Bafundi ba kale ne Dîyi dia Nzambi

BAKAJIKIJA kufunda Mifundu minsantu ya mu tshiena Ebelu ku ndekelu kua siekele muitanu kumpala kua Yezu. Munkatshi mua bidimu bivule biakalonda, bashikuluji bena Yuda bu mudi ba Soferim pashishe ba Masorete, bakadienzeja bua kulama bimpe mifundu ya mu tshiena Ebelu. Kadi mikanda ya kale menemene ya mu Bible mmifunda mu matuku a Mose ne Yoshua, bidimu tshinunu kumpala kua tshikondo tshia ba Soferim. Bintu bivuabu bafundile mikanda ayi bivua binyanguka; ke bualu kayi bavua ne bua kubitentulula mu mivungu misangu ya bungi. Ntshinyi tshitudi bamanye bua mudimu wa bafundi anyi batentuludi mu tshikondo atshi? Kuvuaku batentuludi ba mikanda bapiluke mu Isalele wa kale anyi?

Mikanda mitentula ku bianza ya kale menemene ya mu Bible idiku lelu nya munkatshi mua Mivungu ya ku Dijiba dia luepu, imue ya kudiyi bavua bayitentule mu siekele muisatu ne muibidi kumpala kua Yezu. Mulongeshi Alan Millard, mukebuludi wa malu a miakulu ne bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale ku Proche-Orient udi umvuija ne: “Katuena ne mikanda mitentula ya kale ya mu Bible to.” Udi wamba kabidi ne: “Malu a mu matunga mena mutumba adi aleja muvua bafundi ba kale benza mudimu, ne dimanya edi didi mua kutuambuluisha bua kukonkonona mushinga ne diumvuija dia mifundu ya tshiena Ebelu ne malu ayi a kale.”

Mudimu wa bafundi ba kale

Bavua bapatula mikanda ya mianda ya kale, ya ntendelelu, ya mikenji, ya bashikuluji ne ya mamanya makuabu mu Mesopotamia kukadi bidimu binunu binayi to. Bakavudija tulasa tua bafundi ne dimue dia ku malongesha avuabu bafila ne dîsu dikole divua dia kutentula ne lubatshi mifundu ivuaku. Bakebuludi ba lelu mbapete anu malu makese adi mashintuluke mu mifundu ya bena Babulona ivuabu batentule njila ne njila munkatshi mua bidimu tshinunu anyi bipite apu.

Bafundi ba nunku kabavua anu mu Mesopotamia nkayamu to. Mukanda mukuabu udi wamba ne: “Mufundi wa mu Babulona wa mu bidimu bia 1500 kumpala kua Yezu uvua pamuapa mumanye ngenzelu wa mudimu wa difunda mu miaba ya bungi ivuabu benzela mudimu eu mu Mesopotamia, mu Sulia, mu Kanâna ne mu Ejipitu.” *​—The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East.

Mu matuku a Mose bavua bangata mudimu wa ditentula mikanda ne lumu mu Ejipitu. Bafundi bavua misangu yonso batentula mikanda. Mudimu eu udi umuenekela ku bintu bivuabu balengeja nabi nkita ya mu Ejipitu ikadi mienze  bidimu bipite pa binunu binayi. Mukanda utukadi batele kulu eku udi wamba bua bafundi ba kale ba mu tshikondo atshi ne: “Mu bidimu bia 1999 too ne 1001 kumpala kua Yezu, bakatentula ne kusangisha mikanda ya bungi ivua yumvuija nshidimukilu wa mu Mesopotamia ne wa mu Ejipitu ne bobu kuenza tshibungu tshia mêyi ne mikandu bua mudimu wa difunda.”

Mu “tshibungu tshia mêyi ne mikandu” etshi bavua bakule kabidi bua miaku ya ku ndekelu kua mukanda ivuabu basakidila ku mêyi avua munda. Miaku ya ndekelu eyi ivua ikonga malu bu mudi dîna dia mutentudi ne muena dibue divuabu bafundapu, dituku, mufundi wa malu avuabu batentula, bungi bua milongo ne bikuabu kabidi. Misangu mivule mufundi uvua usakidila ne: “Mukanda eu uvua mutentula ne mufuanyikija ku wa ntuadijilu.” Malu aa adi aleja ne: batentudi ba kale bavua baditatshisha bua kutentula malu majalame.

Mulongeshi Millard, muena mêyi atudi batele ku ntuadijilu udi wamba ne: “Tudi tumona ne: bafundi bavua ne ngenzelu wa mudimu wabu wa ditentula pa kukonkonona ne kulongolola, ne ngenzelu eu uvua wambuluisha bua kuepuka bilema. Imue ya ku ngenzelu eyi, nangananga bu mudi dibala dia milongo ne miaku, bavua bayilonda kabidi kudi ba Masorete ku ntuadijilu kua tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge.” Nenku mu tshikondo tshia Mose ne Yoshua, ngenzelu eu uvua wambuluisha bua kukuba mifundu ne kuenza bua ikale mijalame ukavuaku ku Moyen-Orient.

Bena Isalele bavuaku pabu ne batentudi bapiluke anyi? Ntshinyi tshidi Bible wamba bua bualu ebu?

Bafundi mu Isalele wa kale

Mose uvua mukolele mu dîku dia Palô. (Ekesode 2:10; Bienzedi 7:21, 22) Bilondeshile balongi ba malu a Ejipitu wa kale, Mose uvua mua kuikala mulonge kabidi mbadilu ne mfundilu wa bena Ejipitu ne amue mamanya a mudimu wa difunda. Mulongeshi James Karl Hoffmeier udi wamba mu mukanda wende mukuabu ne: “Kudi malu adi atusaka bua kuitaba muyuki wa mu Bible udi wamba ne: Mose uvua mumanye mua kufunda mianda, malu a ngendu ne mua kuenza midimu mikuabu ya difunda.” *​—Israel in Egypt.

 Bible udi wakula bua bantu bakuabu ba mu Isalele wa kale bavua bamanye kufunda. Bilondeshile mukanda mukuabu, Mose “wakateka milopo mimanye mukanda . . . bua kufunda mapangadika ne ndongoluelu wa malu.” Bualu ebu mbuangatshila mu Dutelonome 1:15 udi wamba ne: ‘Nunku [meme Mose] ngakasungula balume ba lungenyi lule, ngakabateka ku mutu kuenu, tupita tua binunu binunu, ne tupita tua nkama nkama, ne tupita tua makumi atanu makumi atanu, ne tupita tua dikumi dikumi, ne milopo bungi bua bisamba bienu.’ Milopo eyi ivua banganyi?

Muaku wa mu tshiena Ebelu udibu bakudimune ne: ‘mulopo’ udi usanganyibua misangu ya bungi mu mvese ya mu Bible idi yakula bua matuku a Mose ne Yoshua. Bashikuluji kabukabu badi bumvuija ne: muaku eu udi umvuija “sekretere muangata bua kufunda,” “muntu udi ‘ufunda,’” ne “muena mudimu uvua ku luseke lua nzuji bua kumuambuluisha bua kufunda.” Bu mudi muaku eu wa tshiena Ebelu usanganyibua misangu ya bungi mu Bible bidi bileja ne: bafundi aba bavuaku mu Isalele ne bavua ne midimu ya bungi mu mianda ya dilombola ditunga.

Tshilejilu tshisatu ntshia bakuidi bena Isalele. Mukanda mukuabu (Encyclopaedia Judaica) udi wamba ne: “midimu [yabu] ya buakuidi ne ya tshianana ivua ilomba bua bikale bamanye mukanda.” Tshilejilu, Mose wakambila bana ba Lewi ne: ‘Pajika bidimu muanda mutekete [bionso], nenubadile bena Isalele bonso mikenji eyi.’ Bakuidi bakalua balami ba mukanda wa mikenji ya Mose uvuabu batentule. Bobu ke bavua banyisha ne baludika difunda dia mikanda mikuabu ya Mikenji ivuabu balua kutentulula kunyima.​—Dutelonome 17:18, 19; 31:10, 11.

Tangila muvuabu batentule mukanda wa kumpala wa mikenji eyi. Mu ngondo wa ndekelu wa muoyo wa Mose, wakambila bena Isalele ne: ‘Palua dituku dinudi nusabuka musulu wa Yadene bua kubuela mu buloba budi Yehowa, Nzambi wenu, unupa, pashishe nenujadike mabue manene, nenuashinguile ne nshimente. Nenufundapu mikenji eyi.’ (Dutelonome 27:1-4) Bena Isalele bamane kubutula Yeleko ne Ai, bakadisangisha ku mukuna wa Ebala uvua munkatshinkatshi mua Buloba Bulaya. Muaba eu ke uvua Yoshua mufundile “mikenji ya Mose” pa mabue a tshioshelu. (Yoshua 8:30-32) Mifundu eyi ivua ilomba bua kuikale bafundi ne babadi. Ebi bidi bileja ne: bena Isalele ba kumpala bavua bamanye muakulu ne bavua ne mamanya makuabu avua akengedibua bua kulama mifundu yabu ya tshijila bimpe.

Bujalame bua Mifundu

Kunyima kua matuku a Mose ne Yoshua, bakapatula mivungu mikuabu kabukabu ya mu tshiena Ebelu, ne bakayitentula ne kuenzabu minga mivungu. Kadi pavua mikanda mitentula eyi inyanguka anyi ikuata tshitalela, bavua ne bua kupingaja ya tshianana pa muaba wayi. Mudimu wa ditentula eu wakatungunuka munkatshi mua bidimu nkama mivule.

Kadi nansha muvua bafundi ba mikanda ya mu Bible badienzeje bua kuyitentula ne lubatshi, bimue bilema biakabuela anu kubuela. Kadi bilema bia bafundi bivuaku bishintulule menemene mifundu ya mu Bible anyi? Tòo. Dikonkonona dia mikanda ya kale mitentula ku bianza didi dileja ne: bilema ebi ki mbishintulule bujalame bua mifundu ya mu Bible mu kabujima to.

Bua bena Kristo, mushindu uvua Yezu Kristo umona mikanda ya kumpala ya Bible ntshijadiki tshia ne: Mifundu minsantu ki mmishintuluke to. Mêyi bu mudi: ‘Kanuakubala mukanda wa Mose anyi?’ ne a ne: ‘Mose kakanupa mikenji anyi?’ adi aleja ne: Yezu uvua wangata mikanda mitentula ku bianza ivuaku pavuaye pa buloba bu ya kueyemena. (Mâko 12:26; Yone 7:19) Kabidi, Yezu wakajadika mudi Mifundu minsantu yonso ya mu tshiena Ebelu mijalame pakambaye ne: “Bionso bivuabo bafunde bualu buanyi mu [Mikenji ya Mose], mu malongesha a [baprofete] ne mu Misambo, bidi ne bua kukumbana.”​—Luka 24:44, MMM.

Nenku tudi ne malu adi atujadikila ne: Mifundu minsantu mmifike kutudi kayiyi mishintuluke to. Bidi anu bu muakamba muprofete Yeshaya ku nyuma wa Nzambi ne: ‘Mashinde adi afubidila, tshilongo tshidi tshitutuka; kadi dîyi dia Nzambi wetu nedijalame tshiendelele.’​—Yeshaya 40:8.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 18]

Mufundi muena Ejipitu utentulula mifundu

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 19]

Mikanda ya kale menemene ya mu Bible mmifunda mu matuku a Mose