Christophe Plantin: Ntunga-mulongo mu dipatula dia Bible

JOHANNES GUTENBERG (bu mu 1397 too ne mu 1468) mmuende lumu bua muvuaye mupatule Bible wa kumpala ku tshiamu tshia dipatula natshi mikanda. Kadi bantu ba bungi ki mbamanye Christophe Plantin to. Uvua ntunga-mulongo mu dipatula dia mikanda ku biamu ne wakenza mudimu munene mu bidimu bia 1500 bua kupetesha bantu mikanda ne Bible pa buloba bujima.

Christophe Plantin uvua muledibue bu mu 1520 mu tshimenga tshia Saint-Avertin, mu ditunga dia France. Plantin uvua ukeba muaba uvua bantu bitaba bitendelelu bishilangane ne uvuaye mua kupetela mfranga mikumbane kupita mu France. Nunku, pakavuaye ne bidimu bitue ku 28 wakaya kusombela mu tshimenga tshia Anvers, mu Pays-Bas. *

Plantin wakabanga mudimu wende bu mutedi wa mikanda ne muenji wa bintu bia biseba. Ne babanji bavua batamba kukeba bintu bia biseba bilengeja bimpe bivuaye wenza abi. Kadi bualu bukuabu buakenzeka mu 1555 buakafikisha Plantin ku dishintulula mudimu wende. Musangu au, buloba bua Pays-Bas buvua ku bukokeshi bua Philippe II mukalenge wa ditunga dia Espagne. Nunku pakavua Plantin uya bua kufila kabuta ka tshiseba kavuabu bamulombe bua mukalenge eu, bamue bantu bavua bakuatshike mala bakamubunda mu njila ku Anvers, kumutuabu kele pa dikaya. Bakondapa Plantin mputa au ne kumvuaye bimpe, kadi katshivua kabidi ne bukole bua kuenza mudimu wende wa bianza au to, ke yeye kuulekela. Hendrik Niclaes mulombodi wa kasumbu kakuabu ka ba-Anabatiste, wakamuambuluisha ne mfranga, ke Plantin kubangisha mudimu wa dipatula mikanda.

“Mudimu ne Dinanukila”

Plantin wakabikila nzubu uvuaye upatuila mikanda ku biamu ne: De Gulden Passer (Compas wa or). Bintu bivuaye upatula bivua ne tshimanyinu tshiende tshia compas wa or, bafundapu ne: “Labore et Constantia,” mmumue ne: “Mudimu ne Dinanukila.” Bidi bimueneka ne: tshimanyinu tshiende etshi tshivua tshimukumbanyine bualu uvua muenji wa mudimu wa dilambu.

Tshikondo tshivua Plantin ne muoyo tshivua tshia bimvundu mu malu a bitendelelu ne a tshididi ku Mputu. Nunku wakenza muende muonso bua kuepuka bilumbu. Buende yeye, mudimu wa dipatula mikanda uvua ne mushinga wa bungi be! Nansha muvua Plantin wanyisha Dishintulula dia malu a Ekeleziya dia bena Mishonyi, mufundi wa mikanda Maurits Sabbe udi wamba bua bualu buende ne: “Kavua uleja luseke luvuaye mu malu a bitendelelu.” Bua bualu ebu, bakendeshila Plantin lumu lua se: uvua upatula mikanda ya babuludianganyi. Tshilejilu mu 1562, malu akamukolela, yeye kudiasa lubilu mutangile ku Paris, yeye kushalaku matuku mapite pa tshidimu tshijima.

Pakapingana Plantin ku Anvers mu 1563, wakenza tshipungidi tshia mudimu ne bangenda-mushinga babanji, ba bungi ba kudibu bavua bamanyike muvuabu bitaba malongesha a Calvin (a bena Mishonyi). Tshipungidi etshi tshiakenza bidimu bitanu, ne Plantin wakapatula mikanda 260 ku biamu biende. Mu mikanda eyi muvua Bible ya mu tshiena-Ebelu, tshiena-Greke ne Latin, pamue ne mikanda milengeja bimpe menemene ya Bible wa bena Katolike wa ku Louvain mu muakulu wa mu Pays-Bas.

“Mudimu wa mushinga mukole mu dipatula dia mikanda ku biamu”

Mu 1567, mu tshikondo tshivua diluisha bukokeshi bua bena Espagne dienda didiunda mu Pays-Bas, Philippe II mukalenge wa bena Espagne wakatuma mfumu wa ku Alba bu ngovena wa Pays-Bas. Bu muvua mukalenge mumupeshe bukokeshi buonso,  mfumu wa ku Alba wakenza muende muonso bua kujimija mukono wa buluishi bua bena Mishonyi abu buvua buenda bukola. Ke tshiakafikisha Plantin ku dituadija mudimu munene uvuaye mutekemene ne: newambuluishe bua kujimija lumu luvuabu bamuendeshile lua ne: uvua muabuludianganyi. Uvua ujinga bikole bua kupatula Bible wa bantu badi balonge bikole mu miakulu yende ya ntuadijilu. Bua kupatula Bible mupiamupia eu, Plantin wakapeta dikuatshisha dia Philippe II. Mukalenge wakamulaya bua kumuambuluisha ne mfranga ne wakamutumina Arias Montanus, mumanyi muende lumu wa nshidimukilu ya kale, bua kulombola mudimu eu.

Montanus uvua ne dimanya dia bungi mu malu a miakulu, ne uvua wenza mudimu mêba 11 ku dituku. Bamanyi ba miakulu ba mu Espagne, mu Belgique ne mu France bakamuambuluisha kabidi. Bavua basue kuenza Bible mupiamupia wa miakulu ya bungi wa Complute uvua muende lumu. * Pa kumbusha Bible wa Vulgate wa mu Latin, wa Septante wa mu tshiena-Greke ne mikanda ya mu tshiena-Ebelu ya ntuadijilu, Bible mupiamupia wa miakulu ya bungi wa Plantin uvua kabidi ne Targum wa tshiena-Alama ne Peshitta wa tshiena-Sulia. Bitupa bibidi bia ndekelu ebi bivua bikudimuna ku muaku ku muaku mu Latin.

Mudimu munene wa dipatula mukanda eu wakabanga mu 1568 ne kujika mu 1573. Wakenzeka ne lukasa bushuwa pa kumona tshikondo tshivuabu. Montanus wakafundila Mukalenge Philippe II ne: “Mudimu udi wenzeka kunu mu ngondo umue mmupite udibu benza ku Lomo mu tshidimu tshijima.” Plantin wakapatula Bible mupiamupia wa miakulu ya bungi eu, bungi bua 1 213, ne Bible yonso uvua muenza ne mikanda minene ya pa bule pa bule muanda mukulu. Bavua bazola pa dibeji dia ntuadijilu tshimfuanyi tshidi mu Yeshaya 65:25 tshidi tshiakula bua nyama wa ntambue, ngombe, tshimungu ne muana wa mukoko mikale idia mu ditalala mu tshidilu tshimue. Mikanda yonso muanda mukulu kayiyi milamakaja ivua  ne mushinga wa guilder 70. Eu uvua mushinga mukole bualu mu tshikondo atshi dîku dimue divua dipeta guilder mitue ku 50 ku tshidimu. Bakalua kubikila bitupa bionso bilamakaja abi ne: Bible wa miakulu ya bungi wa ku Anvers. Bakamubikila kabidi ne: Biblia Regia (anyi Bible wa Mukalenge) bualu Mukalenge Philippe II ke wakambuluisha bua bobu kumupatula.

Pape Grégoire XIII wakanyisha Bible eu. Nansha nanku, bakamba Arias Montanus mêyi mashile bua mudimu wende eu bualu yeye uvua wangata mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu ya ntuadijilu ne mushinga wa bungi kupita Vulgate wa mu Latin. Muluishi wende munene uvua León de Castro, muena teoloji wa mu ditunga dia Espagne uvua umona yeye ne: Vulgate wa mu Latin ke uvua mutambe Bible yonso. De Castro wakabanda Montanus ne: uvua unyanga mifundu pa kuelamu ngenyi yende idi ibenga Busatu Bunsantu. Tshilejilu, de Castro wakamona bimpe ne: mu Peshitta wa tshiena-Sulia kamuvua miaku ya dishima idibu basakidile mu 1 Yone 5:7 ya ne: “Mu diulu, Tatu, Dîyi, ne Spiritu Munsantu: ne basatu aba badi tshintu tshimue.” (King James Version) Kadi Kabadi ka bena Katolike ka mu Espagne kakabingisha Montanus ku malu onso a buabuludianganyi avuabu bamubanda nawu. Bamue bantu badi bangata Bible wa miakulu ya bungi wa ku Anvers bu “mudimu wa mushinga mukole mu dipatula dia mikanda ku biamu udibu benze anu kudi muntu umue mu bidimu bia 1500.”

Mudimu udi muambuluishe bikole

Bapatudi ba bungi ba mikanda ba mu tshikondo atshi bavua ne biamu bia dipatula nabi mikanda bibidi anyi bisatu patupu. Kadi tshikondo tshivua Plantin upatula mikanda ya bungi, nzubu wende uvua pamuapa ne biamu bipite pa 22 ne bena mudimu 160. Wakalua kumanyika bikole kudi bantu bonso bavua bakula tshiena-Espagne bu mupatudi munene wa mikanda.

Mu tshine tshikondo atshi, diluisha bukokeshi bua bena Espagne divua anu dienda dikola mu Pays-Bas. Tshimenga tshia Anvers tshivua patshi mu tshimvundu. Mu 1576, basalayi bena Espagne bavua kabayi bapete mafutu abu bakatomboka ne kutshipawulabu. Bakosha nzubu mipite pa 600, ne kushipabu bena mu Anvers binunu ne binunu. Bangenda-mushinga bakanyema, Plantin e kujimija nunku bintu bia bungi. Bantomboji abu bakamuenzeja kabidi bua ikale ubafuta tshitadi tshipite tshivua bantu bakuabu ba mu Anvers ne bua kufuta misangu yamba kufika ku tshitema.

Mu 1583, Plantin wakanyemena ku Leyde, tshimenga tshivua mutantshi wa kilometre 100 ku Nord kua Anvers. Yeye kuasa kuine aku nzubu wa dipatula mikanda ne kumutekabu mupatudi wa mikanda wa Iniversite wa Leyde, wa bena Mishonyi balondi ba Calvin. Ekeleziya Katolike e kujula tshiakabidi malu a kale avuabu bamubanda nawu ne: uvua muabuludianganyi. Ke Plantin kupingana ku Anvers ku ndekelu kua 1585, matuku makese kunyima kua bena Espagne bamane kukuata kabidi tshimenga atshi. Dîba adi Plantin ukavua ne bidimu bipite pa 60, ne nzubu wende wa Compas wa or ukavua mutue panshi mushale anu ne bena mudimu banayi ne tshiamu tshimuepele. Plantin e kubangisha diasulula nzubu wa dipatula mikanda ku biamu. Kadi kakafika bunene buvuaye kumpala abu to, ne Plantin wakafua mu dia 1 Kashipu 1589.

Mu lupolo lua bidimu 34, Christophe Plantin wakapatula mikanda mishilangane 1863, anyi mikanda mitue ku 55 ku tshidimu. Nansha lelu eu, bidi bimueneka ne: mudimu wende eu uvua mudimu munene wa dikema bua mupatudi wa mikanda umue nkayende! Nansha muvua Plantin muine kayi usua kuleja luseke luvuaye mu malu a Nzambi, mudimu wende wakayisha kumpala dipatula dia mikanda ku biamu, ne dilonga dia Mukanda wa Nzambi. (2 Timote 3:16) Bushuwa, Plantin ne bapatudi bakuabu ba mikanda ba mu tshikondo tshiende bakambuluisha bikole bua bantu bonso bikale ne mushindu wa kupeta Bible.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu/​Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 15]

TSHILAMINU TSHIA BINTU BIA MUSHINGA TSHIA PLANTIN-MORETUS

Mu 1877, bakavuija nzubu uvua Plantin ne ndelanganyi yende basombele ne benzele mudimu ku Anvers tshilaminu tshia bintu bia mushinga (anyi musée). Kakuena nzubu mukuabu wa dipatula mikanda wa mu tshikondo atshi udi mushale katakata. Badi balejamu biamu bitanu bia dipatula nabi mikanda bia mu bidimu bia 1600 ne bia 1700. Biamu bikuabu bibidi (bia kale menemene bidi bantu bamanye) mbia pabuipi ne tshikondo tshia Plantin. Mu nzubu emu mudi tushete 15 000 muvuabu benguluila maleta a tshiamu a kufunda nawu, mabaya 15 000 avuabu balamika mine maleta au, ne malata 3 000 a tshiamu tshia mitaku mamana kufundila. Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia nzubu eu tshidi ne mikanda 638 mifunda ku bianza ya kubangila mu bidimu bia 800 too ne bia 1500, pamue ne mikanda mikuabu 154 mipatula ku biamu kumpala kua 1501. Mu mikanda eyi mudi Bible wa Gutenberg wa kale wa kumpala kua 1461, ne Bible umue muende lumu wa miakulu ya bungi wa ku Anvers, wa Plantin.

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 15]

Arias Montanus

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 16]

Bible wa miakulu ya bungi wa ku Anvers ne mikanda ya mu tshiena-Ebelu, “Vulgate” wa mu Latin ne “Septante” wa mu tshiena-Greke, ne “Peshitta” wa tshiena-Sulia ne Targum wa tshiena-Alama, ne dikudimuna dia mu Latin dia bitupa bibidi bia ndekelu ebi

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Ne dianyisha dia Museum Plantin-Moretus/​Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 15]

Bimfuanyi bionso: Ne dianyisha dia Museum Plantin-Moretus/​Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen