“Enjiri ya Yuda”
MU Apuli 2006, empapula z’amawulire okwetooloola ensi zaafulumya amawulire agaali gagamba nti waaliwo abakugu abaali bateekateeka okwanjulira abantu ekiwandiiko eky’edda ekyali kizuuliddwa ekiyitibwa “Enjiri ya Yuda.” Empapula z’amawulire ezo zaalaga nti abakugu abo baali bagamba nti ekiwandiiko ekyo kigenda kukyusa endowooza abantu gye balina ku Yuda, omuyigirizwa eyalya mu Yesu olukwe. Ate era baali bagamba nti Yuda mu butuufu yali muzira, mbu mu batume ye yali asinga banne okumanya Yesu, era mbu Yesu kennyini ye yamusaba amulyemu olukwe.
Ddala ebiri mu kiwandiiko ekyo bituufu? Bwe kiba nti bituufu, ddala bisobola okutuyamba okumanya ebintu oboolyawo bye tubadde tutamanyi, ebikwata ku Yuda Isukalyoti, ku Yesu Kristo, oba ku Bakristaayo abaasooka? Biyinza okukyusa endowooza gye tulina ku Kristo n’enjigiriza ze?
“ENJIRI YA YUDA” EVUMBULWA
Engeri ekiwandiiko ekyo ekiyitibwa “Enjiri ya Yuda” gye kyavumbulwamu temanyiddwa. Abantu baalabira awo ng’ekiwandiiko ekyo kitundibwa ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1970 oba ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1980, naye nga tekyavumbulwa bakugu abanoonyereza ku bintu eby’ebyafaayo ebiyiikuddwa mu ttaka. Kigambibwa nti kyavumbulwa mu mpuku emu mu ggwanga lya Misiri mu 1978. Kye kimu ku biwandiiko eby’emirundi ena ebyali mu codex (ekitabo eky’enkola ey’edda), ekyali mu Lukoputiki (olulimi olwayogerwanga mu Misiri edda).
Ekitabo ekyo eky’enkola ey’edda kyatandika mangu okwonooneka nga kiggiddwa e Misiri, ensi omusana gye gwaka ennyo gye kyali kimaze ebyasa ebiwerako. Mu 1983, waliwo abakugu abatonotono abaalagibwako ekitabo ekyo; naye olw’okuba kyali kitundibwa buwanana, tewali n’omu yakigula. Emyaka bwe gyagenda giyitawo, ekitabo ekyo kyeyongera okwonooneka. Mu 2000, omukyala omu ow’omu Switzerland omusuubuzi w’ebintu eby’edda yakigula. Oluvannyuma yakikwasa abakugu mu kwekenneenya ebintu eby’edda, abaali bakolera wansi w’obulagirizi bw’ekitongole ekiyitibwa Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art ne National Geographic Society. Baabakana n’eddimu ery’okuzzaawo ekitabo ekyo nga bwe kyali,
kyokka nga mu kiseera ekyo kyali mu mbeera mbi nnyo nga kiyulifuyulifu. Abakugu abo era baaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obw’okukivvuunula n’okunnyonnyola ebyakirimu, ssaako n’okunoonyereza bamanye ebbanga ekitabo ekyo lye kyali kimaze.Bwe baakozesa enkola ey’okunoonyereza okuzuula ebbanga ekintu lye kiba kimaze (carbon dating), baakizuula nti ekitabo ekyo kyali kyawandiikibwa awo nga mu kyasa eky’okusatu oba eky’okuna eky’embala eno. Kyokka, abakugu baagamba nti “Enjiri ya Yuda” eri mu kitabo ekyo mu lulimi Olukoputiki yali yavvuunulwa kuva mu Luyonaani mwe yasooka okuwandiikibwa mu kiseera eky’emabegako. Kati olwo “Enjiri ya Yuda” eyo yawandiikibwa ddi era ani yagiwandiika?
“ENJIRI YA YUDA” YAWANDIIKIBWA DDI?
“Enjiri ya Yuda” yasooka kwogerwako mu kitabo kya Irenaeus, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo eyaliwo ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’okubiri. Mu kitabo kye ekiyitibwa Against Heresies, Irenaeus bwe yali ayogera ku bamu ku abo abaali bayigiriza ebintu bye yali takkiriziganya nabyo, yawandiika nti: “Bagamba nti Yuda kalinkwe . . . yalya [mu Yesu] olukwe kubanga ye yekka eyali amanyi ekituufu. Ye yacankalanya ebintu byonna, eby’omu ggulu n’eby’oku nsi. Baayiiya ebintu eby’obulimba nga bino, ne babituuma Enjiri ya Yuda.”
“Enjiri eno teyawandiikibwa mu biseera bya Yuda era n’eyagiwandiika yali tamanyi Yuda”
Ekigendererwa kya Irenaeus okusingira ddala kyali kya kuwakanya enjigiriza ezitali zimu ez’abo abaali beeyita Abakristaayo abaagambanga nti balina okumanya okw’enjawulo. Mu kiseera ekyo ab’enzikiriza eyo bali bangi era nga beekutuddemu obubinja obw’enjawulo, era buli kabinja kaalina engeri gye kaategeerangamu era gye kannyonnyolangamu enjigiriza z’Ekikristaayo. Enjigiriza zaabwe baaziteeka mu buwandiike era zaabunyisibwa nnyo mu kyasa eky’okubiri.
Mu ebyo bye baawandiika mwe mwali enjiri ezigamba nti abatume ba Yesu abamanyiddwa ennyo tebaategeera bulungi njigiriza ze era nti waliwo n’ekyama kye yabuulira abatume naye batono abaakitegeera. * Abamu ku abo abaalina endowooza ezo, era baagambanga nti ensi eno kwe tuli kkomera, era nti waliwo bakatonda abalala abalina amaanyi agasinga ag’oyo “eyatonda ensi,” ayogerwako mu Bayibuli. Baagambanga nti oyo yekka alina “okumanya okw’enjawulo” y’asobola okutegeera “ekyama” ekyo n’alaba nti yeetaaga okuva mu bulamu buno obw’omubiri.
Ebyo ebiri mu njiri ya Yuda biraga nti abaagiwandiika baalina endowooza ng’eyo. Etandika n’ebigambo bino: “Kino kye kyama Yesu kye yabuulira Yuda Isukalyoti . . . ng’ebula ennaku ssatu akwate Embaga ey’Okuyitako.”
Kyandiba nti eno ye njiri Irenaeus gye yali ayogerako, gye baali balowooza nti yabula? Marvin Meyer, omu ku bakugu abaasooka okwekenneenya n’okuvvuunula ekiwandiiko ekyo, agamba nti ebyo Irenaeus bye “yawandiika bikwatagana bulungi n’ebyo ebiri mu kiwandiiko ekiri mu lulimi Olukoputiki ekiyitibwa Enjiri ya Yuda.”
ABAKUGU BAKUBAGANA EMPAWA KU NGERI YUDA GY’AYOGERWAKO MU NJIRI ENO
“Enjiri ya Yuda” eraga nti Yesu yasekereranga abayigirizwa be olw’okulemererwanga okutegeera ebintu obulungi. Naye nti Yuda ye yekka ku batume 12, eyali ategeera obulungi Yesu era mbu Yesu kyeyava abuulira Yuda “ebyama ebikwata ku bwakabaka” nga bali bokka.
Abakugu abaasooka okuvvuunula “Enjiri ya Yuda” baagoberera nnyo ebyo Irenaeus bye yayogera ku njiri eyo. Bye bavvuunula biraga nti Yuda ye muyigirizwa Yesu gwe yabikkulira ebyama, era “eyandiyingidde” mu “bwakabaka.” Era biraga nti wadde ng’abatume bandironze omuntu eyandizze mu kifo kya Yuda, Yuda ye yali “omwoyo ogw’ekkumi n’esatu” era ye yandifunye empeera esinga
ey’abatume abalala bonna kubanga ye yayamba Yesu okuva mu bulamu obw’omubiri.Abawandiisi b’ebitabo abamanyiddwa ennyo, gamba nga Bart Ehrman ne Elaine Pagels, ng’ate era bakugu mu byafaayo ebikwata ku Bakristaayo abaasooka n’enzikiriza ez’enjawulo ezaaliwo mu biseera ebyo, beekenneenya “Enjiri ya Yuda” eno, era nabo ne balaga nga bakkiriziganya n’abakugu abaasooka okugyekenneenya n’okugivvuunula. Kyokka mu kaseera mpa we kaaga, abakugu abalala, gamba nga April DeConick ne Birger Pearson, baagamba nti ab’ekitongole kya National Geographic Society olw’okwagala okwekolera erinnya, baayanguyiriza okulangirira ebyo abakugu bye baali bagamba ku njiri eno. Baagattako nti ab’ekitongole ekyo tebaayita mu mitendera mituufu.
Tewali n’omu ku abo abeekenneenya ekiwandiiko kino agamba nti ebikirimu bituufu
DeConick ne Pearson bwe beekenneenya ekiwandiiko kino buli omu ku lulwe, baakizuula nti ebitundu ebimu ebikulu abakugu abaasooka baabivvuunula kifuulannenge. Okusinziira ku ngeri ye DeConick gye yavvuunulamu ebiri mu kiwandiiko ekyo, Yesu yayita Yuda “Dayimooni ey’Ekkumi n’Essatu,” so si “omwoyo ogw’ekkumi n’essatu.” * Ate era nti Yesu yagamba Yuda nti tajja kugenda mu “bwakabaka.” Mu kifo ky’okuba nti Yuda ye ‘yandifunye empeera esinga’ ey’abayigirizwa abalala, Yesu yamugamba nti: “Bonna bajja kukusinga, kubanga ogenda kunzigya mu bulamu obw’omubiri.” Okusinziira ku DeConick, abawandiisi baakyo baayagala kuvumirira batume ba Yesu bonna. DeConick ne Pearson baawunzika bagamba nti “Enjiri ya Yuda” terina bw’eraga nti Yuda yali muzira.
“ENJIRI YA YUDA” ETUKAKASA KI?
Ka kibe nti Yuda ayogerwako mu kiwandiiko ekiyitibwa “Enjiri ya Yuda” bamutwala nga muzira oba dayimooni, tewali n’omu ku abo abeekenneenya ekiwandiiko kino agamba nti ebikirimu bituufu. Bart Ehrman yagamba nti: “Enjiri eno teyawandiikibwa Yuda, wadde omuntu yenna eyeeyita Yuda . . . Teyawandiikibwa mu biseera bya Yuda era n’eyagiwandiika yali tamanyi Yuda . . . N’olwekyo, teyinza kutuyamba kumanya byaliwo mu kiseera kya Yesu.”
“Enjiri ya Yuda” yawandiikibwa mu kyasa eky’okubiri, era nga yasooka kuwandiikibwa mu Luyonaani. Abakugu tebannakakasa obanga “Enjiri ya Yuda” eyazuulibwa gye buvuddeko awo y’eyo Irenaeus gye yayogerako mu kitabo kye. Wadde kiri kityo ebigirimu biwa obukakafu obulaga nti ekiseera kyatuuka abamu ku Bakristaayo ne bagunjawo enjigiriza ez’obulimba, era ne kibaleetera okweyawulamu obubiinabiina. Mu butuufu ebigirimu byongera kutukakasa bukakasa nti ebyo abatume bye baayogera nti bigenda kubaawo, ddala byaliwo, gamba ng’ebyo omutume Pawulo bye yayogera ebiri mu Ebikolwa 20:29, 30: “Nkimanyi nti bwe ndimala okugenda, . . . mu mmwe mwennyini muliva abantu aboogera ebintu ebikyamye okusendasenda abayigirizwa okubagoberera.”
^ Enjiri zino ziyitibwa amannya g’abantu abatwalibwa okuba nga be baali basinga okumanya enjigiriza za Yesu, gamba waliwo eyitibwa “Enjiri ya Tomasi” n’endala eyitibwa “Enjiri ya Maliyamu Magudaleene.” Enjiri ez’ekika ekyo ezaazuulibwa ziringa 30.
^ Abakugu abagamba nti Yuda ayitibwa dayimooni mu kiwandiiko kino, n’okuba nti yali amanyi bulungi Yesu okusinga abayigirizwa abalala bonna, bakikwataganya n’engeri dayimooni ezoogerwako mu bitabo by’Enjiri ebiri mu Bayibuli gye zaalagamu nti zimanyi bulungi Yesu.—Makko 3:11; 5:7.