Mari: Tshimenga tshinene tshia kale tshia mu tshipela

MUKEBULUDI wa bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale wa mu France, André Parrot wakamba ne: “Butuku abu, panyima pa tuetu bamane kusanka ne balunda banyi bua mutuvua batute dikasa dimpe, mutu uvua unyunguluka bua disanka pangakafika mu nzubu wanyi wa bulalu.” Mu ngondo wa kumpala 1934, ku Tell Hariri, pabuipi ne tshimenga tshikese tshia Abu Kemal, kumpenga kua musulu wa Pelata mu ditunga dia Syrie, Parrot ne bena diende bakapeta muinshi mua buloba lupingu luvua ne miaku eyi: “Lamgi-Mari, mfumu wa Mari, muakuidi munene wa Enlil.” Bakasanka bikole bua lupingu elu luvuabu bapete.

Bakapeta muaba uvua tshimenga tshia Mari! Kadi dipeta muaba uvua tshimenga etshi didi ne mushinga kayi bua balongi ba Bible?

Tshimenga etshi tshidi ne mushinga kayi?

Nansha mukavuabu bamanyine mu mikanda ya kale ne: tshimenga tshia Mari tshivuaku, bantu bakashala bidimu bia bungi kabayi bamanye muaba musunguluke uvuatshi to. Bilondeshile bafundi bena Sumer, Mari uvua muaba uvuabu basombele kudi bamfumu bavua tshikondo kampanda bakokesha tshitupa tshionso tshia Mésopotamie. Bu muvua Mari muibakila kumpenga kua musulu wa Pelata, uvua pa mansanga a njila minene ya bangenda ivua ituangaja Golfe Persique ne ditunga dia Assyrie, Mésopotamie, Anatolie ne muelelu wa Mbuu wa Méditerranée. Bintu bivua kabiyi bitamba kumueneka mu Mésopotamie, bu mudi mabaya, biamu ne mabue bivua bipitshila mu Mari. Nunku bitadi bivuabu  bafutshisha bua bintu ebi biakanemesha tshimenga etshi bikole, kufikatshi too ne ku dikokesha tshitupa atshi tshijima. Kadi bukokeshi ebu buakajika dîba diakakuatabu ditunga dia Syrie kudi mukalenge Sargon wa mu Akkad.

Munkatshi mua bidimu bitue ku 300 panyima pa ditshimuna dia Sargon, bangovena balondangane bikale basalayi ke bakalombola Mari. Mu bukokeshi buabu, tshimenga etshi tshiakapetulula ndambu wa bubanji. Kadi mu tshikondo tshia Zimri-Lim, mukokeshi watshi wa ndekelu, Mari katshivua kabidi ne bukole to. Zimri-Lim wakakeba bua kukolesha bumfumu buende ku diambuluisha dia mulongolongo wa mvita yakatshimunaye, bipungidi biakadiabu ne mabaka akenzabu. Kadi bu mu 1760 kumpala kua bikondo bietu ebi (K.B.B.), Mukalenge Hammourabi wa mu Babulona wakakuata tshimenga tshia Mari ne kutshibutulaye, kujikijaye tshivua Parrot mubikile ne: “tshimue tshia ku bimenga bivua bitambe kushidimuka bikole kale.”

Pavua basalayi ba Hammourabi babutule Mari, kabavua bamanye ne: nebambuluishe bikole bakebuludi ba bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale ne bafundi ba miyuki ya kale ba matuku etu aa. Pakashimbulabu bimanu bienza ne madioto kaayi muosha, minga miaba bakajibikila nzubu mikuabu muinshi yakashala mienze bibundu bia bule bua metre 5; mu dienza nunku bakayilama bua kayinyanguki. Bakebuludi ba bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale mbapete bibuwa bia ntempelo ne bia nzubu ya bamfumu, ne bintu bia bungi ne mifundu biakambuluisha bua kumanya malu a kale.

Bua tshinyi bibundu bia tshimenga tshia Mari bidi ne mushinga kutudi? Tuangate tshilejilu tshia tshikondo tshivua Abalahama muikale ne muoyo. Abalahama uvua muledibue mu 2018 K.B.B., mbuena kuamba ne: bidimu 352 panyima pa mvula wa kabutu. Uvua wa mu tshipungu tshia dikumi panyima pa Noa. Ku dîyi dia Nzambi, Abalahama wakumbuka mu tshimenga tshiabu tshia Ula, kuyaye ku Halana. Mu tshidimu tshia 1943 K.B.B., pavua Abalahama ne bidimu 75, wakumbuka mu Halana mutangile mu buloba bua Kanâna. Mukebuludi wa bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale wa mu Italie Paolo Matthiae udi wamba ne: “Luendu lua Abalahama kumbukila ku Ula too ne ku Yelushalema [mu Kanâna] luakenzeka mu tshikondo tshia Mari.” Nunku dipeta dia muaba uvua Mari didi ne mushinga bualu didi dituambuluisha bua kumona muaba uvua Abalahama musadidi wa lulamatu wa Nzambi musombele. *​—Genese 11:10–12:4.

Bibundu bidi bileja tshinyi?

Bitendelelu bivua bitangalake mu Mari anu muvuabi bitangalake miaba yonso ya mu Mésopotamie. Bantu bavua badimona benzejibue bua kutendelela banzambi. Bavua bakeba misangu yonso bua kumanya disua dia banzambi kumpala kua kuenza bualu buonso bunene. Bakebuludi mbapete bishadile bia ntempelo isambombo. Munkatshi muabi mudi Ntempelo wa Ntambue (udi bamue bangata bu ntempelo wa nzambi Dagona udibu batele mu Bible) ne bioshelu bia Ishtar, nzambi-mukaji wa lulelu ne bia nzambi-dîba Shamash. Kumpala, mu ntempelo eyi muvua lupingu lua nzambi uvuabu balambula milambu ne batendelela. Batendeledi bavua bateka tupingu tuvuabu benze tubafuane, tuikale tutua mimuemua ne  tusambila pa bibasa mu ntempelo, bela meji ne: tupingu tuabu etu tuvua tutungunuka ne kutendelela pavua bobu kabayipu. Parrot wakafunda ne: “Anu bu buji butubu batendelela nabu mu Katolike lelu, kapingu ka mutendeledi kavua kangata muaba wa mutendeledi mu mushindu mutambe bunene kupita buji.”

Tshintu tshia dikema tshivuabu bapete mu bibundu bia ku Tell Hariri tshivua bishadile bia nzubu munene wa mfumu, uvuabu babikila mu dîna dia mfumu wa ndekelu uvua musombelamu, Mukalenge Zimri-Lim. Mukebuludi wa bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale wa mu France Louis-Hugues Vincent wakabikila nzubu eu ne: “Tshilenga tshia munkatshi mua nzubu ivuabu bibaka kale mu Asia.” Bu muvua nzubu eu wangata tshipapu tshia hektare ibidi ne tshitupa, uvua ne bibambalu ne mbanza ya munda bitue ku 300. Nansha kale, bavua babala nzubu eu munkatshi mua bintu bilenga bitambe bia pa buloba. Georges Roux udi wamba mu mukanda wende kampanda ne: “Bua mushindu uvua nzubu eu muende lumu, Mukalenge wa mu Ugarit (ku muelelu kua Syrie) kakelakana bua kutuma muanende wa balume mutantshi wa kilometre 600 munda mua ditunga anu bua kubandila ‘nzubu wa Zimri-Lim.’”​—Ancient Iraq.

Kumpala kua kufika mu lubanza lunene, benyi bavua babuelela ku tshibi tshimue tshivua ne tshibumba ku nseke yonso bua kushisha kubuela mu nzubu. Zimri-Lim, Mfumu wa ndekelu wa mu Mari, uvua ulombola malu a basalayi, a dienda dia mishinga, a malanda ne matunga makuabu; uvua ukosa bilumbu ne wakidila benyi musombe mu nkuasa wa bumfumu mutekela pa muaba mubandile. Kuvua nzubu ya benyi, bavua mukalenge upesha biakudia ne biakunua pa tshibidilu mu bibilu binene. Bavua badia minyinyi mikanga, miosha anyi milamba ya ngombe, ya mikoko, ya tubuluku, ya nzolo ne mishipa, ne bavua bafila bionso abi ne nsupu miela bintu bia dipembu ne bisekiseki  bishilangane ne fromaje. Ku ndekelu kua biakudia bavua bafila bimuma bitshivuabu bapolelaku, biume anyi biela nsukadi ne kato mioshela mu mishete ya dikema. Bavua bapesha benyi maluvu anyi mvinyo bua kujikija nyota.

Mu nzubu wa mfumu amu muvua kabidi biowedi ne nkumba. Bakapeta biowedi bivua ne malonga a kowela menza ne dima ne nkumba ivua kayiyi ne bia kusombela. Bavua bafite kabudimbu panshi mu biowedi ebi ne kuinshi kua bimanu. Mâyi a butshiafu avua apatukila mu minkoloji mibaka ne madioto ne milonda ya mâyi mienza ne dima difita kabudimbu itshidi mimpe too ne lelu panyima pa bidimu bitue ku 3 500. Pavua disama dibi dikuate bakaji basatu ba mu lupangu lua bakaji ba mukalenge, bavua batumikila tshivua mikenji yamba. Bavua ne bua kuteka mukaji uvua ne disama muaba wa nkayende bua kubenga kusambulujila bakuabu disama. “Muntu kavua ne bua kunuina mâyi mu dikopo diende, kudia nende ku mêsa anyi kusomba pa nkuasa wende.”

Mifundu ya kale idi ituambila tshinyi?

Parrot ne bena diende bakapeta mabue matue ku 20 000 mafunda mu tshiena-Akkad ne maleta mafuane misonso. Pa mabue aa bavua bafunde mikanda mitumina bantu ne mikuabu ya malu a mbulamatadi ne a mpetu. Ku mifundu eyi ya kale, anu tshia-bisatu tshimue ke tshidibu bamanyishe bualu buatshi. Nansha nanku, idi yenza mikanda 28. Idi ne mushinga kayi? Jean-Claude Margueron, mulombodi wa midimu ya dikebulula dia bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale mu Mari, udi wamba ne: “Kumpala kua kupetabu mifundu ya mu Mari, tuvua bamanye anu malu makese a miyuki, bilele ne a nsombelu wa bantu ba mu Mésopotamie ne mu Syrie kakese panyima pa tshidimu tshia 2000 K.B.B. Ku diambuluisha dia mifundu ayi, kuvua mushindu wa kufunda malu a bungi a mu tshikondo atshi.” Anu muakamba Parrot, mifundu eyi “idi ileja difuanangana didi dikemesha pankatshi pa malu a bantu badiyi itela ne tshidi Dipungila Dikulukulu dituambila bua tshikondo tshia bankambua ba bena Isalele.”

Mabue akapetabu mu Mari akambuluisha kabidi bua kumvua imue mvese ya mu Bible. Tshilejilu, mabue aa adi aleja ne: kuangata bakaji ba muluishi kuvua “muanda munene uvuabu benza kudi bakalenge ba mu tshikondo atshi.” Mubelu uvua muena tshitungu Ahitofele mupeshe Abashaloma bua angate bakaji ba tatuende Mukalenge Davidi kauvua mupiamupia to.​—2 Samuele 16:21, 22.

Bakadi benze mudimu wa kumbula bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale ku Tell Hariri misangu 41 katshia mu 1933. Kadi ku hektare 110 ya muaba uvua tshimenga tshia Mari, bakadi bakonkonone anu bintu bia mu tshitupa tshia hektare 8. Pamuapa nebapete kabidi bintu bia dikema mu Mari, tshimenga etshi tshinene tshia kale tshia mu tshipela.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Karte mu dibeji 10]

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

Golfe Persique

Ula

MÉSOPOTAMIE

Musulu wa Pelata

MARI

ASSYRIE

Halana

ANATOLIE

KANÂNA

Yelushalema

Mbuu wa Méditerranée (Mbuu Munene)

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 11]

Mu mifundu eyi Mukalenge Iahdun-Lim wa mu Mari uvua uditumbisha bua mushindu uvuaye muibake

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 11]

Dipeta dia lupingu lua Lamgi-Mari diakambuluisha bua kumanya bimpe muaba uvua Mari

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 12]

Ebih-Il, mulombodi wa midimu ya mu Mari, usambila

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 12]

Tshiakuidi mu nzubu wa mfumu, muaba uvua pamuapa lupingu lua nzambi-mukaji

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 12]

Bibundu bia Mari bileja nzubu wa madioto kaayi muosha

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 12]

Tshiowedi tshia mu nzubu wa mfumu

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 13]

Dibue dileja ditshimuna dia Naram-Sin, uvua mutshimune Mari

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 13]

Mbapete mabue matue ku 20 000 a mifundu ya maleta mafuane misonso mu bibundu bia nzubu wa mfumu

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 10]

© Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 11]

Mifundu: Musée du Louvre, Paris; lupingu: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 12]

Lupingu: Musée du Louvre, Paris; tshiakuidi ne tshiowedi: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 13]

Dibue dileja ditshimuna: Musée du Louvre, Paris; bibundu bia nzubu wa mfumu: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri-Mari (Syrie)