Bintu bia kale biangula mu buloba bidi bijadika malu adi mu Bible

BIBLE mmukanda mufundisha ku nyuma wa Nzambi. (2 Timote 3:16) Malu adimu pa bidi bitangila bantu, misoko ne bimenga, ntendelelu ne tshididi a mu tshikondo tshia kale mmalelela. Bintu bia kale biangula mu buloba bitu bituambuluisha bua kumvua bimpe imue mvese ya mu Bible ne bitujadikila ne: mmulelela. Nansha nanku, katuena mua kuitaba bualu kampanda bua mu Bible anu bualu mbabutela kabidi mu bintu biangula mu buloba.

Bintu bia bungi bidi bakebuludi bangule mu miaba ivua bantu basombele kale bitu nangananga biyoyi bia ngesu ya dima. Mu miaba ya bungi ya ku Moyen-Orient too ne mu Ejipitu ne mu Mesopotamia, bavua batamba kufundila pa biyoyi bia dima. Biyoyi ebi bivua biambuluisha bua kufundilapu diumvuangana pankatshi pa bantu, malu a bungenda, anyi bua malu makuabu kabidi, anu bu mutudi tuenza lelu ne dibeji emu. Pa tshibidilu bavua bafunda ne mâyi a mukanda pa biyoyi ebi, nansha muaku umue patupu anyi milongo ya bungi.

Bakebuludi mbapete biyoyi bia bungi mu Isalele bia katshia ku tshikondo tshivuabu bafunda Bible. Biyoyi bivuabu bapete mu miaba isatu ivuabu bumbule bivua bifunde mu bidimu bia 600 ne 700 kumpala kua bikondo bietu ebi (K.B.B.) mbia mushinga wa bungi, bualu bidi bishindika amue malu adi mu Bible. Biyoyi ebi bidi mu bisumbu bisatu bilondeshile miaba ivuabu babipetela: mu Samalea, Alada ne mu Lakisha. Mpindieu tukonkononayi tshisumbu ku tshimue ku tshimue.

Bia mu Samalea

Samalea uvua tshimenga tshikulu tshia bisamba 10 bia Isalele too ne pavuabu batshibutule mu 740 K.B.B. kudi bena Ashû. Pa bidi bitangila muvua tshimenga etshi tshituadije, mu 1 Bakelenge 16:23, 24 tudi tubala ne: ‘Mu tshidimu tshia makumi asatu ne tshimue tshia bukalenge bua Asa, mukalenge wa Yuda [mu 947 K.B.B.], Omeli wakabanga kukokesha Bena Isalele. Wakasumba mukuna wa Samalea kudi Shemê ku ntalanta ibidi ya argent; wakasa musoko wa lumbu pa mutu pa mukuna, wakawinyika Samalea.’ Mu bidimu bionso bia bukokeshi bua bena Lomo tshimenga etshi tshivua anu kuoku, ne too muvuabu balue kutshishintulula dîna ne kuluadi Sébaste. Kadi bakalua kutshibutula bua kashidi mu bidimu bia 500 bikondo bietu ebi.

Mu dikebulula dia bintu muinshi mua buloba mu Samalea wa kale mu tshidimu tshia 1910, bakebuludi bavua bapete bintu bia bungi bivuabu bamba muvuabi bifunde mu bidimu bia 700 K.B.B. Malu avuabu bafundapu avua akula bua matu avua afumina mu misoko ivua pa buipi alue ne mafuta ne mvinyo mu Samalea. Mukanda kampanda udi umvuija bua bintu bivuabu bangula ebi wamba ne: “Biyoyi 63 bivuabu bapete mu 1910 . . . ntshisumbu tshia bintu bifunda bia mushinga mukole bidiku too ne lelu bivuabu bapete mu Isalele. Mushinga wabi kawena anu bua malu adibu bafundamu to, . . . kadi mbua mulongo wa mêna a bantu, a bisamba ne a misoko bia mu Isalele.” (Ancient Inscriptions​—Voices From the Biblical World) Mmunyi mudi mêna aa ajadika bulelela bua malu adi mu Bible?

Pavua bena Isalele babuela mu Buloba bulaya, bakabukosolola mu bisamba biabu, tshitupa tshia Samalea tshivua mu buloba bua tshisamba tshia Manashe. Bilondeshile Yoshua 17:1-6, biota 10 bia Manashe biakapeta tshitupa tshinene etshi tshia buloba mu dîna dia muikuluende Gilada. Mêna abu avua: Abiezê, Heleka, Aseliele, Shekeme, ne Shemida. Hefê (muana muisambombo) kavua mulele bana ba balume to, uvua anu ne ba bakaji  batanu, mêna abu: Mahala, Noa, Hogela, Mileka ne Tîsa. Buonso buabu bakapeta muntu tshiende tshitupa tshinene tshia buloba.​—Nomba 27:1-7.

Bintu biangula mu Samalea ebi bidi ne mêna 7 a ku biota ebi, atanu a bana ba Gilada ne abidi a bikulu bende, bana ba bakaji ba Hefê: Hogela ne Noa. Mukanda mukuabu udi wamba ne: “Mêna a biota adi mafunda pa biyoyi biangula mu Samalea adi ashindika muyuki wa mu Bible wa muaba uvua biota bia Manashe bisombele.” (NIV Archaeological Study Bible) Nanku, bintu bidibu bangula ebi bidi bishindika muyiki wa malu a kale a tshisamba tshia Isalele udi mu Bible.

Bintu biangula mu Samalea bidi kabidi bijadika muvua malu a ntendelelu mu Isalele anu bu mudiye muleja mu Bible. Mu tshikondo tshivuabu bafunda bintu biangula mu Samalea, bena Isalele bavua batendelela Yehowa pamue ne nzambi Bâla wa bena Kanana. Muprofete Hoshea wakafunda mêyi ende mu bidimu bia 700 K.B.B., uvua mudianjila kumanyisha tshikondo tshivua bena Isalele mua kunyingalala bua bubi buabu ne kubikila Yehowa ne: “Bayanyi,” kabayi bamubikila ne: ‘Bâla wanyi,’ (MMM) anyi ‘Mfumu wanyi.’ (Hoshea 2:16, 17) Amue mêna avua pa biyoyi bia mu Samalea adi umvuija ne: “Bâla ki tatu,” “Bâla udi wimba,” “Bâla udi ne bukole,” “Bâla udi uvuluka,” ne makuabu a mushindu eu. Kuoku mêna a bantu 11 avua ne dîna dia Yehowa, kuvua makuabu kabidi 7 avua ne dia “Bâla.”

Bia mu Alada

Alada uvua tshimenga tshia kale tshivua (tshitupa tshipela) kuinshi menemene kua Yelushalema, tshivua muaba uvuabu babikile ne: Negebe. Diumbula dia bintu bia mu Alada didi dileja muvuaku ngumbu ya musoko mibaka misangu 6 kubangila mu tshikondo tshia bukokeshi bua mukalenge Solomo (1037-998 K.B.B.) too ne ku dibutula dia Yelushalema kudi bena Babulona mu 607 K.B.B. Bintu bivuabu bangula mu Alada ebi ke bidi bia bungi kupita bintu bionso biangula bivua bifunda mu tshikondo tshivuabu bafunda Bible. Mu bintu ebi mudi biyoyi bipite pa 200 bifunda mu tshiena Ebelu, tshiena Alama ne mu miakulu mikuabu.

Bimue bia ku bintu biangula mu Alada bidi bijadika malu adi Bible wamba bua mêku a bakuidi. Tshilejilu, pa tshimue tshiyoyi pavua “mêna a bana ba Kola,” anu mudibi kabidi mu Ekesode 6:24 ne Nomba 26:11. Mitu ya mikanda mu Traduction du monde nouveau ya Musambu wa 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87, ne Mis 88 (Ke mvese ya kumpala mu Mukanda wa Mvidi Mukulu wa bena Katolike), idi ileja mudi Misambu eyi ya ‘Bana ba Kola.’ Dîku dia Pashû ne dia Melemota adi pawu a bakuidi adibu batela pa biyoyi bia mu Alada.​—1 Kulondolola 9:12; Ezela 8:33.

Tuangatayi tshilejilu tshikuabu. Mu bikulu bia lumue lumbu luvuabu base kumpala kua bena Babulona kubutula Yelushalema, bakebuludi mbapete tshiyoyi tshikuabu tshikale ne mêyi matumina kamanda ka masalayi a tshimenga. Bilondeshile mukanda kampanda, badi bamba mêyi makese aa ne: “Kudi Mukalenge wanyi Elyashib. Yehowa nkayende akulame wikala ne makanda. . . . Bua bidi bitangila bualu buuvua mungambile bua kuenza, malu onso adi enda biakane mpindieu: mmuimane mu ntempelu wa Yehowa.” (The Context of Scripture) Balongi ba malu a mu Bible ba bungi badi bamba ne: ntempelu udibu bamba eu ngua mu Yelushalema uvuabu bibake kale mu tshikondo tshia Solomo.

 Bia mu Lakisha

Lumbu lua musoko wa Lakisha lua kale luvua mu ntanta wa kilometre 44 ku Sud-Ouest kua Yelushalema. Pavuabu benda bumbula bua kupeta bintu mu tshidimu tshia 1930, bakapeta mushiki wa biyoyi muvua bipesa bia mikanda mitumina bantu bitue ku 12 bidibu bamba mudibi ne “mushinga wa bungi, bualu bidi biumvuija nsombelu wa malu a tshididi uvuaku ne tshimvundu tshivuaku pavua bena Yuda badilongolola bua mvita ivua [mukalenge wa Babulona] Nebukadenesa ulua nayi.”

Mikanda ya mushinga mukole ngivua Yaosh (uvua pamuapa kamanda ka basalayi ba mu Lakishe) mutumine tshindondi tshiende. Ngakuilu udi mu mikanda eyi mmufuanangane ne udi mu mifundu ya muprofete Yelemiya uvua pende ne muoyo mu tshikondo atshi. Tukonkononayi mudi mikanda eyi ibidi ishindika malu adi Bible wamba bua tshikondo atshi tshikole.

Mu Yelemiya 34:7, udi wamba bua tshikondo atshi ne: ‘Pakadi masalayi a mukalenge wa Babulona aluangana ne bena Yelushalema ne misoko yonso ya mu Yuda yakadi ishala, Lakisha ne Azeka; bua anu misoko eyi ya bena Yuda yakashala munkatshi mua misoko yakadi ne ngumbu.’ Muntu uvua mufunde umue wa ku mikanda miangula mu Lakisha uvua pamuapa umvuija bualu bua mushindu umue ne bua Yelemiya. Wakafunda ne: “Tudi tumona bimunyi bia mu Lakisha, . . . , kadi bua mu Azeka katuena tumona tshintu.” Balongi ba bungi ba malu a mu Bible badi bamba ne: Bena Babulona bakakuata Azeka kumpala, pashishe Lakisha. Bualu bua mushinga budi mu mukanda eu mbua “bimunyi.” Mvese wa Yelemiya 6:1 udi pende wakula bua mushindu eu uvua bantu bamanyishangane malu kale.

Batu kabidi bamba mudi mukanda mukuabu wa mu Lakisha ushindika malu mamba kudi muprofete Yelemiya ne Yehezekele bua muvua mukalenge wa Yuda uditashisha bua kupeta diambuluisha dia bena Ejipitu pavuaye mutombokela bena Babulona. (Yelemiya 37:5-8; 46:25, 26; Yehezekele 17:15-17) Mukanda wa mu Lakishe udi wamba ne: “Mona malu adi muena mudimu webe mupete: Kamanda Konyahu muana wa Elnatan wakaya mutangila ku sud bua kubuela mu Ejipitu.” Balongi ba malu a mu Bible batu batamba kumvuija luendu elu bu diya kukeba diambuluisha dia basalayi ba mu Ejipitu.

Bintu biangula mu Lakisha bidi kabidi bitela mêna a bungi adi mu mukanda wa Yelemiya, bu mudi: Neliya, Yâzanya, Gemaleya, Elenatana ne Hoshaya. (Yelemiya 32:12; 35:3; 36:10, 12; 42:1) Tshidibi katuena bamanye bikala mêna adi mu Bible mikala anu a bantu bamue bamue ne badibu batela mu mikanda ayi. Kadi bu muvua Yelemiya ne muoyo mu tshikondo atshi, difuanangana edi didi ne mushinga wa bungi.

Bualu bukuabu bua muomumue

Bintu biangula mu Samalea, Alada ne Lakisha bidi bishindika malu makuabu a bungi adi mamba mu Bible. Mu malu aa mudi mêna biota, a misoko ne bimenga, ne malu adi atangila ntendelelu ne a tshididi bia mu tshikondo atshi. Kadi kudi bualu bukuabu bua mushinga budi mu bisumbu bionso bisatu bia bintu bidibu bangula ebi.

Mu mikanda uvuabu bapete mu Alada ne mu Lakisha muvua biambilu bu mudi tshia ne: “Yehowa akupa ditalala.” Mu mikanda 7 idibu bangula mu Lakisha, mudi dîna dia Nzambi misangu yonso misanga 11. Kabidi, mu mêna a bena Ebelu a bungi adi mu bisumbu bionso bisatu bia bintu ebi mudi tshitupa tshia dîna dia Yehowa. Biyoyi ebi bidi bijadika ne: Dîna dia Nzambi divua mukana mua bena Isalele ba mu tshikondo atshi dituku dionso.

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 13]

Tshiyoyi tshiangula mu Alada tshivuabu batumine muntu kampanda diende Elyashib

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Foto wa © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; ne dianyisha dia Israel Antiquities Autority

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 14]

Mukanda wa mu Lakisha udi uleja dîna dia Nzambi

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Foto mukuata ne dianyisha dia British Museum