Muaba uvua ntendelelu mulelela ne bumpangano bipangilangane

BISHADILE bia Efeso wa kale bidi mu ditunga dia Turquie ku muelelu wa mâyi ku Ouest bitu muaba utubu bakeba bikole bintu bia kale kukadi bidimu bipite pa lukama. Mbasulule imue nzubu ne mbapete bintu bia bungi bidibu balonga ne bumvuija kudi bena meji. Ke tshidi tshienza bua Efeso ikale umue wa ku miaba idi bantu batamba kulua kubandila mu Turquie.

Mbintu kayi bidibu basokolole bua Efeso? Mmunyi mudibu bafuanyikija lelu’eu tshimenga atshi tshia kale tshivua tshikemesha? Diya kumona bikulu bia Efeso ne Nzubu udibu balamine bintu biangula pa bikulu ebi ku Vienne mu ditunga dia Autriche nedituambuluishe bua kujingulula mushindu uvua ntendelelu mulelela ne bumpangano biluishangane mu Efeso. Tuanji kuakula bua tshimenga etshi.

Muaba uvua usamina bantu ba bungi muoyo

Bimvundu ne bimuangi bivua bimonangane ku Mputu ne mu Asia mu bidimu bia 1000 kumpala kua bikondo bietu ebi (K.B.B.). Tshikondo atshi ke tshivua bena Gelika (ba ku Ionie) batuadije kukuata tshitupa tshia Asia Mukese ku bupika. Tshitupa etshi tshidi ku muelelu wa mâyi wa ku Ouest. Bena Gelika abu bakasangana bantu bavua bamanyike bua ditendelela nzambi mamu, nzambi wakalua bantu kubikila kunyima ne: Atemise wa ku Efeso.

Munkatshi mua bidimu bia 600 K.B.B., ba Cimmériens bakafumina ku Mbuu Mufike ku Nord bua kulua kupaula Asia Mukese. Panyima, bu mu 550 K.B.B., Crésus Mukalenge wa musoko wa Ludia, mukokeshi munene uvua muende lumu bua bubanji buende buvule wakajuka. Pakatuadija Bukalenge bua bena Pelasa kudiunda, Mukalenge Kolesha wakakuata bimenga bia bena Gelika ba ku Ionie, pamue ne Efeso.

Mu 334 K.B.B., Alexandre wa ku Makedonia wakela Pelasa mvita ne kuluaye mukokeshi mupiamupia wa Efeso. Pakafua Alexandre lufu lua tshikoso mu 323 K.B.B., mvita ya ba-jenerale bende bavua bafuilakana bukalenge yakalenga Efeso. Mu 133 K.B.B., Attale III, mukalenge wa Pêgamo uvua kayi mulele, wakapesha bena Lomo tshimenga tshia Efeso, tshiotshi kulua tshitupa tshia Provense wa Lomo wa ku Asia.

Ntendelelu mulelela ne bumpangano bidi biluishangana

Tshikondo tshivua Paulo mulue ku Efeso ku ndekelu kua luendu luende lua bumisionere luibidi mu bidimu lukama bia kumpala, wakasangana musoko wa bantu batue ku 300 000. (Bienzedi 18:19-21) Mu luendu luende luisatu lua bumisionere, Paulo wakapingana ku Efeso ne kuakulaye kabidi bua Bukalenge bua  Nzambi mu nsunagoga ne dikima. Kadi panyima pa ngondo isatu, bena Yuda bakatuadija kuluisha Paulo bikole, ne yeye kutuadija kuenza miyuki yende dituku dionso mu nzubu wa tshilongelu tshia Tulano. (Bienzedi 19:1, 8, 9) Mudimu wende wa buambi wakatungunuka bidimu bibidi, wenza kabidi malu manene a kukema bu mudi bishima bia kuondapangana ne dipata bademon. (Bienzedi 19:10-17) Kabiena bikemesha bua muvua bantu ba bungi balue bena kuitabuja! Eyowa, dîyi dia Yehowa diakatshimuna kufikishabi too ne bantu ba bungi bavua balekele majimbu bua kuosha bobu nkayabu mikanda yabu ya makuta a bungi.​—Bienzedi 19:19, 20.

Diyisha dia Paulo divua dipatule bipeta bimpe diakasaka bantu bavule bua kulekela kutendelela nzambi mukaji Atemise, kadi aba bavua batua ntendelelu wa bumpangano eu nyama ku mikolo, bakafika munda bikole. Mudimu wa kuenza tuzubu tua nzambi mukaji Atemise tua tshiamu tshitoke uvua ufuta bimpe. Bu muvua mudimu wabu ukeba kufua, muabilayi mukuabu diende Demetelio wakasaka bansenda bua kujula tshimvundu.​—Bienzedi 19:23-32.

Tshimvundu etshi tshiakakola menemene dîba diakatuadija musumba wa bantu kuela mbila kayiyi ikoseka mêba abidi bamba ne: ‘Atemise wa bena Efeso ke udi munene.’ (Bienzedi 19:34) Pakatuya tshimvundu atshi, Paulo wakakankamija bena Kristo nende ne pashishe kutungunukaye ne luendu luende. (Bienzedi 20:1) Kadi diya diende ku Makedonia kadiakimanyika dikepela dia ntendelelu wa Atemise uvua ne bua kujimina to.

Ntempelo wa Atemise udi unyungakana

Ntendelelu wa Atemise uvua muele miji bikole mu Efeso. Kumpala kua tshikondo tshia Mukalenge Crésus, nzambi mamu Cybèle uvua ne muaba wa kumpala mu malu a nzambi a mu musoko au. Pakaleja Crésus ne: nzambi ya bena Gelika ivua ne malanda ne nzambi mamu Cybèle, wakajinga bua kujudisha nzambi uvua bena Gelika ne bavua kabayi bena Gelika mua kuitaba. Bakatuadija mudimu wa ntempelo wa mupinganyi wa Cybèle, nzambi mukaji Atemise munkatshi mua bidimu bia 500 K.B.B ne dikuatshisha dia Mukalenge eu.

Ntempelo au uvua mudimu munene ne muende lumu mu ngibakilu wa bena Gelika. Kabavua banji kukuata mudimu ne mabue a marbre a bunene abu nansha musangu umue bua kuibaka nzubu wa mushindu au ne wa bunene abu to. Bakuosha ntempelo au mu 356 K.B.B. Ntempelo muasulula ne mufuane wa kumpala ku buimpe uvua mulele midimu ya bungi ivua bantu benza, ne kukokaye bantu ba bungi batu benza ngendu bua malu a nzambi bua balua kutendelelamu. Muibaka pa tshipapu tshia metre bu 73 mu butshiame ne metre 127 mu bule, ntempelo muasulula eu uvua wa metre 50 mu butshiame ne metre 105 mu bule. Bavua bamuangata bu tshimue tshia ku bintu binene muanda mutekete bia pa buloba bidi bikemesha. Kadi kavua usankisha bantu bonso to. Muena nkindi Héraclite wa ku Efeso wakafuanyikija muaba mufike wa kuyila ku tshioshelu ne mîdima ya bubi buvuamu, ne wakamona bikadilu bia mu ntempelo bu bibi bishadile too ne kudi bia nyama. Pabi bua bantu bavule, ntempelo wa Atemise wa mu Efeso uvua umueneka bu se: kakujimina to. Kadi miyuki ya malu a kale idi ijadika ne: wakajimina. Mukanda kampanda udi wamba ne: “Mu bidimu bia 100 bikondo bietu ebi (B.B.), ntendelelu wa Atemise ne nzambi mikuabu mimanyike bimpe uvua mu ntempelo au wakakepa mu tshimpitshimpi.”​—Ephesos​—Der neue Führer.

Mu bidimu bia 200, tshikumina tshikole tshiakapomona Efeso. Bualu bukuabu kabidi, ba-Goth bavua benda pa mâyi bikole ba ku Mbuu Mufike bakapaula  bubanji bua bungi buvua mu ntempelo wa Atemise ne kumutua kapia. Mukanda utudi tufume ku ditela eu udi wamba ne: “Mmunyi muvuabu kabidi mua kuangata Atemise bu mukubi wa tshimenga bua mutantshi mule pavuabu bamutshimune ne kayi mukokeshe bua kukuba muaba uvuaye musombele?”​—Musambu 135:15-18.

Ndekelu wa bionso, ku nshikidilu wa bidimu bia 300 B.B., Mukalenge Théodose I wakajadika “Buena-Kristo” bu tshitendelelu tshia Mbulamatadi. Abidi mmale asatu mmîpi, kutuadijabu kulamuna mabue avua mibaka nawu ntempelo uvua muende lumu kale wa Atemise bua kuibaka nawu nzubu mikuabu. Ntendelelu wa Atemise kujimijaye lumu luende luonso. Mubandidi kampanda udi kayi mumanyike dîna diende wakamba bua kasala kakuabu katu katumbisha ntempelo eu bu tshintu tshia pa buloba tshivua tshikemesha tshia tshikondo tshia kale ne: “Lelu mmuaba udi mushale mutupu ne wenza luse.”

Atemise ujimina, kupatuka “Mamuende wa Nzambi”

Paulo wakadimuija bakulu ba mu tshisumbu tshia Efeso ne: panyima pa diya diende ‘nkashama idi ne luonji’ ivua ne bua kumueneka ne bantu bavua ne bua kujuka munkatshi muabu ne ‘kuambila bantu malu adi kaayi malelela.’ (Bienzedi 20:17, 29, 30) Ke tshiakenzeka menemene. Mianda ya kale idi ileja ne: ntendelelu wa dishima wakatungunuka mu Efeso muikale ne mubidi wa Buena-Kristo butontolodi.

Mu tshidimu tshia 431 B.B., bakenzela tshipangu tshinene tshisatu tshia Ekeleziya ku Efeso, muakakulabu bua tshidi Kristo muikale. Mukanda mukuabu udi umvuija ne: “Ditshimuna dia bena ku Alesandelia bavua bamba ne: Kristo udi tshintu tshimue, mbuena kuamba se: udi Nzambi . . . kadivua dishiya bualu ne mpata to.” (Ephesos​—Der neue Führer) Muanda eu wakashintulula malu bikole. “Dipangadika diangata ku Efeso divua dipesha Mariya muaba mutumbuke dimumbusha pa muaba wa muledi wa Kristo ulua muledi wa Nzambi. Dipangadika edi divua nshindamenu wa ntendelelu wa Mariya ne diakafikisha ku diabuluka dinene dia ekeleziya. . . . Dikokangana bua bualu ebu nditungunuke too ne lelu.”

Nunku ntendelelu wa Mariya “muledi wa Nzambi” anyi “mamuende wa nzambi” wakapingana wa Cybèle ne Atemise. Anu bu mudi mukanda eu wamba, “Ditendelela Mariya mu Efeso . . . ndishale too ne lelu’eu tshilele tshia bantu tshidibu kabayi mua kumvuija bobu batshitapulule ne Ntendelelu wa Atemise.”

Muela ku diala

Panyima pa ntendelelu wa Atemise mumane kujimina, Efeso wakakuluka. Nsombelu wakakola mu tshimenga atshi bua bikumina bia buloba, disama dia malaria ne dibanda dia lusenga pa tshitudilu tshia mazuwa a mâyi.

Mu bidimu bia 600 B.B., tshitendelelu tshia ba-mizilma tshikavua tshituadija kutanta bikole. Tshitendelelu etshi tshiakasanga bisa bia bena Alaba mu malongesha atshi. Matu a bena Alaba akapaula Efeso mu bidimu bia 600 ne 700 B.B. Nshikidilu wa Efeso wakajadikibua pakabanda lusenga kuula pa tshitudilu tshionso ne tshimenga atshi tshiakashala bikulu. Bua tshimenga atshi tshia dikema tshia kale, nkushale anu kaba kakese kadi bantu base kadibu babikila ne: Aya Soluk (mpindieu: Selçuk).

Diendakana mu bikulu bia Efeso

Bua kujingulula bimpe butumbi buvua nabu Efeso ku kale, mbimpe kuendakana mu bikulu bidi muaba uvuaye. Wewe mutuadije diendakana diebe ku tshiibi tshidi ku mutu, neumone diakamue bimpe bia dikema Musesu wa Curetes udi mutangile ku Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia Celse. Ku luseke lua dia balume lua musesu eu, Tshitanda tshikese tshivuabu benzela manaya tshibaka mu bidimu bia 100 B.B. netshikoke ntema yebe. Tshitanda etshi tshivua ne miaba ya kusomba 1 500 bavua benzelamu pamuapa bisangilu bia bena tshididi ne manaya bua bantu kujikija lutetuku. Ku nseke yonso ibidi ya Musesu wa Curetes bavua bibakaku nzubu bu mudi muaba wa Mbulamatadi wa kudisangishila uvuabu balua kuyikidila malu a Mbulamatadi. Bavua bibakeku kabidi ntempelo  wa Hadrien, miaba ivua mâyi apatukila ne nzubu ivua miasa pa tukunakuna ivuabu basombele kudi banene ba mu Efeso.

Nzubu mulenga wa dilamina mikanda wa Celse muibaka mu bidimu bia 100 B.B. udi mua kukukemesha bua buimpe buende. Mivungu ivuamu bungi tshianana ivua milamina mu masoso avua ku bimanu mu nzubu munene muvua bantu balua kubadila mikanda. Mpingu inayi ivua ku tshimanu tshia kumpala ivua ileja ngikadilu ivuabu batekemene kudi munene yonso wa mbulamatadi muena Lomo bu mudi Celse. Ngikadilu eyi nyoyi eyi: Sophia (meji), Arete (bulengele), Ennoia (bulamate) ne Episteme (dimanya anyi bujinguludi). Mpingu eyi ya kumpala idi mu Nzubu wa tshilaminu tshia bintu bia mu Efeso udi mu tshimenga tshia Vienne. Tshiibi tshinene tshituangane ne lubanza ludi kumpala kua nzubu wa tshilaminu tshia mikanda ntshitangile ku tshisalu tshia Tetragonos. Muaba eu wa tshisalu munene uvua munyungulula kudi tuaba tukese tubuikila kulu tuvua bantu bendela, bantu bavua bapanyishilapu bintu pa tshibidilu.

Pashishe udi ufika ku Njila wa Mabue a Marbre udi muye mutangile ku tshipalu tshinene tshia manaya tshibaka. Pakatshidiundishabu bua musangu wa ndekelu tshikondo tshia bukokeshi bua bena Lomo, muvua miaba ya kusomba 25 000. Tshimanu tshiatshi tshia kumpala tshivua tshilengeja mu mushindu munekesha kudi makunji, bimfuanyi bienzelaku ne mpingu. Udi mua kumona bimpe mu lungenyi lukutukutu luakajudisha nsenda Demetelio munkatshi mua misumba ya bantu bavua balue muaba au.

Musesu udi mumbukile ku tshipalu atshi tshia manaya tshinene too ne ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa mmuimpe mutambe. Uvua wa metre matue ku 500 mu bule ne metre 11 mu butshiama, muikale ne makunji ku nseke yonso ibidi. Muaba wa manaya ne muaba wa ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa ivua milongolola bua didibidija dia mubidi ivua payi mibaka ku mpenga kua njila eu. Tshiibi tshinene tshia dikema tshia ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa tshivua ku ndekelu kua musesu eu tshivua njila wa kuyila ku ba bende. Apa ke padi luendu luetu luipi lua dibandila bimue bia ku bikulu bitu bitamba kusankisha bantu lushikidila. Mu Nzubu wa dilamina bintu bia mu Efeso udi ku Vienne batu balamemu tuzubu tua mabaya tudi tuleja tshimenga etshi tshia kale tshiende lumu ne mpingu mikuabu ya bungi.

Muntu yeye munyunguluke mu nzubu wa dilamina bintu bia kale ne mumone lupingu lua Atemise wa ku Efeso kakupanga kuvuluka ditantamana dia bena Kristo ba kumpala ba mu Efeso nansha. Bavua basombele mu tshimenga tshiule tente ne malu a nyuma mibi ne benamu bafofomija mêsu kudi ngenyi mibi mu malu a ntendelelu. Mukenji wa Bukalenge wakapeta buluishi bukole kudi batendeledi ba Atemise. (Bienzedi 19:19; Efeso 6:12; Buakabuluibua 2:1-3) Mu nsombelu au wa buluishi, ntendelelu mulelela wakajalama. Ntendelelu eu wa Nzambi mulelela neikale mua kutungunuka pajimina tshitendelelu tshia dishima anu muvua ntendelelu wa kale wa Atemise mujimine.​—Buakabuluibua 18:4-8.

[Karte/​Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

MAKEDONIA

Mbuu Mufike

ASIA MUKESE

Efeso

Mbuu wa Mediterane

EJIPITU

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 27]

Ntempelo wa Atemise musasula

[Bimfuanyi mu mabeji 28, 29]

1. Nzubu wa dilamina mikanda wa Celse

2. Mudi Arete umueneka pabuipi

3. Njila wa mabue a marbre, mutangile ku tshipalu tshinene tshia manaya