“Amateeka Yali Mutwazi Waffe”

BAANA bameka abalaba obukulu bw’okukangavvulwa n’okuweebwa amateeka? Si bangi. Abasinga tebaagala kukugirwa mu ngeri yonna. Kyokka, abo abalina obuvunaanyizibwa bw’okulabirira abaana bakimanyi nti kyetaagisa okubateerawo amateeka. Era emyaka bwe gigenda giyitawo, abavubuka abasinga batandika okukiraba nti ddala amateeka ago gaali geetaagisa. Ng’annyonnyola engeri enkolagana wakati wa Yakuwa Katonda n’abantu be gye yagenda ekula, omutume Pawulo yakozesa ekyokulabirako ky’omuntu eyalabiriranga abaana.

Mu kyasa ekyasooka, Abakristaayo abamu  mu ssaza lya Ruumi ery’e Ggalatiya baali bagamba nti Katonda yali akkiriza abo bokka abatambulira ku Mateeka Katonda ge yawa Abaisiraeri okuyitira mu Musa. Omutume Pawulo yali amanyi nti ekyo si kituufu olw’okuba Katonda yali afuse omwoyo omutukuvu ku bantu abamu abaali batagoberera mateeka ga Kiyudaaya. (Ebikolwa 15:12) Bw’atyo, Pawulo yatereeza endoowoza eyo enkyamu ng’akozesa ekyokulabirako. Yawandiikira Abakristaayo b’omu Ggalatiya n’abagamba nti: “Amateeka yali mutwazi waffe eri Kristo.” (Abaggalatiya 3:24) Omwekenneenya omu agamba nti omulimu gw’omutwazi “gwava dda era gwali gwa mugaso nnyo.” Okutegeera omutwazi kye yakolanga kituyamba okulaba ensonga Pawulo gye yali annyonnyola.

Omutwazi n’Obuvunaanyizibwa Bwe

Abantu abagagga mu Buyonaani, Ruumi, oboolyawo ne mu Buyudaaya, baabeeranga n’abatwazi abaalabiriranga abaana baabwe okuviira ddala mu buto okutuusa lwe baakulanga. Emirundi egisinga, omutwazi yabanga muddu mwesigwa, mukulu mu myaka, era ye yakuumanga omwana okulaba nti tatuukibwako kabi era alabirirwa nga kitaawe bw’ayagala. Olunaku lwonna, omutwazi yawerekeranga omwana buli gye yalaganga, yamuyonjanga, yamutwalanga ku ssomero n’amulabirira ng’ayiga, era oluusi ye yamusitulirangako ebitabo.

Emirundi egisinga omutwazi teyabanga musomesa, naye yabeerangawo okukakasa nti omwana ayigirizibwa nga kitaawe bw’ayagala. Era bwabanga buvunaanyizibwa bwe okulaga omwana eky’okukola awamu n’okumukangavvula. Kino kyali kizingiramu okuyigiriza omwana empisa, okumunenya, n’okumubonereza ng’akoze ebitasaana. Okusingira ddala obuvunaanyizibwa bw’okuyigiriza omwana bwabanga bwa bazadde. Naye, omulenzi oyo bwe yagendanga akula, omutwazi we ye yamuyigirizanga bw’alina okwambala n’okutambula mu kkubo, bw’alina okutuula n’okulya, era yamuyigirizanga okuwa abantu abakulu ekitiibwa,  okwagala bazadde be, n’ebintu ebirala.

Plato, Omufirosoofo Omuyonaani (428-348 B.C.E.), teyalina kubuusabuusa kwonna nti omwana omuto yeetaaga okukugirwa. Yawandiika nti: “Ng’endiga oba ensolo yonna bw’etesaana kuba ku ttale nga tewali agirunda, n’abaana bwe batyo tebasaana kubulwako mutwazi, oba abaddu obutabaako mukama waabwe.” Endowooza eno eyinza okulabika ng’enkakali, naye bw’atyo Plato ebintu bwe yali abiraba.

Olw’okuba abatwazi baabeeranga n’abaana buli wamu, kyabaleetera okulabika ng’abantu abakangavvula abaana ekisusse, ababamalako emirembe era ababalabako ensobi buli kiseera. Wadde kyali kityo, omutwazi yayigirizanga omwana empisa era yamukuumanga. Munnabyafaayo Omuyonaani ayitibwa Appian eyaliwo mu kyasa ekyokubiri C.E. yawandiika nti waliwo omutwazi omu eyawambaatira omwana asobole okumuwonya abatemu. Bwe yagaana okuwaayo omwana, bombi battibwa.

Empisa ez’obugwenyufu zaali zicaase mu Buyonaani. Abaana, naddala ab’obulenzi, baali beetaaga okukuumibwa baleme kusobezebwako. N’olwekyo abatwazi baagendanga n’abaana ku ssomero kubanga abasomesa bangi tebaali beesigwa. Omusajja Omuyonaani ayitibwa Libanius eyaliwo mu kyasa eky’okuna C.E. yatuuka n’okugamba nti abatwazi baalina okukola ‘ng’abakuumi b’abavubuka, okulemesa abo abaabanga baagala okubasobyako era nga tebabaganya na kusembera we webali.’ Abantu bangi baali bassaamu abatwazi baabwe ekitiibwa. Amalaalo mangi galiko ebiwandiiko ebiraga nti abantu ne bwe babanga bakuze, bajjukiranga ebirungi ebyabanga bibakoleddwa abatwazi baabwe.

Amateeka Gaali ng’Omutwazi

Lwaki omutume Pawulo yageraageranya Amateeka ga Musa ku mutwazi? Lwaki ekyokulabirako kino kituukirawo bulungi?

Ekisooka, Amateeka gaali gakuuma Abayudaaya. Pawulo yagamba nti Abayudaaya ‘baakuumirwanga mu bufuge bw’amateeka.’ Baalinga abakuumibwa omutwazi. (Abaggalatiya 3:23) Amateeka gaali gakwata ku bulamu bwabwe bwonna. Gaabayambanga okufuga okwegomba kw’omubiri. Gaayambanga buli Muisiraeri okubeera n’empisa ennungi era gaabajjukizanga ensobi zaabwe buli kiseera, ekyo ne kibalaga nti baali tebatuukiridde.

Amateeka era gaabakuumanga ne batatwalirizibwa mpisa n’eddiini z’amawanga agaali gabeetoolodde. Ng’ekyokulabirako, etteeka lya Katonda eryali libakugira okufumbiriganwa n’abakaafiiri lyayamba okukuuma eggwanga lyonna mu by’omwoyo. (Ekyamateeka 7:3, 4) Amateeka ng’ago gaakuuma okusinza kw’abantu ba Katonda nga kuyonjo era ne gabayamba okutegeera oyo eyali Masiya. Emiganyulo gino gyonna gyava mu kutambulira ku Mateeka era gyalaga okwagala kwa Katonda eri abantu be. Musa yagamba Baisiraeri banne nti: ‘Ng’omuntu bw’akangavvula omwana we, bw’atyo Mukama Katonda wo bw’akukangavvula ggwe.’​—Ekyamateeka 8:5.

Kyokka, omutume Pawulo yalaga mu kyokulabirako ekyo nti obuyinza bw’omutwazi bwatuukanga ekiseera ne bukoma. Omwana bwe yakulanga, yabanga takyali wansi wa buyinza bwa mutwazi we. Munnabyafaayo Omuyonaani ayitibwa Xenophon (431-352 B.C.E.) yawandiika nti: “Omwana omulenzi bw’akula n’afuuka omuvubuka, aba takyali wansi wa buyinza bwa [mutwazi] we na bwa [musomesa] we; olwo aba wa ddembe okukola ebibye ku bubwe.”

Bwe kityo bwe kyali ne ku Mateeka ga Musa. Omulimu gwago gwali gwa kiseera buseera​—“gassibwawo lwa kwonoona okutuusa w’alijjira omuzzukulu [Yesu Kristo] eyasuubizibwa.” Omutume Pawulo yannyonnyola nti eri Abayudaaya, Amateeka yali ‘mutwazi waabwe eri Kristo.’ Okusobola okusiimibwa Katonda, Abayudaaya ab’omu kiseera kya Pawulo baalina okutegeera ekifo Yesu ky’alina mu kigendererwa kya Katonda. Ekyo bwe bandikitegedde, omulimu gw’omutwazi gwandibadde guwedde.​—Abaggalatiya 3:19, 24, 25.

Amateeka Katonda ge yawa Abaisiraeri gaali  gatuukiridde. Gaatuukiriza bulungi Katonda kye yali ayagala gakole​—kwe kukuuma abantu be n’okubayigiriza emitindo gye egya waggulu. (Abaruumi 7:7-14) Amateeka yali mutwazi mulungi. Kyokka, abamu ku baali wansi w’obukuumi bwago baagasanga nga makakali. Pawulo kyeyava awandiika nti ekiseera kya Katonda ekigereke bwe kyatuuka, “Kristo yatununula mu kikolimo ky’amateeka.” Amateeka kyali “kikolimo” mu ngeri nti Abayudaaya baalina okugatambulirako naye nga tebasobola kugatuukiriza mu bujjuvu. Gaalimu emisoso mingi egyalina okugobererwa. Kasita Omuyudaaya yakkirizanga ssaddaaka y’ekinunulo kya Yesu eyali ey’omuganyulo okusinga amateeka, yali takyetaaga kutambulira ku mateeka ga mutwazi.​—Abaggalatiya 3:13; 4:9, 10.

N’olwekyo, mu kugeraageranya Amateeka ga Musa ku mutwazi, Pawulo yali alaga nti omulimu gw’Amateeka gwali gwa kubayigiriza, era nti gwali gwa kiseera buseera. Okusiimibwa Yakuwa kiva mu kutegeera Yesu n’okumukkiririzaamu, so si mu kukwata Mateeka ago.​—Abaggalatiya 2:16; 3:11.

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“ABASIGIRE N’ABAWANIKA”

Ng’oggyeko ekyokulabirako ky’omutwazi, omutume Pawulo era yakozesa ekyokulabirako ‘ky’abasigire n’abawanika.’ Abaggalatiya 4:1, 2, wagamba nti: “Omusika ng’akyali muto tayawulwa na muddu n’akatono, newakubadde nga ye mukama wa byonna; naye afugibwa abasigire n’abawanika okutuusa entuuko kitaawe ze yalagira edda.” Emirimu ‘gy’abasigire n’abawanika’ gy’ali gya njawulo ku gy’abatwazi, naye Pawulo yali ayogera ku nsonga y’emu.

Mu mateeka g’Abaruumi, ‘omusigire,’ yalondebwanga n’akwasibwa obuvunaanyizibwa bw’okuddukanya eby’ensimbi z’omwana enfuuzi okutuusa ng’akuze. Pawulo kyeyava agamba nti wadde ng’omwana oyo ye yabanga “mukama” w’eby’obusika bwe, bwe yabanga akyali muto, teyabanga na njawulo ku muddu olw’obutaba na buyinza ku byo.

Ku luuyi olulala, ‘omuwanika’ ye muntu eyalabiriranga eby’obugagga by’omwana. Munnabyafaayo Omuyudaaya Flavius Josephus agamba nti omuvubuka ayitibwa Hyrcanus yasaba kitaawe awandiike ebbaluwa ekkiriza omuwanika we okuwa Hyrcanus ssente okugula buli kye yali yeetaaga.

N’olwekyo, okufaananako okuba wansi w’omutwazi, okuba wansi ‘w’omusigire,’ oba wansi ‘w’omuwanika,’ kyali kitegeeza nti omuntu talina ddembe kukola ky’ayagala ng’akyali muto. Obulamu bw’omwana bwabanga mu mikono gya balala okutuusa ekiseera kitaawe kye yabanga alagidde.

[Ekifaananyi ekiri ku lupapula 19]

Ekifaananyi ku kibya ekya Buyonaani ow’edda ekiraga omutwazi n’omuggo gwe

[Ensibuko y’ekifaananyi]

National Archaeological Museum, Athens

[Ekifaananyi ekiri ku lupapula 19]

Ekifaananyi ku kikopo ky’omu kyasa eky’okutaano B.C.E. ekiraga omutwazi (akutte omuggo) ng’alabirira omwana eyali ayigirizibwa okuyimba n’okutontoma

[Ensibuko y’ekifaananyi]

Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/​Art Resource, NY