Cyrille ne Méthode mbakudimunyi ba Bible bakapatula wabu alfabe

“Tshisamba tshietu tshidi ne bantu batambule kadi katuena banji kuikala ne mulongeshi to. Katuena tumvua tshiena-Gelika nansha Latin to. . . . Katuena bamanye mua kubala bintu bidibu bafunde peshi kubiumvua to; nenku tutumine balongeshi badi mua kutulongesha Mifundu ne kutuleja tshidiyi yumvuija.”​—Rostislav, mfumu wa mu Moravie, wa mu 862 B.B.

LELU, bantu bapite pa miliyo 435 badi bakula miakulu idi mifumine ku tshiena-Slavon tshia kale badi ne Bible mu muakulu wabu. * Munkatshi muabu bantu miliyo 360 badi benza mudimu ne alfabe wa Cyrille. Kadi, kukadi nkama ya bidimu 12, kakuvua muakulu uvuabu bafunda anyi alfabe mu tu-miakulu tua bankambua babu nansha. Bantu bakambuluisha bua kujikija lutatu elu bavua Cyrille ne Méthode, bana ba muntu umue. Bantu badi banange Dîyi dia Nzambi nebamone ne: mudimu wa dikima wakenza bana ba muntu aba bua kupatula tshintu tshipiatshipia etshi mbualu bua mushinga mu malu adi aleja mushindu uvuabu balame ne batangalaje Bible. Bantu aba bavua banganyi, ne ntatu kayi yakapetabu?

Ngovena “Muena nkindi”

Cyrille (827-869 B.B., uvua kumpala ne dîna ne: Constantin) ne Méthode (825-885 B.B.) bavua baledibue mu dîku dia bakalenge mu Tesalonike, Gelika. Dîba adi bavua bakula miakulu ibidi mu Tesalonike; bantu bavua bakulamu tshiena-Gelika ne muakulu mukuabu muenze bu tshiena-Slavon tshia kale. Cyrille ne Méthode badi mua kuikala bapete mushindu wa kumanya bimpe menemene muakulu wa ba-Slave ba ku Est bualu bena Gelika ne ba-Slave ba bungi bavua batuilanganamu bikole ne kabidi bualu ba-Slave bavuamu ba bungi. Muntu udi mufunde malu a mu nsombelu wa Méthode udi mene uleja ne: mamuabu uvua pende Slave.

Kunyima kua lufu lua tatuende, Cyrille wakaya ku Constantinople, tshimenga tshikulu tshia Ampire wa Byzance. Wakalongamu mu iniversite ne uvua usomba ne balongeshi ba dilambu. Wakalua kupiluka menemene mu malu avua atangila tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia ku Hagia Sophia, nzubu wa nzambi muende lumu bikole ku Est, ne pashishe kuluaye mulongeshi wa nkindi. Bushuwa, bua malu avuaye mulonge mu iniversite, bakapesha Cyrille dîna ne: Muena nkindi.

Mu tshine tshikondo atshi, Méthode uvua mutungunuke ne mudimu wa muomumue uvua tatuende wenza, wa dilombola malu a mbulamatadi. Wakapeta muanzu wa archonte (ngovena) mu distrike dia ku mukalu wa Ampire wa Byzance muvua ba-Slave ba bungi basombele. Kadi, wakanyemena mu nzubu wa badiambike mu Bitunia, Asia Mukese. Cyrille wakamulondamu mu 855 B.B.

 Mu 860 B.B., nkambua wa mu Constantinople wakatuma bana ba muntu babidi aba mu mudimu kampanda ku ba bende. Bakaya kudi ba-Khazar, bantu bavua basombele ku Nord-Est kua Mbuu Mufike, batshivua belakana bua kusungula pankatshi pa bu-Mizilman, buena-Yuda ne Buena-Kristo. Pavuabu baya batangileku, Cyrille wakashala matuku mu Chersonèse, mu Crimée. Bamue bamanyi badi bamba ne: wakalongamu tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Samalea, ne wakakakudimuna gramere wa tshiena-Ebelu mu muakulu wa ba-Khazar.

Badi bamubikila ku Moravie

Mu 862 B.B., Rostislav, mfumu wa mu Moravie (lelu ku Est kua Tchéquie, ku Ouest kua Slovaquie ne kua Hongrie) wakatumina Michael III mfumu wa mu Byzance mukenji bua kumulomba bualu butudi baleje mu tshikoso tshia kumpala, bua se: atume balongeshi ba Mifundu. Bantu ba mu Moravie bavua bakula tshiena-Slavon tshia kale bakavua babalongeshe malongesha a ekeleziya kudi ba-misionere bafume ku Est kua bukalenge bua ba-Franc (lelu Allemagne ne Autriche). Kadi Rostislav uvua uditatshisha bua mushindu uvua bisa bia bena Allemagne bikale binyanga malu a tshididi ne a ekeleziya. Uvua muele meji ne: malanda avua pankatshi pa bitendelelu ne Constantinople avua mua kuambuluisha ditunga diende bua dikale ne budikadidi mu malu a tshididi ne a ntendelelu.

Amperere wakapangadija bua kutuma Méthode ne Cyrille ku Moravie. Bana ba muntu babidi aba bavua bakumbane bua kuenza mudimu eu bimpe bua malu a mu tulasa tubandile ne a miakulu avuabu bamanye. Mufundi kampanda wa malu a mu nsombelu wa mu lukama lua bidimu lua dikumi ne tshitema udi utuambila ne: amperere, pakabambilaye bua kuya ku Moravie, wakamba ne: “Nuenu bonso babidi nudi ba mu Tesalonike, ne bena mu Tesalonike bonso badi bakula tshiena-Slave tshimpe menemene.”

Alfabe ne Bible bidi bipatuka

Mu ngondo ya kumpala kua buobu kuenza luendu, Cyrille wakadilongolola bua kukumbaja mudimu eu pa kuenzela ba-Slave mfundilu. Badi bamba ne: uvua uteleja ne lubatshi mushindu uvua bantu bashindumuna miaku. Nanku kuangataye maleta a tshiena-Gelika ne a tshiena-Ebelu, muaku wonso uvuaye umvua uvua uteta bua kuupatuila dileta mu tshiena-Slavon. * Bamue bakebuludi badi bamba ne: ukavua muenze bidimu bia bungi ulongolola anu Alfabe eu. Ne kutshidi dielakana bua kujadika bimpe menemene mushindu uvua Alfabe uvua Cyrille muenze.​—Bala ka tshiena-bualu ka “Ngua Cyrille anyi Glagol?” kadi mu kazubu.

Mu tshine tshikondo atshi, Cyrille wakatuadija kuenza ne lukasa mudimu wa dikudimuna Bible.  Bilondeshile bidibu bamba, wakatuadija kukudimuna tshiambilu tshia kumpala tshia Evanjeliyo wa Yone, umbusha mu tshiena-Gelika ukudimuna mu tshiena-Slavon, uvua muangate Alfabe uvuaye ufuma ku dipatula: “Ku tshibangidilu Dîyi divuaku . . .” Cyrille wakatungunuka ne kukudimuna Evanjeliyo inayi, mikanda ya Paulo ne mukanda wa Misambu.

Wakenza mudimu eu nkayende anyi? Bidi bimueneka bimpe ne: Méthode wakamutuisha bianza. Kabidi, mukanda kampanda (The Cambridge Medieval History) udi wamba ne: “Mbitekete bua kuela meji ne: [Cyrille] uvua ne bantu bakuabu bavua bamuambuluisha, bavua ne bua kuikala tshia kumpala ba-Slave ba ku tshilelelu balonge malu a bena Gelika. Tuetu bakonkonone nkudimuinu ya kale, . . . netupetemu tshijadiki tshimpe be tshidi tshileja ne: mudi muakulu wa tshiena-Slavon muenza bimpe menemene, udi ne bua kuikala mufumine kudi bantu bakenzaye nabu mudimu pamue bavua buobu ba-Slave.” Méthode ke wakalua kujikija tshitupa tshia Bible tshivua tshishale, anu mutuamona.

“Anu mutu nzolo yenza bua kuipata mukanku”

Mu 863 B.B., Cyrille ne Méthode bakatuadija mudimu wabu mu Moravie, muvuabu babakidile bimpe pakafikabu. Pa kumbusha dikudimuna Bible ne mikanda ya malu a nnemekelu wa Nzambi, bavua kabidi ne mudimu wa dilongesha bantu bavuamu mfundilu uvuaye ufuma ku dienza wa tshiena-Slavon.

Kadi mudimu eu wonso kauvua mutekete to. Bamfumu ba nzambi ba ba-Frank bavua mu Moravie bakabenga bua kabenji mudimu ne tshiena-Slavon. Bakalonda lungenyi lua mumanyi mukuabu wa malu a miakulu isatu, luvua luamba ne: anu Latin, tshiena-Gelika ne tshiena-Ebelu ke miakulu ivuabu bitabile bantu bua kuenza nayi mudimu mu malu a ntendelelu. Bu muvuabu batekemene bua se: pape uvua ne bua kubakuatshisha pa bidi bitangila mfundilu uvuabu bafuma ku dienza, bana ba muntu aba bakenza luendu batangile ku Lomo mu 867 B.B.

Pavuabu mu njila, mu tshimenga tshia Venice, Cyrille ne Méthode bakapetangana kabidi ne tshisumbu tshia bamfumu ba ekeleziya ba tshiena Latin, balongi ba malu a miakulu isatu. Munga mufundi (wa mu tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge) wa malu a mu nsombelu wa Cyrille udi utuambila ne: bepiskopo, basaserdose ne badiambike ba mu tshimenga etshi bakatshimuka batangile kudiye “anu mutu nzolo yenza bua kuipata mukanku.” Bilondeshile muyuki au, Cyrille wakabandamuna ne mêyi a mu 1 Kolinto 14:8, 9 a se: “Pikala mpungi upatula diyi kadiyi disunguluke, nganyi udi mua kudilongolola ku mvita? Bia muomumue kabidi ne nuenu: pikala miaku inudi nuamba ne ludimi luenu kayiyi yumvuika, mmunyi mumvuabo tshinudi nuamba? Nudi nuakula patupu.” (MMM)

Pakafika bana ba muntu aba ku Lomo, Pape Adrien II wakabapesha dianyisha bua benze mudimu ne tshiena-Slavon. Kunyima kua ngondo ndambu, ne patshivuabu mu Lomo, Cyrille wakabanga kusama bikole bitambe. Kunyima kua ngondo mishadile ku ibidi, kufuaye ne bidimu 42.

Pape Adrien II wakambila Méthode bua apingane ku mudimu uvuaye wenza mu Moravie, pabuipi ne tshimenga tshia Nitra, tshidi lelu mu ditunga dia Slovaquie. Bu muvuaye ukeba bua ikale ne bukokeshi bua bungi mu tshitupa atshi, pape wakapesha Méthode mikanda ya dimuanyishila nayi bua kuenza mudimu ne tshiena-Slavon, ne kumutekaye muepiskopo mukulu. Kadi mu 870 B.B., muepiskopo wa ba-Franc diende Hermanrich, mu diumvuangana ne Mfumu Svatopluk wa mu Nitra, wakakuata Méthode. Bakamuela mu buloko bidimu bibidi bijima ne tshitupa mu nzubu wa badiambike ku Sud-Est kua ditunga dia Allemagne. Ndekelu wa bionso, mupinganyi wa Adrien II, Pape Jean VIII, wakatuma dîyi bua balekele Méthode, kumupingajaye mu dioseze diende ne kumanyishaye muvuaye yeye pape musue bua Méthode enze mudimu ne tshiena-Slavon mu ekeleziya.

Kadi bamfumu ba bitendelelu ba-Franc bakatungunuka ne kumuluisha. Méthode wakadibingisha ku malu avuabu bamubanda nawu ne: mmutontolodi, ne ndekelu wa bionso wakapeta mukanda wa kudi Pape Jean VIII umuanyishila patoke bua kuenzaye mudimu ne tshiena-Slavon mu ekeleziya. Anu bu mudi pape udiku mpindieu Jean Paul II muitabe pende, matuku a muoyo a Méthode avua majikile anu “mu ngendu, dipangila dia bintu bivuaye nabi dijinga, makenga, dimuluisha ne dimukengesha, . . . ne mu tshikondo tshia buloko bua tshikisu.” Bionso ebi bivua bimuenzela kudi bepiskopo ne bamfumu bavua bumvuangana ne bukokeshi bua mu Lomo.

Badi bakudimuna Bible mujima

Nansha muvuabu bamuluisha kayi ne dikisha, Méthode (muambuluisha kudi bantu bavua bamanye kufunda malu mu tshikoso) wakajikija kukudimuna mu tshiena-Slavon tshitupa tshia Bible tshivua tshishale. Bilondeshile bidibu balonda, wakajikija mudimu eu munene mu ngondo isambombo  patupu. Kadi kavua mukudimune mikanda kayiyi mianyisha ya bena Makabeye nansha.

Lelu, ki mbipepele bua kujadika bikala nkudimuinu uvua Cyrille ne Méthode bapatule uvua muimpe ta mubi to. Anu mikanda mikese mifunda ku bianza ya pabuipi ne tshikondo tshia nkudimuinu wa kumpala ke itshidiku. Padi balongi ba malu a miakulu bakonkonone mikanda ayi ya kale idi kayiyi itamba kumueneka, mbasangane ne: nkudimuinu eu uvua mujalame ne mupepele be. Mukanda kampanda (Our Slavic Bible) udi wamba ne: bana ba muntu babidi aba “bavua ne bua kuenza miaku ne biambilu bipiabipia bia bungi . . . Ne bakenza bionso ebi kabayi batupakane to [ne] bakapesha muakulu wa tshiena-Slavon tshia kale miaku ya kumvuija nayi malu bimpe menemene.”

Bumpianyi budi bushala kashidi

Kunyima kua lufu lua Méthode mu 885 B.B., baluishi bende ba-Franc bakipata bayidi bende mu Moravie. Bayidi aba bakanyemena mu Bohême, ku Sud kua ditunga dia Pologne ne dia Bulgarie. Mushindu’eu ke uvuabu batungunuje ne batangalaje mudimu wa Cyrille ne Méthode. Tshiena-Slavon, tshivua bana ba muntu babidi aba benzele mfundilu uvua ne bua kushala matuku a bungi, tshiakatanta ne kutangalaka, ndekelu wa bionso tshiakalua ne bitupa bia bungi. Lelu, tshiena-Slavon tshia kale ntshipatule miakulu mishilangane 13 ne tu-miakulu tukuabu tua bungi.

Kabidi, mudimu udi Cyrille ne Méthode benze ne dikima bua kukudimuna Bible mmuambuluishe bikole bua kukudimuna Bible kabukabu idiku lelu ya mu miakulu idi mifumine ku tshiena-Slavon tshia kale. Muanda eu udi wambuluisha bantu miliyo mivule badi bakula miakulu eyi bua kuikalabu ne Dîyi dia Nzambi mu muakulu wabu. Nansha muvuaku buluishi bukole, mêyi aa mmalelela: ‘Dîyi dia Nzambi wetu nedijalame tshiendelele’!​—Yeshaya 40:8.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 29]

Ngua Cyrille anyi Glagol?

Mushindu udi alfabe uvua Cyrille mmuenze mmukebeshe dikokangana dia bungi, bualu balongi ba malu a miakulu ki mbajadike ne: uvua alfabe kayi to. Alfabe udibu babikila ne: ngua Cyrille mmulonde bikole menemene Alfabe wa bena Gelika, udi ne maleta makuabu dikumi ne abidi anyi mapite apu avuabu benze bua kuleja nshindumuinu ya maleta a mu tshiena-Slavon adi kayi mu tshiena-Gelika. Kadi imue ya ku mikanda mifunda ku tshianza ya mu tshiena-Slavon tshia kumpalampala idi ne mfundilu mushilangane bikole, mumanyike ku dîna dia se: wa Glagol, ne mfundilu eu ke udi bamanyi ba bungi bamba ne: ke uvua Cyrille muenze. Bidi bimueneka ne: amue maleta makese a Glagol adi afumina ku tshiena-Gelika anyi tshiena-Ebelu tshifunda lukasalukasa. Makuabu adi mua kuikala mangatshila ku nshindumuinu ya miaku ya mu tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge, kadi a bungi nga ku ntuadijilu ne mmenza mu mushindu wa dikema. Maleta a Glagol ke adi amueneka mimpe bikole ne nga ku ntuadijilu. Nansha nanku, alfabe wa Cyrille ke udi mupatuishe mfundilu udiku lelu wa tshiena-Russie, tshiena-Ukraine, tshiena-Serbie, tshiena-Bulgarie ne wa tshiena-Makedonia, pa kumbusha miakulu mikuabu 22, imue ya kudiyi kayiyi ya mu tshiena-Slavon.

[Bimfuanyi​—Mfundilu wa Cyrille ne wa Glagol]

[Karte mu dibeji 31]

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

Mbuu wa Balte

(Pologne)

Bohême (Tchéquie)

Moravie (Tchéquie or., Slovaquie occ., Hongrie occ.)

Nitra

KU EST KUA BUKALENGE BUA BA-FRANC: (Allemagne & Autriche)

ITALIE

Venice

Lomo

Mbuu wa Mediterane

BULGARIE

GELIKA

Tesalonike

(Crimée)

Mbuu Mufike

Bitunia

Constantinople (Istanbul)

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 31]

Bible wa mu tshiena-Slavon muikale ne mfundilu wa Cyrille, katshia 1581

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Bible: Narodna in univerzitetna knjiz̆nica-Slovenija-Ljubljana