Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue ntshinyi menemene?

Kukadi bidimu bipite pa 50, dibue divua muena Arabe mukuabu (mulami wa mikoko) mukupe mu lunga lubuebue diakapatuisha tshintu tshidi bamue babikila ne: ntshintu tshia kale tshia mushinga menemene tshidibu bangule mu lukama lua bidimu lua 20. Muena Arabe eu wakumvua muvua dibue adi ditayishe luesu lua dibungu. Pakayaye kutangila, wakangulamu bintu bia ntuadijilu bia ku biakaluabu kuinyika dîna ne: Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue.

MUNKATSHI mua bisumbu bia bamanyi ba mukanda, ne mua bafundi ne bena ku tudiomba bashilashilangane, mivungu eyi mmishale bualu budi bavule bambuluile dîsu ne bakokelangana. Dibuejakaja ne dilondelangana dia malu a dishima a mivungu eyi mbiuwule mu bantu tente. Biambamba mbitangalake ne: badi bakeba kusokoka mivungu eyi bua kayimanyiki, batshina bua kayilu kusokolola malu adi mua kulenduisha bena Kristo ne bena Yuda. Kadi mivungu eyi ntshinyi menemene? Malu malelela adi atangila mivungu eyi adi mua kumanyika panyima pa bidimu bipite pa 50 anyi?

Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue ntshinyi?

Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue mmikanda ya kale ya bena Yuda mifunda ku bianza. Bavua bafunde ya bungi mu tshiena-Ebelu, ndambu mu tshi-Araméen, ne mikese mu tshiena-Greke. Mivule ya ku mivungu eyi (mijima ne ikavua mishale bitupa) nya kumpala kua Yezu kuledibua; ikadi mienze bidimu bipite pa 2 000. Munkatshi mua mivungu ya kumpala ivua mifumine kudi ba Arabe, muvua mikanda mifunda ku bianza milemile muanda-mutekete ikavua minyanguke. Pakakebabu mu mbuebue mikuabu, bakapeta minga mivungu mijime ne binunu ne binunu bia bipese bia mikuabu. Pankatshi pa 1947 ne 1956, bakamona mbuebue 11 ivua ne mivungu munda muayi, pabuipi ne musoko wa Qoumrân ku muelelu kua Mbuu Mufue.

Padibu balonga mivungu yonso ne ivua bitumpampa, mikanda mifunda ku bianza idi itua ku 800. Bu tshia binayi tshiayi tshimue (anyi mikanda ya ku tshianza mipite  pa 200), mbitupa bia mêyi a mu Bible a mu tshiena-Ebelu bivuabu batentulule. Mikanda mikuabu mifunda ku tshianza nya bena Yuda ya kale ya malu adi kaayi a mu Bible, tuambe ne: mikanda misakidila kudi bantu (Apocryphes ne Pseudépigraphes). *

Imue mivungu yakatamba kusankisha bakebuludi ba malu a Bible ne a ntendelelu kayivua mimanyike kumpalampala to. Idi ne mumvuija a malu a mikenji ya bena Yuda, a mêyi ne mikandu misunguluke ya bena mu kasumbu ka ntendelelu ka mu Qoumrân, a tusala ne masambila a ntendelelu, pamue ne a malongesha a bantu pa bidi bitangila dikumbana dia milayi ya mu Bible ne matuku a ku nshikidilu. Mudi kabidi mumvuija a malu a mu Bible a kale menemene a mvese ku mvese.

Bakafunda Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue mbanganyi?

Padibu bateta bua kumanya dîba diakafundabu mikanda eyi, badi baleja ne: bakayifunda anyi kuyitentula pankatshi pa bidimu bia nkama ibidi K.B.B. ne bidimu lukama bia kumpala B.B. Bamue bakebuludi badi baleja ne: bena Yuda ba mu Yelushalema ke bavua basokoke mivungu eyi mu mbuebue kumpala kua kabutu ka ntempelo ka mu 70 B.B. Kadi, bakebuludi bakuabu bavule badi bakonkonona mivungu eyi badi basangana ne: kuamba nunku kakuena kupetangana ne mêyi adi munda muayi nansha kakese. Mivule ya kudiyi idi ne ngenyi ne bilele bivua bibengangana ne bia bamfumu ba bitendelelu bavua mu Yelushalema. Mivungu eyi idi yakula bua bantu bavua bitabuja ne: Nzambi ukavua mubenge bakuidi ne midimu ivuabu benza mu ntempelo (mu Yelushalema), ne se: uvua wangata ntendelelu wa mu tshipela wa kasumbu kabu buobu bantu abu ne: kavua kapingane muaba wa ntempelo. Mbimueneke patoke ne: bamfumu ba mu ntempelo wa ku Yelushalema kabavua mua kusokokela mivungu ivua ne malu a mushindu’eu mu mikanda mikuabu bua kuyilama to.

Nansha muvua kasumbu ka batentuludi kikale mu Qoumrân, bavua mua kuikala babumbakajile mivungu mivule muaba mukuabu ne bayifikishe mu musoko wa Qoumrân eu kudi batendeledi ba mu kasumbu aka. Tudi mua kuamba kabidi ne: Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue mmikanda ya mishindu kabukabu milama mu tshitekelu tshinene tshia mikanda. Bidi anu mutu mu tshitekelu tshionso tshia mikanda, mutu mikanda itu yakula malu kabukabu, kayiyi yonso ilongesha anu malongesha a bitendelelu a buena a badi bayibala to. Pabi, malu adi mafunda mu mivungu mivule eyi adi atamba kuleja malu avua wawu mushindu, malu avua bena kasumbu aku bipatshila ne bitabuja.

Bena mu Qoumrân bavua Badiambike bena Yuda anyi?

Bikala mivungu eyi ivua tshitekelu tshia mikanda ya mu Qoumrân, mbanganyi bavua basombele mu musoko eu? Mulongeshi Eleazar Sukenik, wakapeshabu mivungu isatu bua malu a Iniversite wa tshiena-Ebelu wa mu Yelushalema mu 1947 ke muntu wa kumpala uvua muleje ne: mivungu eyi nyivua nayi bena mu kuvan kampanda wa Badiambike bena Yuda (ba Essénien).

Badiambike aba bavua bena mu kamue kasumbu ka ntendelelu ka bena Yuda katela kudi bafundi ba mu bidimu lukama bia kumpala: Josèphe, Philon wa ku Alexandrie, ne Pline l’Ancien. Kudi ba Essénien bafumine menemene, batu bakuamba anu mukana, kadi batu bu batuadije tshikondo tshia bimvundu bia kunyima kua buntomboji bua bena Makabeye mu bidimu bia lukama luibidi K.B.B. * Josèphe wakumvuija muvua nsombelu wabu tshikondo atshi, kulejaye mu bule ne mu butshiama muvua malongesha abu a ntendelelu mashilangane ne a Bafalese ne Basadoke. Pline wakatela muaba uvua kuvan umue wa Badiambike abu: ku muelelu wa Mbuu Mufue, pankatshi pa Yeleko ne Ene-gedi.

Mulongeshi (wa mu iniversite) James VanderKam, mukebuludi wa malu a Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue, udi uleja ne: “Badiambike bavua basombele mu Qoumrân bavua bantu ndambu mukese patupu wa tshisumbu tshitambe bunene tshia Badiambike abu” tshivua Josèphe ufuanyikija ne: tshivua ne bantu batue ku binunu binayi. Nansha mudi malu adibu baleje mu mikanda ya mu Qoumrân kaayi mua kumvuija nsombelu wa kasumbu aka yonso, mu tshibungi adi amueneka matambe kukumbanyina Badiambike aba (ba Essénien) kupita tusumbu tukuabu tuonso tua bena Yuda tua tshikondo atshi.

Bamue bantu batu bamba mudi buena-Kristo bubangile mu Qoumrân. Pabi, kudi malu manene a bungi mu ntendelelu wa bena mu kasumbu ka mu  Qoumrân adi mashilangane bikole ne a bena Kristo ba kumpala. Mikanda ya mu Qoumrân idi ileja muvua benamu bikale bakoleshi ba dikema ba mikenji ya Nsabatu ne bamba kufuila ku malu a didikezula mubidi. (Matayo 15:1-20; Luka 6:1-11) Kudi kabidi diumbuka dia Badiambike aba mu bantu nabu bua kuya kuasa pa nkayabu, ditabuja diabu dia se: malu adi afikila muntu akavua mamana kumufundila ne dia se: anyima katu ufua, ne ditamba kulongesha diabu bua bantu bashale bujike ne dia malu a mîdima a dipetangana ne banjelu mu ntendelelu wabu. Malu aa adi aleja ne: malongesha abu avua mashilangane ne a Yezu ne bena Kristo ba kumpala.​—Matayo 5:14-16; Yone 11:23, 24; Kolosai 2:18; 1 Timote 4:1-3.

Kakuena muvungu nansha umue udi musokoka to

Mu bidimu bia panyima pa diangula dia Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue, bakapatula mikanda kabukabu yakapetesha bakebuludi ba buloba bujima mushindu wa kumanyabu malu a mu mivungu ya kumpala ayi bipepele. Kadi binunu ne binunu bia mivungu ivua mishale anu bitupa bitupa bivua mu lubuebue lukuabu ludibu babikila ne: Lubuebue 4, bivua bijudije bilumbu bipite bukole. Bitupa bia Mivungu ebi bivua mu bianza bia kasumbu kakese ka bakebuludi ba bukua-matunga kavua mu Yelushalema wa ku Est (uvua mu tshitupa tshia ditunga dia Jordanie) mu Nzubu wa ku Palestine wa Tshilaminu tshia Bintu bia mushinga bia kulonga nabi malu a kale. Mu kasumbu aka kamuvua mukebuludi muena Yuda anyi muena ditunga dia Isalele dia lelu nansha umue to.

Bena mu kasumbu aka bakabenga bua kuitabila muntu mukuabu bua kulengaye mivungu ayi too ne dîba diakaluabu kupatula bipeta bia makebulula abu. Bakebuludi bavua mu kasumbu aka bavua babala ku minu. Pavua mukebuludi umue uvuamu ufua, bavua bamupingana kudi mukuabu mupiamupia anu umue patupu. Mudimu uvua wa bungi, ukengela tshisumbu tshitambe bunene tshia bakebuludi, nangananga bamanyi bapiluke bavua bamanye tshiena-Ebelu ne tshi-Araméen bimpe. James VanderKam wakafunda ne: “Bakebuludi bapiluke muanda-mukulu kabavua mua kukokesha makumi a binunu a bitupa bia mivungu abi to, nansha bu buobu bamanye mudimu bishi.”

Pakenzeka Mvita ya Matuku Asambombo mu 1967, ditunga dia Isalele dia lelu diakatuadija kukokesha ne mu Yelushalema wa ku Est, kuangatadi ne mivungu ivuamu; kadi kabakashintulula ngenzelu wa mudimu wa kasumbu ka bakebuludi ba malu a mivungu ayi nansha. Kadi, bu muvua kasumbu aka kanenge bidimu ne bidimu kakayi kapatula mivungu ya mu Lubuebue 4 ku bantu, bakebuludi ba bungi bakabanga kunungana bikole. Mu 1977, Geza Vermes, Mulongeshi wa mu Iniversite wa Oxford wakabikila bualu ebu ne: ntshilema tshitambe bunene mu malu a dimanya dibandile tshia mu bidimu bia lukama lua 20. Biambamba kutuadija kuenda ne: bena Katolike bavua bakeba mushindu wa kusokoka mivungu eyi ku bukole bua malu avua mua kuvuambula buena-Kristo kaamanyiki to.

Ndekelu wa bionso, bakadiundisha kasumbu aka mu bidimu bia 1980, kuluaku ne bakebuludi 20. Pashishe, mu 1990, ku bulombodi bua Emanuel Tov, wa mu Iniversite wa tshiena-Ebelu wa mu Yelushalema (uvua muludiki mupiamupia wa midimu ya kasumbu ya dipatula mikanda aka), kasumbu kakadiunda kabidi kufika ku bantu bapite pa 50. Bakenza programe wa pa buende bua kupatula mikanda yonso ivuabu bafundulule malu a mu mivungu, ivua kayiyi mianji kupatuka ku bantu.

Muanda mukuabu munene wakapapula bantu mu 1991. Tshia kumpala, bakapatula mukanda wa Kadiosha ka Mukanda wa Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue ivua kayiyi mianji kupatuka (Anglais). Bakenza mudimu ne ordinatere bua kulamakaja mukanda eu, uvua ne malu avuabu bafunde kudi bena mu kasumbu aka. Pashishe, bena nzubu kampanda wa tshitekelu tshia mikanda (Huntington Library), ku San Marino mu Californie (États-Unis), bakamanyisha ne: bavua bajinga kulongoluela mukebuludi yonso foto ya mivungu yonso eyi. Abidi mmale asatu mmîpi, mukanda wa Malu a mu Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue matentula anu muvuawu (Anglais) kupatukawu, ke bantu kumonabu mushindu mupepele wa kupeta foto ya mivungu ivua kayiyi mipatuke kumpala.

Nunku biakalua bipepele mu bidimu dikumi bishale ebi bua kupeta Mivungu yonso ya ku Mbuu Mufue bua kuyilonga. Makebulula aa adi aleja ne: kakuvua dijinga dia kujimija tshintu nansha tshimue to; ki mbasokoke muvungu nansha umue nansha. Bu mukadibu benda bapatula mikanda ya ndekelu ya malu adi mu mivungu eyi, mpindieu ke dîba mene dia kutuadija makebulula a menemene. Nkupatuke tshisumbu tshipiatshipia tshia bakebuludi ba malu a Mivungu ya ku Mbuu Mufue. Kadi dikebulula edi didi ne mushinga kayi kudi balongi ba Bible?

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 3]

Mbuebue eyi nya munkatshi mua idi ku muelelu wa Mbuu Mufue muvuabu bapete mivungu ya kale

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 3]

Tshitupa tshia muvungu: Dibeji 3, 4, ne 6: Ne dianyisha dia Israel Antiquities Authority

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 5]

Ne dianyisha dia Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem