Ntshinyi tshidibu basangane mu Yizelele?

MUABA uvua tshimenga tshia kale tshia Yizelele mmushale tshipela munkatshi mua bidimu nkama ne nkama. Bilondeshile malu adi Bible ulonda, tshimenga etshi tshivua tshitumbe bikole mu tshikondo kampanda. Mpindieu, tshikadi tshimane kujimija lumu luatshi lua kumpala ne mudi amu maloba, kabidi ntshishale bibuwabuwa. Mu bidimu bidi panshi ebi bakebuludi mbatuadije kukonkonona bishadile bia Yizelele. Ntshinyi tshidi bibuwa ebi bileja bua malu adi Bible ulonda?

Tshidi Bible wamba bua Yizelele

Yizelele uvua ku Est kua tshitupa tshia Tshibanda tshia Yizelele; uvua umue wa ku miaba ya bufuke bua bungi ivua mu Isalele wa kale. Dia muamua dia tshibanda etshi ku Nord, tudi tumona kakunakuna ka Mole, muaba wakatudila bena Midiyana pavuabu badilongolola bua kuluisha Nzuji Gideona ne basalayi bende. Kakese lua ku Est kudi tshina tshia mâyi tshia Haloda, kuinshi kua Mukuna wa Gileboa. Muaba eu ke uvua Yehowa mukepeshile bungi bua basalayi ba Gideona bavua binunu bivule, kushiyaye anu bantu 300 patupu bua kuleja bukole buende bua kusungila tshisamba tshiende kabiyi ku diambuluisha dia tshiluilu tshinene tshia basalayi to. (Balumbuluishi 7:1-25; Zekâya 4:6) Pabuipi ne Mukuna wa Gileboa, bakatshimuna Shaula mukalenge wa kumpala wa Isalele kudi bena Peleshete mu mvita mikole, muakashipabu muanende Yonatana ne bana bende bakuabu babidi ba balume, ne yeye muine Shaula wakadishipa.​—1 Samuele 31:1-5.

Malu adi Bible wamba bua tshimenga etshi tshia kale tshia Yizelele adi aleja mianda mishilangane bikole. Adi atuambila muvua bamfumu ba mu Isalele bikale batontolodi ne bakokesha bibi ne kabidi muvua basadidi ba Yehowa bikale ne lulamatu ne lukunukunu. Mu Yizelele ke muvua Mukalenge Ahaba (uvua mfumu wa bukalenge bua ku Nord buvua ne bisa dikumi bia Isalele pakavuaku kushale bidimu bikese bua lukama lua bidimu lua dikumi K.B.B. kujikalu) muase nzubu wende wa bumfumu, nansha muvua tshimenga tshia Samalea tshikale tshimamuende wa bukalenge. (1 Bakelenge 21:1) Mu Yizelele ke muakasuabu kushipa Eliya muprofete wa Yehowa kudi Izebele, mukaji wa bisamba bia bende uvua Ahaba musele. Uvua ne tshiji bualu Eliya uvua mushipe baprofete ba Bâla kayi nansha utshina, kunyima kua yeye mumane kuleja uvua Nzambi mulelela ku Mukuna wa Kâmele.​—1 Bakelenge 18:36–19:2.

Pashishe, anu mu Yizelele amu bakenzamu bualu bukuabu bua tshikisu. Bakashipamu Nabota muena Yizelele. Mukalenge Ahaba uvua ukeba kupeta budimi bua bende bua mvinyo bua Nabota. Pakalombaye Nabota budimi abu, Nabota wakandamuna mu buimpe ne: ‘Yehowa ampidishe bua meme kukupa bupianyi bua batatu banyi.’ Diandamuna edi divua diumvuangane ne mikenji diakanyingalaja Ahaba bikole. Pakamona Mukalenge-mukaji Izebele muvua bayende mubungame, wakatuma dîyi bua kushiminyinabu Nabota tshilumbu ku kabadi ne: uvua mupende Nzambi. Bakapisha Nabota (muntu eu uvua kayi ne bualu), kumushipabu ne mabue ne mukalenge kuangataye budimi bua mvinyo bua Nabota.​—1 Bakelenge 21:1-16.

Bua bualu ebu bubi, Eliya wakamanyisha ne: ‘Mbua neyidie Izebele pepi ne lumbu lua Yizelele.’ Muprofete wakamba kabidi ne: ‘Pafua muntu  wa mu nzubu wa Ahaba mu musoko, mbua neyimudileku. Kakuakadi muntu mukuabu bu Ahaba wakadipanyisha bua kuenzaye malu mabi ku mêsu kua Yehowa, wakadi musonsolodibue kudi Izebele, mukaji wende.’ Kadi bu muakadipuekesha Ahaba pakumvuaye Eliya umanyisha dinyoka divua Yehowa ne bua kufila, Yehowa wakamba ne: dinyoka edi kadivua ne bua kulua mu matuku atshivua Ahaba ne muoyo to. (1 Bakelenge 21:23-29) Bible udi utungunuka wamba ne: mu matuku a Elisha mupinganyi wa Eliya, bakela Yehu manyi bua kuikalaye mukalenge wa Isalele. Pakafikaye ku Yizelele ne tubalu, Yehu wakatuma dîyi bua basakile Izebele pa dididishi dia nzubu wende, ne tubalu tuakamudiata ne bikono biatu. Kunyima, bakasangana mbua mishiye anu kabalubalu ka mutu, makasa ne munda mua bianza. (2 Bakelenge 9:30-37) Muanda wa ndekelu wakenzeka mu Yizelele udi Bible ulonda wakenzeka kunyima kua dishipa dia bana ba balume 70 ba Ahaba. Yehu wakakungija mitu yabu mu mishiki minene ibidi ku tshiibi tshia tshimenga tshia Yizelele, kunyima kushipaye banene ne bakuidi bakuabu ba mu bukalenge bubi bua Ahaba.​—2 Bakelenge 10:6-11.

Ntshinyi tshidi bakebuludi basanganemu?

Mu 1990, bakatuadija mudimu wa kumbula muaba uvua tshimenga tshia Yizelele. Bakaulombola kudi David Ussishkin wa mu Tshilongelu tshia Dikebulula dia bintu bia kale tshia Iniversite wa mu tshimenga tshia Tel Aviv ne John Woodhead wa mu Tshilongelu tshia mu Grande-Bretagne tshia dikebulula dia bintu bia kale mu Yelushalema. Bakenza mudimu munkatshi mua mbingu 42 (mikosolola mu bikondo muanda-mutekete) kubangila mu tshidimu tshia 1990 ne mu tshia 1996; ne kuvua bena budisuile bu 80 anyi 100 bakenza mudimu muaba eu.

Lelu patu bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale bakonkonona tshintu tshia muaba kampanda, batu bakeba diumvuija diatshi, kabatu balonda ngenyi ne malu mafuikakaja nansha. Nenku, bua malu adibu bakebulule miaba ivua isanganyibua matunga matela mu Bible, muyuki udi mu Bible kawena wamba malu onso pa tshilumbu etshi nansha. Badi ne bua kukonkonona bimpe menemene mikanda ne bijadiki bikuabu bionso bidi bimueneka ne mêsu. Kadi, anu mudi John Woodhead uleja, pa kumbusha nshapita mikese ya mu Bible, kakuena mikanda ya kale idi ijadika malu adi atangila Yizelele to. Nunku tudi ne bua kukonkonona miyuki ya mu Bible ne kulondolola malu onso. Mudimu mukole udi bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale benze mmusokolole tshinyi?

Mu dikebulula bimanu ne mabungu, biakamueneka patoke anu ku ntuadijilu ne: bibuwa abi bivua bia mu tshikondo tshia kale tshitubu babikila ne: Tshikondo tshia Biamu, bileja ne: bivua bia mu tshikondo tshia Yizelele udibu batele mu Bible. Kadi pakatungunukabu ne kumbula, kuakamueneka malu a bungi avua akemesha. Bua kumpala buvua bua bunene bua tshimenga etshi ne ngumbu yatshi minene. Bakebuludi bavua bela meji ne: nebamone tshimenga ne ngumbu mifuanangane ne ya Samalea wa kale (tshimenga tshikulu tshia bukalenge bua Isalele). Kadi pakatungunukabu ne kumbula, bakamona bimpe ne: tshimenga tshia Yizelele tshivua tshitambe kualabala. Tshivua ne metre 300  mu bule ne metre 150 mu butshiame pambelu pa ngumbu, bunene bua tshipapu tshionso tshivua munda mua ngumbu buvua bupite misangu isatu bua tshimenga kayi tshionso tshia mu tshikondo atshi tshivuabu basokolole mu Isalele. Bavua banyungulule tshimenga etshi ne mukidi uvua ne buondoke bua metre 11 pa kumbukila ku bimanu bia tshimenga. Ussishkin (mulongeshi wa mu Iniversite) udi uleja ne: kakuvua mukidi bu eu mu bikondo bia kale to. Wakamba ne: “Tshintu tshia mushindu’eu ntshilue kumueneka mu Isalele anu mu tshikondo tshia baluanganyi bena Krwazade.”

Bualu bukuabu buvua bukemesha mbua se: kakuvua nzubu minene munkatshi mua tshimenga etshi to. Mishiki mivule ya maloba makunze ivuabu balue nayi dîba divuabu bibaka tshimenga etshi bakenza nayi tshiakuidi tshienze bu tshidi pa tshibumba munda mua lupangu. Mukanda kampanda udi wakula bua bintu bikalula mu Tel Yizelele ne: tshiakuidi etshi tshiende lumu tshivua mua kuikala tshijadiki tshia se: Yizelele kavua patupu muaba uvua mukalenge musombele nansha. Mukanda eu udi wamba ne: “Tudi basue kuleja ne: Yizelele uvua muaba munene uvuabu basombele kudi basalayi ba bukalenge bua Isalele mu tshikondo tshia bakalenge ba-Omelide [Omeli ne ndelanganyi yende] . . . [muaba] uvuabu balamina ne balongeshila bena matempu ne tubalu tua mvita.” (Second Preliminary Report) Pa kumona bunene bua tshiakuidi etshi tshibandile ne bua lumbu luine, Woodhead udi uleja ne: uvua mua kuikala muaba uvua basalayi benzela ngendu ya mindololotshi bua kuleja bukole bua matempu abu avua mapite bungi ku Asia wa Moyen-Orient mu tshikondo atshi.

Bintu bidibu bakalule ku tshiibi tshia tshimenga biakatamba kukoka ntema ya bakebuludi aba. Bidi bileja ne: kuvua tuzubu tufike ku tunayi ku tshibuelelu etshi. Kadi bu muakapawulabu mabue a bungi avua muaba eu munkatshi mua nkama ya bidimu, bintu bidibu bapete kabiena bifikisha ku bualu bua nsongo to. Woodhead udi wela meji ne: bishadile ebi bidi bijadika ne: kuvua tshiibi tshia tuzùbu tusambombo bunene bumue ne bivuabu basangane ku Megido, ku Hasô ne ku Gezê. *

Bintu bidi bakebuludi bapete bidi bikemesha padibi bileja ne: tshimenga etshi tshivua tshiasa muaba muimpe uvua mukumbanyine malu a busalayi katshiakalala matuku a bungi to. Woodhead udi ushindika ne: bu muvua Yizelele muikale tshimenga tshinene tshikolesha bimpe, wakashala anu lupolo luipi. Tshimenga etshi tshidi tshishilangana bikole ne bimenga bikuabu binene bidi Bible utela, bivuaku mu Isalele bu mudi: Megido, Hasô ne Samalea uvua tshimenga tshikulu, bivuabu bibakulule, badiundishe ne basombele kudi bantu njila ne njila mu bikondo bishilangane. Bua tshinyi muaba eu muimpe nunku kawakashala mutantshi mule? Woodhead udi utshinka ne: misangu mikuabu Ahaba ne dîku diende dia bumfumu bavua bakuluishe ditunga bualu bavua batulakaja mpetu ya ditunga. Muanda eu mmulelela pa kutangila bunene ne bukole bupitshidile bua tshimenga tshia Yizelele. Pamu’apa bukalenge bupiabupia bua Yehu kabuvua busue kubuelakana mu malu avua Ahaba muenze ne buakalekela tshimenga atshi.

Nunku bintu bionso bidibu bakalule bidi bijadika ne: Yizelele uvua muaba munene mu Isalele mu Tshikondo tshia Biamu. Bunene bua tshimenga etshi ne bintu biatshi bia kutshikuba natshi bidi biumvuangana ne tshidi Bible wamba bua se: tshivua muaba muende lumu uvua mukalenge Ahaba ne Izebele basombele. Malu adi ajadika ne: mu tshikondo atshi bantu kabavua bashale muaba eu munkatshi mua lupolo lule adi umvuangana ne miyuki ya mu Bible idi yakula bua tshimenga etshi: Lumu luatshi luakatangalaka ne lukasa mu tshikondo tshivua Ahaba ukokesha, ne kunyima bidi bimueneka ne: ku dîyi dia Yehowa, tshiakajimija lumu luatshi ‘pakashipa Yehu bonso bakashala mu nzubu wa Ahaba mu Yizelele, ne bantu bende banene bonso, ne balunda bende bonso ne bakuidi bende bonso too ne pakamushiyeye patupu.’​—2 Bakelenge 10:11.

 Mushindu uvua mianda milondangane mu Yizelele

John Woodhead udi wamba ne: “Paudi ukebulula bintu bia kale, ki mbualu bupepele bua kupeta pa kushindamena menemene bua kujadika matuku, ne ngondo ne tshidimu.” Nenku, tshilejilu padi bakebuludi aba bakonkonona bipeta bia mudimu wa bidimu muanda-mutekete, badi babifuanyikija ne bintu bidibu bapete miaba mikuabu. Bualu ebu butu bufikisha ku dibikonkonona kabidi ne ku dipangilangana ku mêyi. Bua tshinganyi? Bualu nansha katshia ku tshikondo tshivua mukebuludi Yigael Yadin wa mu ditunga dia Isalele mukalule bintu mu Megido mu bidimu bia 1960 ne ku ntuadijilu kua bidimu bia 1970, bantu ba bungi bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale bakitaba bajadika ne: uvua mupete bintu bivuabu bakuba nabi tshimenga ne biibi bia katshia mu tshikondo tshia Mukalenge Solomo. Mpindieu, bintu abi bia dikuba nabi tshimenga, bintu bivuabu benze ne dima ne biibi biakapetabu mu Yizelele mbifikishe bamue bantu ku dielesha malu adibu bambe aa mpata.

Tshilejilu, bintu bienza ne dima biakapetabu mu Yizelele mbifuanangane ne bivuabu bangule mu Megido bidi Yadin wamba ne: mbia mu bukokeshi bua Solomo. Mushindu udibu benze tshiibi ne bunene bua bimenga ebi bibidi mbifuanangane bikole. Woodhead udi wamba ne: “Bijadiki bionso bidi bileja ne: tshimenga tshia Yizelele tshivuaku kale mu tshikondo tshia Solomo peshi bidi biteka bintu ebi bipeta miaba mikuabu [ku Megido ne Hasô] mu tshikondo tshia Ahaba.” Bu mudi Bible utela tshimenga tshia Yizelele mu tshikondo tshivua Ahaba ne muoyo, Woodhead udi umona ne: mbimpe menemene bua kuitaba ne: maloba aa adibu bakalulemu bintu adi atutuma mu tshikondo tshia bukokeshi bua Ahaba. David Ussishkin udi uleja ne: “Bible udi wamba ne: Solomo wakibaka Megido, kadi kêna wamba ne: wakenza biibi bine abi to.”

Tudiku mua kumanya malu a Yizelele anyi?

Bintu ebi bidi bakebuludi bapete, ne dikokangana diakalua kumueneka bidiku bileja ne: tudi ne bua kuela mpata tshidi Bible wamba bua Yizelele peshi Solomo anyi? Bushuwa, dikokangana dia bakebuludi bua bintu bia kale kadiena dishintulula muyuki wa mu Bible to. Bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale badi bakonkonona malu bilondeshile mmuenenu mushilangane ne wa Bible. Badi bela nkonko ya bungi ne badi bashindamena pa abu malu. Tudi mua kufuanyikija mulongi wa Bible ne mukebuludi wa bintu bia kale ne bantu babidi badi baya mu njila idi katshia yalulame kayiyi isambakane. Umue udi mu mashinyi mu njila, mukuabu udi wendela ku makasa ku luseke lua njila wende. Bipatshila ne malu adibu bamona ne mushinga mbishilangane. Mmuenenu yabu idi nangananga ikumbajangana, kadi kayena ibengangana to. Tuetu bafuanyikije bidi bena luendu babidi aba bamba tudi mua kufika ku dijingulula malu bimpe.

Mu Bible mudi miyuki mifunda ya mianda ne bantu ba kale; bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale badi bakeba kumanya malu adi atangila mianda eyi ne bantu abu, pa kukonkonona bishadile bionso bidibu mua kupeta bitshidi mu buloba. Kadi, pa tshibidilu bishadile ebi kabitu bionso to; ne batu babiumvuija mishindu mishilashilangane. Mu mukanda wende kampanda (Archaeology of the Land of the Bible​—10 000-586 K.B.B.), Amihai Mazar udi wamba bua bualu ebu ne: “Mudimu wa Dikebulula bishadile bia bintu bia kale . . . utu nangananga ulomba dimanya ne disangisha dia malu malonga. Kakuena mushindu nansha umue wa kuenza mudimu udi mua kushindika ne: nekuikale bipeta bimpe ne bidi bikengela kuikala badilongolole bua kuitaba mmuenenu ne ngenyi mifila kudi balombodi ba mudimu eu. Ngikadilu, tshipedi ne mmuenenu muimpe wa mukebuludi wa bintu bia kale bidi ne mushinga wa bungi kupita malu adiye mulonge ne bintu bidiye nabi.”

Bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale bakajadika ne: Yizelele uvua muaba munene uvua mukalenge ne masalayi bisombele, muaba uvua munenge anu tshikondo tshîpi tshidi tshipetangana ne tshikondo tshivua Ahaba mu bukokeshi, anu mudi Bible ulonda. Mbele nkonko mikuabu ya bungi idi ijula ntema, idi bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale mua kulonga mu bidimu bidi bilua. Nansha nanku, Bible udi utungunuka ne kuamba malu patoke, utulondela malu onso mushindu udi bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale kabayi mua kulonda nansha kakese.

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Bintu bikalula mu Yizelele

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