Mukanda wa John Milton uvua mujimine

KAKUENA mufundi udi muende lumu pa buloba bujima bu muvua John Milton, mufundi wa kasala ka mu Anglais kadibu kabayi mua kupua muoyo kadi ne tshiena-bualu ne: Paradise Lost (Mparadizu mujimine). Bilondeshile mumanyi mukuabu wa malu a kale, Milton “bavua bamunange kudi bantu ba bungi, bamukine kudi bamue ne bantu bakese patupu ke bavua kabayi banji kumvua lumu luende.” Lelu eu, mikanda ya bungi ya mu Anglais ne bikadilu kampanda mbiangatshila mu mikanda yende.

Mmunyi muvua John Milton mufike ku dikala ne bukole mu bantu mushindu eu? Ntshinyi tshivua tshienze bua ne: mukanda wende wa ndekelu ujudija mpata ne ushale kauyi mupatula munkatshi mua bidimu 150? (On Christian Doctrine)

Ntuadijilu wende

John Milton uvua muledibue mu 1608, mu dîku dia babanji mu tshimenga tshia Londres. Udi wamba ne: “Tatu wakandongolola katshia ku buana buanyi bua ndonge tulasa tua malu a mikanda. Nunku pamvua ne bidimu 12, meme kulua kunanga malu a mikanda bikole bualu tshivua mua kulala kumpala kua mundankulu tshiyi mulonge to, bualu mumvua munange kubala bikole.” Uvua mulongi muimpe mutambe ne wakapeta dipoloma mu iniversite wa Cambridge mu 1632. Pashishe, wakatungunuka ne kubala malu a kale ne mikuabu mikanda ivuabu bafunde mu tshikondo tshia bena Greke ne bena Lomo.

Milton uvua musue kulua mufundi wa tusala, kadi malu a mu ditunga dia Angleterre avua enda ashintuluka bikole mu tshikondo atshi. Kasumbu ka batshipuita-munua-mfuanka kavuabu balombola kudi Oliver Cromwell, kakakosela Mukalenge Charles I tshibawu tshia lufu mu 1649. Milton wakafunda malu avua aleja ne: tshivua Cromwell muenze tshivua tshimpe, ke kumutekabu muleji mpala wa bukalenge bua Cromwell. Kadi kumpala kua John Milton kuluaye mufundi munene wa tusala, uvua mumanyike muvuaye mufundi wa tukanda tukese tua malu a tshididi ne a bikadilu.

Pakapingajabu malu a bukalenge bu muvuabi bikengela ne kutekabu Charles II mu nkuasa mu 1660, Milton wakadimona mu njiwu bualu uvua muena dia Cromwell. Kuyaye kusokoma, ne wakapanduka anu bua balunda bende bavua pabu ne dîyi dia kuamba. Mu malu onso aa, uvua anu mulamate ku malu a Nzambi bikole.

“Dilamata ku mikenji ya mu Bible”

Milton udi wamba bua nsombelu uvuaye nende mu malu a Nzambi kale ne: “Ngakadifila bikole mu dilonga dia Dipungila Dikulukulu ne dipiadipia mu miakulu ya ku ntuadijilu ya mikanda eyi pantshivua muana mukese.” Milton wakafika ku dimona ne: Mifundu Minsantu ke idi mua kulombola bantu bimpe mu malu a Nzambi ne a bikadilu. Kadi wakanyingalala bikole pakakonkononaye bimpe mikanda ya malu a Nzambi ya bitendelelu bia mu tshikondo atshi. Wakalua kuamba pashishe ne: “Ndi ngela meji ne: mikanda eyi kayena mua kumpetesha malongesha mimpe andi mua kuitaba anyi kumpetesha lupandu to.” Bu muvua Milton musue kufuanyikija malu avuaye witaba ne “mukenji wa mu Bible,” wakatuadija kufunda mvese ivuaye umona mikale ne mushinga mienze bu tu mitu tua bualu ne pashishe ufunda mêyi ayi muinshi muayi.

Lelu eu, batu bavulukila John Milton ku mukanda wende uvuaye mufunde wa Mparadizu mujimine, mudiye ulonda mu ngakuilu wa kasala  muyuki wa mu Bible udi uleja mudi muntu mufike ku dijimija bupuangane. (Genese nshapita 3) Mukanda eu ke wa kumpala uvua Milton mupatule mu 1667, nangananga bua bantu badi bakula Anglais. Pashishe kuluaye kupatula mukuabu uvua ne tshiena-bualu ne: Mparadizu mupetulula. Mu mikanda yende eyi udi wakulamu bua tshipatshila tshivua natshi Nzambi pakafukaye muntu bua kuikalaye ne muoyo mupuangane mu mparadizu pa buloba, ne bua mushindu wikala Nzambi mua kuasulula Mparadizu pa buloba ku diambuluisha dia Kristo. Tshilejilu, mu mukanda wa Mparadizu mujimine, Mikaele mfumu wa banjelu udi wakula bua tshikondo tshikala Kristo ne bua “kufuta bantu badi bamulamate ne kubapesha masanka a kashidi mu diulu anyi pa buloba bualu buloba bujima nebulue mparadizu, muaba wa disanka dia bungi bu divua mu Edene ne matuku mimpe a disanka.”

Mu malongesha a bena Kristo

Munkatshi mua bidimu Milton uvua musue kabidi kupatula mukanda mukuabu uvua wakula bua nsombelu wa bena Kristo ne malongesha abu. Nansha muakafuaye mêsu mu 1652, wakenza mudimu eu mukole ne diambuluisha dia mufundi wende wa mikanda too ne muakafuaye mu 1674. Milton wakinyika mukanda wende wa ndekelu eu ne: A Treatise on Christian Doctrine Compiled From the Holy Scriptures Alone. Mu dibeji diawu dia kumpala wakafunda ne: “Bafundi ba bungi bavua bakule bua tshiena-bualu etshi . . . mbafunde anu miaku kumpenga kua dibeji ne batele nshapita ne mvese mikese idibu balongesha nayi bilondeshile mêyi abu bobu adibu bafunde. Kadi meme, ndi mudienzeje bua kuuja mabeji a mukanda wanyi tente ne mêyi mangatshila mu bitupa bionso bia Bible.” Milton uvua muambilemu bualu mu mukanda wende wa On Christian Doctrine mmutelamu mvese ya mu Bible misangu mitue ku 9 000.

Nansha muvua Milton kayi welakana ku ntuadijilu bua kuleja patoke muvuaye wela meji, wakatshina bua kupatula mukanda eu. Bua tshinyi? Bualu bua kumpala, uvua mumanye bimpe ne: malu adiye mumvuijamu bilondeshile Bible kaena apetangana ne malongesha a bitendelelu bivuabu banyishe kudi mbulamatadi. Bualu bukuabu, kavua upetangana ne bena mu bukalenge buvua bukokesha musangu au to. Pamuapa wakindila bua malu alongoloka. Mu mishindu yonso, panyima pa lufu lua Milton, sekretere wende wakangata maniskri a mukanda eu avua mu muakulu wa Latin, kuya nawu kudi mupatudi kampanda wa mikanda bua kuupatulaye, kadi au kubenga. Pashishe sekretere wa mutangidi wa malu a pa mbelu pa ditunga dia Angleterre wakalua kunyenga maniskri au, kualamaye. Kuakapita bidimu 150 bua bantu kushishabu kupeta mukanda eu ne kumanya malu avuamu.

Mu 1823, muena mudimu mukuabu wa mu biro wakalua kupeta maniskri a mufundi munene eu avuabu banyenge. Mukalenge George IV wa mu Angleterre uvua ukokesha tshikondo atshi wakatuma dîyi bua bakudimune mukanda uvua mu Latin eu mu Anglais ne baupatule. Pakapatulabu mukanda eu mu Anglais bidimu bibidi pashishe, wakajudija mpata ya dikema mu malu a Nzambi ne a  bafundi ba mikanda. Mulombodi wa ekeleziya kampanda wakabenga diakamue muvua maniskri aa mikale a Milton, bualu bantu ba bungi bavua bangata Milton bu mufundi munene wa malu a Nzambi mu Angleterre ne kavua mua kubenga ne muoyo mujima malongesha a ekeleziya wende uvuaye munange bikole to. Bu mukavua mukudimunyi wa maniskri a Milton aa mudianjile kumanya ne: bantu nebele mpata, uvua mupatule kabidi mukanda mukuabu uvua ne mêyi kuinshi kua mabeji avua aleja bimpe dipetangana dia malu didi pankatshi pa mukanda wa On Christian Doctrine ne wa Mparadizu mujimine bua kuleja ne: Milton ke uvua muafunde. *

Malu avua Milton witaba

Mu matuku a Milton, bena mu Angleterre bakanyisha ekeleziya wa Mishonyi ne kulekela wa Katolike ka bena Lomo. Bena mishonyi bonso bavua bitaba ne: Bible ke udi ne bukokeshi bua malu adi atangila ditabuja ne a bikadilu, kadi ki mpapa to. Kadi mu mukanda wa On Christian Doctrine, Milton uvua muleje ne: malongesha a bungi a bena Mishonyi ne bienzedi biabu kabivua bipetangana ne Mukanda wa Nzambi to. Bilondeshile Bible, wakabenga kabidi dilongesha dia Calvin dia ne: Nzambi utu udianjila kufundila muntu tshikalaye. Wakasaka bantu ku dienza mudimu ne dîna dia Nzambi, Yehowa bualu uvua muditele misangu ya bungi mu mikanda yende.

Milton wakaleja bilondeshile Mukanda wa Nzambi ne: anyima utu ufua. Wakakula bua Genese 2:7, wamba ne: “Pakafukabu muntu mushindu eu, Bible wakamba ku ndekelu ne: muntu wakalua anyima udi ne muoyo. . . . Muntu kêna ne bitupa bibidi anyi mutapuluke bu mudi bantu ba bungi bela meji ne: muntu uvua muenza ne bintu bibidi bishilangane: anyima ne mubidi to. Kadi muntu mujima udi anyima ne anyima ke muntu muine.” Milton kuluaye kuela lukonko ne: “Muntu mujima utu ufua anyi peshi anu mubidi nkayawu?” Yeye mumane kuleja mvese mipite bungi idi ijadika ne: muntu mujima utu ufua, wakasakidila ne: “Kadi diumvuija dinene dindi mua kusakidila bua kuleja ne: anyima utu ufua, ndiumvuija dia Nzambi yeye nkayende didi mu Yehezekele 18:20 dia ne: muntu [anyi anyima] udi wenza bibi, nyeye muine udi ufua.” Milton wakatela kabidi mvese mikuabu bu mudi Luka 20:37 ne Yone 11:25 bua kuleja ne: bantu badi bafue mbatekemena dibishibua ku lufu matuku adi kumpala eku.

Ntshinyi tshivua tshienza bua ne: mukanda wa On Christian Doctrine? ujidije bilumbu? Bualu Milton uvua uleja mu mushindu mupepele kadi ne dishindika dionso ne: Kristo Muana wa Nzambi mmushadile kudi Nzambi Tatu. Milton mumane kutela Yone 17:3 ne Yone 20:17, udi webeja ne: “Bikala Tatu udi Nzambi wa Kristo ne Nzambi wetu, ne bikalaku anu Nzambi umue, nnganyi udi Nzambi pa kumbusha Tatu?”

Pashishe Milton udi uleja patoke ne: “Muana muine ne bapostolo bende bakitaba mu malu onso akambabu ne akenzabu ne: Tatu mmunene kupita Muana mu malu onso.” (Yone 14:28) “Kristo muine wakamba mu Matayo 26:39 ne: Tatu wanyi, biwamanya mua kuenza nunku, lupanza elu lumuke kundi; kadi bualu buenjibue bua muudi musue, kabuenjibu bu mundi musue. . . . Bua tshinyi Kristo udi ulomba kudi Tatu nkayende pamutu pa kudilomba, bikalaye bushuwa yeye nkayende muikale Nzambi? Bikalaye yeye nkayende muikale muntu ne muikale kabidi Nzambi wa bukole buonso, bua tshinyi udi ulomba tshintu tshidiye yeye muine muikale muenatshi? . . . Bu muvua Muana musambile Tatu nkayende miaba yonso, ke mudiye mutulongeshe bua tuetu kuenza petu.”

Milton uvua ne miaba ivuaye mupangile

John Milton wakakeba bulelela. Nansha nanku, uvua anu ne yende miaba ivuaye mupangile, ke bualu kayi mu amue a ku malongesha avuaye mulongeshe mudi mua kuikala bilema. Tshilejilu, matuku makese panyima pa yeye mumane kusela muana wa mfumu kampanda, nsongakaji au wakamushiya ne kupingana kuabu bua bidimu bitue ku bisatu bijima. Munkatshi mua bidimu abi, Milton wakafunda tukanda bua kulongesha ne: dibaka kadiena mua kufuila anu bua masandi bu muvua Yezu mulongeshe to, kadi didi mua kufua kabidi nansha padi bena dibaka bamona ne: kabena bapetangana. (Matayo 19:9) Milton wakakankamija kabidi lungenyi elu mu mukanda wende wa On Christian Doctrine.

Nansha muvua Milton muenze bilema mu mukanda wende wa On Christian Doctrine, mmutambe kuleja mmuenenu wa Bible pa malongesha a bungi a mushinga adimu. Too ne lelu eu mukanda wende udi usaka bantu badi baubala bua kufuanyikija malu adibu bitabe ne tshidi Bible wamba.

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Milton uvua mulongi muimpe wa Bible

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Ne dianyisha dia The Early Modern Web at Oxford

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Mukanda wa “Mparadizu mujimine” wakendeshila Milton lumu

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Ne dianyisha dia The Early Modern Web at Oxford

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Mukanda wa ndekelu wa Milton wakanji kujimina bua bidimu 150

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Ne dianyisha dia Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina

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Mukuate ne dianyisha dia Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina