Lutatu lua kupatula Bible wa mu tshiena-Italie

“BIBLE ngumue wa ku mikanda idi mitambe kumuangalaka mu ditunga dietu [dia Italie], kadi udi mua kuikala umue wa ku mikanda idibu kabayi batamba kubala to. Kabena batamba kulomba bena kuitabuja bua kumanya Bible ne kumubala bu Dîyi dia Nzambi to. Kuvua bantu bavua basue kumanya Bible, kadi kabavua ne wa kubalongeshaye to.”

Kasumbu ka nsangilu wa bansaserdose ke kakamba mêyi aa mu 1995, ne adi ajula nkonko mivule bu mudi eyi: Mbantu bungi kayi bavua babale Bible mu Italie mu nkama ya bidimu idi mipite eyi? Bua tshinyi ki mmumuangalake bu mu matunga makuabu? Bua tshinyi ngumue wa ku mikanda idibu kabayi batamba kubala mu Italie? Dikonkonona dia mushindu wakafikabu ku dikudimuna Bible mu tshiena-Italie nediandamune imue ya ku nkonko eyi.

Kuakapita bidimu bia bungi bua miakulu ivua ifumina ku muakulu wa Latin bu mudi: Mfualansa, tshiena-Italie, Tshimputulukeshi, tshiena Espagne kushishayi kukola. Nunku, mu matunga mavule a ku Mputu muvuabu bakula Latin kumpala, bakatuadija kuakula miakulu ya mu ditunga ku kakese ku kakese ne kuyifunda mu mikanda. Dikola dia miakulu eyi diakambuluisha bikole mu dikudimuna dia Bible. Mmushindu kayi? Tshikondo kampanda biakenzeka ne: dishilangana divua pankatshi pa Latin (muakulu uvua bena Katolike benza nawu mudimu) ne miakulu ya ditunga diakadiunda bikole, nunku bantu kabatshivua bumvua Latin to, nangananga aba bavua kabayi balonge tulasa.

Mu tshidimu tshia 1000, bena mu ditunga dia Italie bavule bavua ne lutatu lua kubala Bible wa Vulgate wa mu Latin, nansha muvuabu mua kumupeta. Munkatshi mua bidimu bia bungi, anu badiambike ke bavua ne dîyi mu tulasa too ne mu iniversite mikese ivuaku tshikondo atshi. Anu bantu bakese patupu ke bavua balonga. Nunku, Bible wakalua “mukanda udi kauyi mumanyike.” Pabi, bantu ba bungi bavua bajinga kupeta Dîyi dia Nzambi ne kudiumvua mu muakulu wabu wa ku dibele.

Balombodi ba bitendelelu bakakandika dikudimuna dia Bible bualu bavua batshina ne: bivua mua kulua kumuangalaja tshivuabu babikila ne: butontolodi. Bilondeshile mufundi wa malu a kale Massimo Firpo, “kuenza mudimu ne miakulu mikuabu [kuvua kumvuija] diumusha dia muakulu [wa Latin] uvua upangisha bantu mua kupeta malongesha avua balombodi ba bitendelelu badilamine anu bobu nkayabu.” Nunku bua malu a dilonga  mukanda, a Bible ne a mu nsombelu ke tshidi tshienze ne: dipangika dia malongesha a Bible dikalaku mu Italie.

Tshitupa tshia kumpala tshia Bible wa mu tshiena-Italie

Bakakudimuna mikanda ya mu Bible wa Latin mu tshiena-Italie bua musangu wa kumpala mu bidimu bia 1200. Bitupa bia Bible ebi bivua bifunda ku bianza, bivua mudimu mukole be! Bu mukavua nkudimuinu ya Bible mivule mu bidimu bia 1300, bakavua bakudimune Bible pa kuamba mujima, nansha muvua mikanda yende mikudimuna kudi bantu bashilangane, ba miaba ne bikondo bishilangane. Bavua batamba kukudimuna Bible mu musokoko, ne anu babanji ne bantu bavua balonge ke bavua ne mushindu wa kuyipeta. Bilondeshile mumanyi wa malu a kale Gigliola Fragnito, nansha muvua dipatula dia Bible ku biamu dipuekeshishe mushinga wende bikole, anu “bantu bakese patupu ke bavua mua kumupeta.”

Munkatshi mua bidimu bivule, bantu ba bungi kabavua bamanye mukanda to. Nansha pakasangishabu bana ba muena Italie mu 1861, bantu bu 75 pa 100 kabavua bamanye kubala to. Bualu bua dikema, pavua mbulamatadi mupiamupia wa ditunga dia Italie ukeba kuela mukenji bua bantu bonso bikale balonga tshianana, Papa Pius IX wakafundila mukalenge mu tshidimu tshia 1870 umuambila bua kubenga mukenji au, uvuaye ubikila ne: “tshipupu” tshivua ne bua “kubutula tulasa tua bena Katolike tuonso kong.”

Bible wa kumpala mu tshiena-Italie

Bakapatula Bible mujima mu tshiena-Italie bua musangu wa kumpala mu tshimenga tshia Venise mu 1471, bidimu 16 panyima pa dienza dia tshiamu tshia dipatula natshi mikanda tshivua ne maleta anyunga ku Mputu. Nicolò Malerbi, nsaserdose kampanda wakapatula wende Bible mu ngondo muanda mukulu. Uvua mulamate bikole ku Bible ikavuaku ne kumupatula bilondeshile Bible wa Vulgate wa mu Latin ne wakashintulula imue miaku bilondeshile muvuabu bakula mu tshimenga tshiende tshia Venise. Bible wende ke uvua Bible wa kumpala wa mu tshiena-Italie uvua mumuangalake bikole.

Muntu mukuabu wakapatula nkudimuinu wa Bible mu Venise uvua Antonio Brucioli. Uvua ulonda bena Mishonyi, kadi wakashala anu muena Katolike. Mu 1532, Brucioli wakakudimuna bua musangu wa kumpala Bible mu tshiena-Italie biangatshile ku tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke. Ke Bible wa kumpala mu tshiena-Italie wakangatshilabu ku tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke. Nansha muvua tshiena-Italie tshia mu Bible au katshiyi tshimpe menemene, Bible au uvua mulamate bikole ku tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke, miakulu ivua kayiyi mitambe kumanyika tshikondo atshi. Mu imue miaba, Brucioli wakafunda dîna dia Nzambi ne: “Ieova.” Bena Mishonyi ne bena bitendelelu bikuabu bia mu Italie bakananga Bible eu munkatshi mua bidimu bia bungi.

Bena Katolike ne bantu bakuabu bakapatula Bible mikuabu ya mu tshiena-Italie miangatshila ku Bible wa Brucioli. Nansha umue wa kudiyi kavua muende lumu bu wa Brucioli to. Mu 1607, Giovanni Diodati mpasata wa bena Calvin uvua baledi bende banyeme baya mu ditunga dia Suisse bua dikengeshangana dia bena Katolike, wakapatula pende mu Génève Bible mu tshiena-Italie muangatshila mu tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke. Bena Mishonyi bakenza mudimu ne Bible wende munkatshi mua bidimu bia bungi. Bua mu tshikondo atshi, uvua mufunda mu tshiena-Italie tshimpe be! Bible wa Diodati wakambuluisha bena Italie bua kumvua malongesha a mu Bible. Kadi bansaserdose bakakandika Bible eu ne mikuabu kabidi.

Bible ‘mmukanda udi kauyi mumanyike’

Bilondeshile mukanda kampanda, “Ekeleziya uvua anu ukumbaja mudimu wende wa kutangila mikanda ne dîsu dikole bimpe, kadi kumpala kua kutuadijabu kupatula mikanda ku biamu, kabavua bamona  dijinga dia kufunda mikanda ivuabu bakandika to, bualu yonso bavua bayosha.” (Enciclopedia Cattolica) Nansha panyima pa dijuka dia bena Mishonyi, bansaserdose ba mu matunga a bungi a ku Mputu bakenza muabu muonso bua kukandika diabanya dia mikanda ivuabu babikila ne: ya babuludianganyi. Malu akashintuluka anu panyima pa Tshipangu tshia mu tshimenga tshia Trent mu 1546, pakakonkononabu tshilumbu tshia dikudimuna Bible mu miakulu mikuabu. Bantu bakakosoloka mu bitupa bibidi. Aba bavua bakandika dikudimuna dia Bible bavua bamba ne: kukudimuna Bible mu miakulu mikuabu ke kuvua “kulela butontolodi bua mishindu yonso.” Bavua bamba bua kulekela Bible eyi bavua baleja ne: “baluishi” babu anyi bena Mishonyi nebambe ne: bena Katolike mbakandike dikudimuna dia Bible mu miakulu mikuabu bua kusokoka “diibila ne mashimi.”

Bualu ebu buakapangisha Tshipangu tshia kuamba ne tshiotshi kuitaba anu Bible wa Vulgate bu mujalame, ne bu Bible wa bena Katolike. Kadi Carlo Buzzetti (mulongeshi wa mu iniversite wa ba Salésien mu Rome) wakaleja ne: kuamba ne: Bible wa Vulgate “mmujalame,” “kuakasaka bantu bua kumumona bu Bible umuepele udi muanyishibue.” Malu akenzeka pashishe akajadika bualu ebu.

Mu 1559, Papa Paul IV wakapatula mukanda uvua ne mêna a mikanda yonso ivua bena Katolike kabayi ne bua kubala, kupanyisha, kukudimuna anyi kuikala nayi. Bavua bamona mikanda eyi bu ivua inyanga ditabuja ne lungenyi. Mukanda eu uvua ukakandika dibala dia Bible ya mu miakulu mikuabu, ne wa Brucioli kabidi. Muntu yonso uvua kayi utumikila mukenji eu bavua bamuipata mu ekeleziya. Mukanda wa mu 1596 uvua wowu mupitshishe. Bakakandika dikudimuna ne dipatula dia Bible mu miakulu mikuabu. Bavua bosha Bible yonso ivuabu bakudimuna.

Nunku, diosha dia Bible mu masangu a njila a miaba ivua nzubu ya Mvidi Mukulu diakavulangana bikole ku ndekelu kua bidimu bia 1500. Bua bantu ba bungi, Bible wakalua mukanda wa batontolodi ne lungenyi elu luakashala mu mitu ya bantu bidimu bia bungi. Bakosha Bible ne mikanda ivua imumvuija pa kuamba yonso mu bilaminu bia mikanda bia mbulamatadi ne bikuabu; ne munkatshi mua bidimu 200 biakalonda, muena Katolike nansha umue kavua mua kukudimuna Bible mu tshiena-Italie to. Bible ivua mu Italie ivua ya bena Mishonyi ne bavua batshina bua kabalu kuyinyenga. Ke bua tshinyi mumanyi wa malu a kale Mario Cignoni wakamba ne: “Bantu bakalekela dibala dia Bible munkatshi mua bidimu bia bungi. Bible kuluaye mukanda uvua kauyi mumanyike ne  bena Italie ba bungi kabatshivua bamubala nansha kakese to.”

Badi batekesha mukenji

Mu dia 13 ngondo muisambombo mu 1757, Papa Benoît XIV wakalua kushintulula mukanda uvua ne mêna a mikanda ivuabu bakandike, ne “kuanyishaye dibala dia Bible ya mu miakulu mikuabu ivua Papa wanyisha ne ivuabu bapatula ku bulombodi bua bepiskopo.” Nunku, Antonio Martini (wakalua pashishe muepiskopo mukulu wa ku Florence) wakapangadija bua kukudimuna Bible wa Vulgate. Wakapatula tshitupa tshia kumpala mu 1769, ne kujikijaye mudimu wonso mu 1781. Bilondeshile mukanda kampanda wa bena Katolike, Bible wa Martini uvua “Bible wa kumpala wa mu tshiena-Italie mujalame ne wa pa buende.” Kumpala, bena Katolike bavua kabayi bamanye Latin kabavua babala Bible nansha umue uvua ekeleziya muanyishe to. Munkatshi mua bidimu 150 biakalonda, Bible wa Martini ke umuepele uvua bena Katolike ba mu Italie banyisha.

Malu akashintuluka bikole mu tshipangu tshinene tshia ekeleziya tshia Vatican II. Bua musangu wa kumpala, mu 1965 mukanda kampanda wakanyisha “nkudimuinu mimpe ne miakane . . . mu miakulu mikuabu, nangananga miangatshila ku mifundu minsantu ya mu tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke.” (Dei Verbum) Bidimu bikese kumpala, (mu 1958) tshilongelu kampanda (Pontificio istituto biblico) tshikavua tshipatule “Bible mujima wa kumpala wa bena Katolike muangatshila mu mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke.” Bible eu uvua ne dîna dia Nzambi “Jahve” mu miaba mikese.

Diluisha dia Bible ya mu miakulu mikuabu divua dinyangakaja malu mavule ne malu avuadi dikebeshe atshidiku. Anu bu mudi Gigliola Fragnito uleja, diluisha edi “diakafikisha bena kuitabuja ku dibenga kudiumvua bakumbane bua kuela meji ne kuteleja kondo kabu ka muoyo.” Badi benzeja kabidi bantu bua kuitaba bilele bia malu a nzambi bidi bena Katolike ba bungi bangata ne mushinga kupita Bible. Malu onso aa mmafikishe bantu ku dibenga kuibidilangana ne Bible, nansha mudi ba bungi bamanye kubala.

Kadi mudimu wa diyisha wa Bantemu ba Yehowa wakalua kujululula kabidi dijinga dia kubala Bible wa mu tshiena-Italie. Mu 1963 Bantemu bakapatula Traduction du monde nouveau tshitupa tshia Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke mu tshiena-Italie. Mu 1967 bobu kupatula Bible yonso mujima. Bakabanya Bible eyi mipite pa 4 000 000 anu mu Italie nkayamu. Traduction du monde nouveau mmushilangane ne mikuabu bualu mudi dîna dia Yehowa ne kabidi mmulamate bikole ku mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke.

Bantemu ba Yehowa batu baya ku nzubu ne ku nzubu, babadila bantu ne babumvuija mukenji wa ditekemena wa mu Bible. (Bienzedi 20:20) Wewe mutuilangane ne Bantemu ba Yehowa musangu udi ulonda, ubalombe bua bakuleje tshidi Bible webe wamba bua ‘buloba bupiabupia’ budibu balaye mu katupa kîpi emu ‘muikala buakane.’​—2 Petelo 3:13.

[Karte mu dibeji 13]

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

Venise

LOMO

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 15]

Mu Bible wa Brucioli mudi dîna dia Nzambi Ieova

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 15]

Mukanda wa mêna uvua uleja ne: Bible mikuabu ya mu tshiena-Italie ivua mibi

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 13]

Dibeji dia kumpala dia Bible: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua bimfuanyi mu dibeji 15]

Nkudimuinu wa Brucioli: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma; Mukanda wa mêna: Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali