufa.” Yee, Abababulooni nabo bakkirizanga nti obulamu obw’engeri emu oba endala, bweyongera okubaawo oluvannyuma lw’okufa. Baayoleka kino nga baziika abafu n’ebintu eby’okukozesa mu Bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa.

12-14. (a) Oluvannyuma lw’Amataba, enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme yasibuka wa? (b) Enjigiriza yasaasaana etya mu nsi yonna?

¹² Kya lwatu, enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme yaliwo mu Babulooni eky’edda. Okusinziira ku Baibuli, ekitabo ekirimu ebyafaayo ebituufu, ekibuga kya Babeeri, oba Babulooni, kyatandikibwawo Nimuloodi, muzzukulu wa Nuuwa. * Oluvannyuma lw’Amataba mu kiseera kya Nuuwa, waaliwo olulimi lumu lwokka n’eddiini emu. Mu kutandikawo ekibuga ekyo n’okuzimba omunaala mu kifo ekyo, Nimuloodi yatandikawo eddiini endala. Ebiri mu Baibuli biraga nti oluvannyuma lw’okutabulatabula ennimi e Babeeri, abazimbi b’omunaala abalemererwa okutuuka ku kiruubirirwa kyabwe baasaasaana ne batandika obulamu obuggya, nga bagenda n’eddiini yaabwe. (Olubereberye 10:​6-10; 11:​4-9) Bwe kityo enjigiriza z’Abababulooni zaasaasaana mu nsi yonna.

¹³ Kigambibwa nti Nimuloodi yatemulwa. Oluvannyuma lw’okufa kwe, kyandisuubiddwa nti Abababulooni bandimusizzaamu nnyo ekitiibwa olw’okutandikawo, okuzimba, era n’okubeera kabaka w’ekibuga kyabwe eyasooka. Okuva katonda Marduk (Merodaki) bwe yatwalibwa ng’eyatandikawo Babulooni, abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti Marduk akiikirira Nimuloodi eyatwalibwa nga katonda. Kino bwe kiba ekituufu, olwo endowooza nti omuntu alina emmeeme ewonawo ku kufa eteekwa okuba yaliwo mu kiseera Nimuloodi we yafiira. Era, ebyafaayo biraga nti oluvannyuma lw’Amataba, ensibuko y’enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme yali Babeeri, oba Babulooni.

¹⁴ Kyokka, enjigiriza eyo yafuuka etya enkulu mu ddiini ezisinga obungi mu kiseera kyaffe? Ekitundu ekiddako kijja kwekenneenya engeri gye yayingira mu ddiini z’Ebuvanjuba.

[Obugambo obuli wansi]

[Ebibuuzo]

[Ebifaananyi ebiri ku lupapula 6]

Endowooza Abamisiri gye balina ku mmeeme mu kifo ebeera emmeeme z’abafu

[Ekifaananyi ekiri ku lupapula 7]

Socrates yagamba nti emmeeme tefa