Tuele dîsu ku bintu bia mushinga bia Chester Beatty

“MUULE tente ne bintu bia mushinga mukole bia mu nshidimukilu ya bungi ikadi mijimine, . . . mulengeja kudi bimfuanyi bikese ne binene bimpe bia dikema.” Aa ke mêyi a mu tshikoso akamba Richard Hayes, eu uvua utangila tshilaminu tshia bintu bia kale tshia Chester Beatty mu tshimenga tshia Dublin, mu ditunga dia Irlande. Mu nzubu eu mudi bintu kabukabu bia kale bia mushinga mukole, bimfuanyi bizola bimpe menemene ne mpingu, mikanda itu bantu bakeba bikole ne mifundu ya ku tshianza ya mushinga mukole. Chester Beatty uvua nganyi? Mbintu kayi bia mushinga mukole biakunguijaye?

Alfred Chester Beatty uvua mulela mu 1875 mu tshimenga tshia New York, mu ditunga dia États-Unis ne bankambua bende bavua bena Ecosse, bena Irlande ne bena Angleterre. Bu muvuaye mumanyi wa malu a biamu bia muinshi mua buloba, ukavua ne bubanji bua bungi pavuaye ne mvula 32. Mu matuku ende onso a muoyo, wakatula makuta a bungi bua kunguija bintu bilengele bia mushinga. Pakafuaye ne mvula 92 mu 1968, Beatty wakashila bena ditunga dia Irlande bintu bionso bivuaye munguije.

Mbintu kayi biakunguijaye?

Bintu bivua Beatty munguije bivua bia bungi ne bishilashilangane. Batu bateka patoke dîba dionso anu tshia pa lukama tshimue tshia bintu ebi. Wakasangisha bintu bitubu bakeba bikole ne bia mushinga wa bungi bia mu bikondo ne nshidimukilu bishilashilangane ivuaku bidimu binunu ne binunu. Bimue mbia kubangila ku tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge too ne ku tshikondo tshia Renaissance ku Mputu ne mu matunga a bungi a mu Asia ne a mu Afrike. Tshilejilu, batu bamona bimfuanyi bilenga bizola pa mabaya bia bena Japon bivuaye munguije bu bimue bia ku bintu bitambe buimpe pa buloba bujima.

Kudi mifundu ya kale mienze bu misonso mifunda pa dima dienza bibatubatu bipite pa lukama kudi bena Babulona ne bena Sumer. Mifundu eyi itu ikemesha bantu bikole ne itu kabidi mishilangane kule ne bimfuanyi bilengele bia kubandila bituye munguije. Bantu bavua basombele mu Mesopotamia kukadi bidimu bipite pa 4 000 bakafunda ne lubatshi luonso muvua nsombelu wabu pa dima ditshivua dibishi dienza bibatubatu, bivuabu buosha mu kapia panyima. Bibatubatu bia dima bia mushindu eu bitshienaku too ne lelu ne bidi bitupesha tshijadiki tshia se: kufunda nkutuadije kale.

Mikanda yakabasankisha

Bidi bimueneka ne: mudimu wa mpatshi wa dienza mikanda mimpe wakasankisha Chester Beatty. Wakunguija mikanda ya malu a nzambi ne ya malu a tshianana, munkatshi muayi muvua imue mikanda ya Koran milengeja tshishiki. Mufundi kampanda udi wamba ne: “Mfundilu wa tshiena-Arabe mulongame bimpe wakamusankisha be, . . . dilengeja dia mifundu ya ku tshianza ne ngolo ne tshiamu tshitoke kabidi ne bintu bikuabu bidi biengelela diakakolesha dianyisha diende dia mekala.”

Dibue dia jaspe diakasankisha Chester Beatty anu bu muakasankishadi ba-amperere ba mu ditunga dia Chine bidimu nkama ne nkama kumpala. Bakamona dibue dia jaspe dimpe bu dia mushinga mukole kupita mabue onso a mushinga a mu buloba, dipite ngolo kule ne kule. Bakokeshi aba bakapesha bansenda bapiluke mudimu wa kukudimuna mabue manene a jaspe alua bipapu bia tupeyipeyi ne bisenene. Pashishe bazodi ba dilambu bakazola maleta malengeja ne bimfuanyi bia ngolo kuuja bipapu ebi bia jaspe. Nunku bakenza imue ya ku mikanda itu itamba kukemesha bantu. Mu buloba bujima, mbamanye mikanda eyi ivua Beatty munguije.

Mifundu ya mushinga ya ku tshianza ya mu Bible

Bua banangi ba Bible, mu bintu bia mushinga bia Chester Beatty, tshidi ne mushinga mutambe bunene mmikanda ya mu Bible ya kale ne ya mu tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge mifunda ku tshianza ivuaye munguije. Mikanda  mifunda ku tshianza milengeja bimpe idi ileja ne: batentudi bavua bayitentule ku tshianza bavua ne lutulu ne bapiluke. Mikanda mituta ku biamu yoyi idi ileja ne: bayenji ne bayitutshi ku biamu ba kale bavua benji ba mudimu ba dilambu. Tshilejilu, mukanda wa Biblia Latina uvua mupatula ku biamu mu tshimenga tshia Nuremberg mu 1479 kudi Anton Koberger, uvua ne muoyo pabuipi ne mu tshikondo tshia Johannes Gutenberg. Batu bamba bua Anton ne: “Uvua umue wa ku batapi ba mikanda ku biamu banene bakenza mudimu wa bungi.”

Mu Nzubu wa mikanda wa Chester Beatty mutu tshintu tshimue tshia pa buatshi: mukanda wa ku tshianza mufundila pa tshiseba tshia nyama ku ntuadijilu kua lukama lua bidimu luinayi kudi Ephraem mushikuluji muena Sulia. Ephraem udi utela bikole mukanda wa Diatessaron mufunda mu lukama lua bidimu luibidi kudi Tatien. Tatien wakasangisha Evanjeliyo yonso inayi ya nsombelu wa Yezu Kristo mu muyuki umue. Panyima, bafundi ba mikanda bakatela mukanda wa Diatessaron, kadi kautshivuaku kabidi nansha mutentulula to. Bamue bashikuluji ba mu bidimu bia 1800 bavua mene bela mpata bamba ne: mukanda au kauvuaku to. Kadi mu 1956 Beatty wakapeta mukanda wa Ephraem uvua wakula bua mukanda wa Diatessaron wa Tatien. Mukanda wakapetaye eu wakafila tshijadiki tshikuabu tshia se: Bible mmukanda udi wamba bulelela ne mmujalame.

Mabeji a papirise a mushinga mukole mafunda ku tshianza

Beatty wakunguija kabidi mabeji mavule menemene a papirise mafunda ku tshianza, a malu a nzambi ne malu a tshianana. Kudi mabeji a papirise malamakaja bu mikanda (codex) mipite pa 50 adibu bamba ne: nga kumpala kua lukama lua bidimu luinayi bikondo bietu ebi. Amue a ku mabeji aa a papirise avua mu tshipela tshia mu Ejipitu kabayi baamone bidimu bivule bakaapatula mu mishiki ne mishiki ya papirise mikale nangananga miaba ivuabu bayimanshe. Pavuabu bapana mabeji a papirise aa, a bungi avua anu ne miyuki tutupa tutupa. Bapanyishi bavua balua ne tushete tuule ne tupesa tua mabeji a papirise. Charles Horton, eu udi utangila tshitupa tshia bintu bia ku Mputu bilama mu Nzubu wa mikanda wa Chester Beatty udi wamba ne: “Bantu bavua bakeba kuasumba bavua anu bela tshianza mu kashete ne bapatulamu tshitupa tshia dibeji tshivua tshinene menemene muvua mifundu ya bungi.”

Horton udi wamba ne: “Bintu bivua Beatty mupete bidi bitamba kukemesha” mmabeji malamakaja bu mikanda. Mu mikanda eyi “mutu bitupa bia Dipungila Dikulukulu ne Dipungila dipiadipia bia bena Kristo bidi bimanyike bimpe ne: bavua babitentule kale menemene.” Bapanyishi bavua bamanye bimpe mushinga wa mabeji aa malamakaja bu mikanda bavua pamu’apa baapanda bipesa bipesa bua kumona mua kusumbisha bantu bashilangane bua kupeta mfranga ya bungi. Kadi Beatty wakafika ku disumba tshitupa tshinene tshia mabeji aa malamakaja. Mabeji aa adi ne mushinga kayi? Mukalenge Frederic Kenyon udi wamba mudi mabeji avuabu bapete aa mikale “a mushinga wa bungi menemene kupita kule ne kule bintu bikuabu bionso bivuabu bapete” katshia Tischendorf wapeta mu 1844 mabeji adibu babikila ne: Codex Sinaiticus.

Batu bamba bua mikanda eyi ya mabeji malamakaja ne: nya mu lukama lua bidimu luibidi anyi luinayi bikondo bietu ebi. Ku mikanda ya Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mikudimuna mu tshiena-Greke (Nkudimuinu wa Septante) kudi mikanda mitentula ya Genese ibidi. Kenyon udi wamba ne: mikanda eyi nya mushinga wa pa buawu “bualu tshitupa tshinene tshia mukanda [wa Genese] katshitu mu mikanda idibu babikila ne: Vaticanus ne Sinaiticus,” ivuabu bafunde ku tshianza pa tshiseba ya mu lukama luinayi lua bidimu. Mu mikanda isatu ya mabeji malamakaja ayi mudi Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya bena Kristo. Mu umue mudi Evanjeliyo inayi ne mukanda wa Bienzedi. Mu mukanda muibidi, utubu basakidile mabeji akapeta Beatty panyima, mutu mikanda ya mupostolo Paulo pa kuamba yonso mitentulula, ne mukanda uvuaye mufundile bena Ebelu kabidi. Mu mukanda mulamakaja muisatu mutu pa kuamba tshia bisatu tshimue tshia mukanda wa Buakabuluibua. Bilondeshile Kenyon, mikanda eyi  ya papirise “mmikoleshe ne bijadiki bidi bimueneka nshindamenu (ukadi mudianjile kuikala mukole) wa dieyemena dietu dia mifundu ya Dipungila Dipiadipia itudi nayi lelu’eu.”

Mabeji a papirise a Bible avua Chester Beatty munguije adi aleja ne: bena Kristo bakatuadija kuenza mudimu ne mabeji malamakaja bu mukanda anyi mukanda wa mabeji makuatakaja pamutu pa mivungu ivua mikole bua kuyivungulula ku kale menemene, pamu’apa lukama lua kumpala lua bidimu lua bikondo bietu ebi kaluyi luanji kujika. Mabeji a papirise adi aleja kabidi se: batentudi bavua batentulula pa mabeji a kale mamana kufundila bualu mabeji kaavua apita kumueneka to. Tshilejilu, tshitupa tshia Evanjeliyo wa Yone mufunda ku tshianza tshitu kudi Ekeleziya wa Copte ntshifunda “pa tshidi tshimueneka anu bu mukanda wa makumi wa bena Greke.”

Nansha mudi mikanda eyi ya papirise kayiyi mimpe ku mêsu, idi ya mushinga wa bungi. Idi bu dinungu dikole dimueneke patoke didi ditusuikakaja ku Buena-Kristo bua kumpala. Charles Horton udi wamba ne: “Mikanda ya papirise idi mu mêsu muebe eyi idi ikuleja mikanda ivua nayi bisumbu bia bena Kristo ba kumpala: mikanda ivuabu bangata ne mushinga mukole.” (Nsumuinu 2:4, 5) Biwapeta dimue dituku mushindu wa wewe kubandila bimue bia ku bintu bia mushinga wa bungi bitu mu Nzubu wa mikanda wa Chester Beatty, nebikusankishe bikole.

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 31]

Bimfuanyi bizola pa mabaya bia bena Japon kudi Katsushika Hokusai

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 31]

“Biblia Latina” uvua umue wa ku Bible ya kumpala yakatutabu ku biamu

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 31]

Nseke miela kudi Ephraem pa mukanda wa “Diatessaron” wa Tatien idi ijadika bujalame bua Bible

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 31]

Mu codex wa Chester Beatty P45, codex wa kale ne kale pa buloba bujima, mudi Evanjeliyo inayi ne mukanda wa Bienzedi

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 29]

Bimfuanyi bionso: ku dianyisha dia The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, ku Dublin

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 31]

Mupatulula ne dianyisha dia The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, ku Dublin