Mfundilu wa kale ne malu a mu Bible

PANYIMA pa Nzambi mumane kutompakaja muakulu wa bantu ku Babele, bantu bakatuadija kufunda mu mishindu mishilangane. Tshilejilu, bantu ba mu Mesopotamia bu mudi ba mu Sumer ne mu Babulona bavua ne wabu mfundilu. Bavua bafunda pa dima ditalala ne katshi kasongoloke kavua kashiya bimfuanyi bisongoloke pa dima adi.

Bantu batu bumbula bua kupeta bintu bia kale mbapete mabue a dima mikale ne mfundilu wa bimfuanyi bisongoloke adi akula bua bantu ne malu adibu bafunde mu Bible. Ntshinyi tshitudi bamanye bua mfundilu eu? Mmunyi mudi malu adibu bafundamu aleja ne: Bible mmukanda wa kueyemena?

Malu avuabu bafunde kale menemene

Bamanyi ba malu a kale badi bamba ne: bantu ba kale ba mu Mesopotamia bavua bafunda ne bimfuanyi bivua bileja tshintu, muaku anyi lungenyi kampanda. Tshilejilu, bua kuakula bua ngombe, bavua bazola anu mutu wende patupu. Kadi bu muvua malu a kufunda enda avula, bakalengeja mfundilu wabu. Mukanda mukuabu udi wamba ne: “Bimfuanyi biakatuadija kuleja miaku ne bitupa bia miaku bivuabu bashindumuna ne tshikuma tshimue.” (NIV Archaeological Study Bible) Ndekelu wa bionso, bimfuanyi bitue ku 200 biakalua “kuambuluisha bua kufunda muakulu wabu ne miaku yawu yonso ne mfundilu wawu.”

Bidimu bitue ku 2000 kumpala kua Yezu, mu tshikondo tshia Abalahama, mfundilu wa bimfuanyi bisongoloke ukavua muye kumpala bikole. Mu bidimu 2 000 biakalonda, bakavua bafunda miakulu mitue ku 15 ne mfundilu eu. Miyuki 99 pa 100 idibu bapete ivua mifunde pa bintu bienza ne dima. Munkatshi mua bidimu 150 bishale, mbapete bintu bia dima ebi bia bungi menemene mu tshimenga tshia Ula, Uruk, Babulona, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Ninewe, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit ne tshia Amarna. Tshikandakanda kampanda tshidi tshiamba ne: “Bamanyi ba malu a kale badi batshinka ne: bakadi bapete bintu bienza ne dima bidibu bafunde malu ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke pankatshi pa muliyo umue ne ibidi, ne ku tshidimu tshionso etshi badi bapeta bikuabu 25 000.”​—Archaeology Odyssey.

Bamanyi ba mfundilu eu badi ne mudimu wa bungi wa kukudimuna malu adibu bafunde pa bintu bidibu bapete ebi. Badi batshinka ne: “Ku bintu bidibu bapete ebi, bakadi bafike ku dibala anu tshimue pa dikumi musangu umue.”

Dipeta dia miyuki mifunda mu mfundilu wa bimfuanyi bisongoloke mu miakulu ibidi anyi isatu ndiambuluishe bua kubala mfundilu eu. Bamanyi ba mfundilu eu bakamona ne: bintu ebi bivua ne malu a muomumue kadi mafunda mu miakulu mishilangane. Tshivua tshibambuluishe bua kubala mfundilu eu ndijingulula dia ne: bavua batamba kuambulula mena, mianzu, dilondangana dia bakalenge ne biambilu bia kuditumbisha nabi.

Patuakafika mu bidimu bia 1850, bamanyi ba mfundilu eu bakavua babala muakulu umue mufunda ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke uvua bena mu Asia wa pankatshi, bena Akkad anyi bena Ashû ne bena Babulona bakula bonso mu malu abu a bungenda. Mukanda mukuabu udi umvuija ne: “Pakamanyabu mua kubala tshiena Akkad, bakumvua muvua mfundilu au wenda uya ne bakapatula tshilejilu bua kukudimuna miakulu mikuabu ivuabu bafunda ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke.” (Encyclopædia Britannica) Mmunyi mudi malu adibu bafunde aa apetangana ne a mu Bible?

Bualu budi bupetangana ne Bible

Bible udi wamba ne: Bakalenge bena Kanâna ke bavua bakokesha mu tshimenga tshia  Yelushalema too ne tshikondo tshivua Davidi mutshikuate mu 1070 kumpala kua Yezu. (Yosh. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9) Kadi bantu bakuabu bavua bela mpata. Mu 1887, mamu mukuabu uvua udima mu musoko wa Amarna mu ditunga dia Ejipitu, wakapeta tshipesa tshia dima tshivuabu bafunde ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke. Bakalua kupeta kabidi bipesa 380 bivua ne mikanda ivua bakokeshi ba mu Ejipitu (Amenhotep III ne Akhenaton) bafundilangana ne bakalenge ba mu Kanâna. Mikanda isambombo ya kudiyi ivua ifumina kudi Abdi-Heba, mukalenge wa mu Yelushalema.

Tshikandakanda tshikuabu tshidi tshiamba ne: “Bipesa bia dima bia mu Amarna bidi bileja patoke ne: Yelushalema kavua ditunga to, kadi uvua tshimenga, ne bidi bileja muvua Abdi-Heba muikale . . . ngovena uvua ne nzubu mu Yelushalema ne basalayi bena Ejipitu 50. Malu aa adi aleja ne: Yelushalema uvua tshimenga tshivua pa mukuna tshikale ne mukalenge.” (Biblical Archaeology Review) Tshikandakanda atshi tshiakalua kuamba kabidi ne: “Bilondeshile mikanda ya ku Amarna, tudi mua kuikala bashindike ne: kuvua tshimenga tshivua ne lumu tshikondo atshi.”

Mêna adi mu mikanda ya bena Ashû ne bena Babulona

Bena Ashû ne pashishe bena Babulona bavua bafunda malu abu pa bipesa bia dima ne pa mabue masonga mu mishindu mishilangane. Nunku pavua bamanyi bafike ku dibala bimfuanyi bisongoloke bia tshiena Akkad, bakamona ne: bivua bitela mêna a bantu badibu batela kabidi mu Bible.

Mukanda mukuabu udi wamba ne: “Pavua mulongeshi Samuel Birch muakule kumpala kua bena mu société d’archéologie biblique mu 1870, wakafika ku dibabadila mêna a bakalenge bena Ebelu [avuabu bafunde ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke] bu mudi Omeli, Ahaba, Yehu, Azaya . . . , Menahema, Peka, Hoshea, Hezikiya ne Manashe; bakalenge bena Ashû: Tigalata-Pelesê . . . [III], Sâgona, Senaheliba, Esâ-Hadona ne Osenapâ, . . . ne bakalenge bena Sulia: Bene-Hadada, Hazaele ne Lesinyi.”​—The Bible in the British Museum.

Mu mukanda mukuabu badi bafuanyikija muyuki wa bena Isalele ne bena Yuda udi mu Bible ne malu adibu bafunde mu bimfuanyi bisongoloke. Mbapete ne: “Mbatele mêna a bakalenge bena Yuda ne bena Isalele 15 anyi 16 ne tshikondo tshivuabu ne muoyo mu mikanda ya mu matunga makuabu ya kale anu bu mudibu babitele mu mukanda wa Bakelenge wa kumpala ne muibidi ya mu Bible. Bakalenge bonso badibu batele mu mikanda ya kale ayi, mbabatele kabidi mu mikanda ya mu Bible ya Bakelenge.”​—The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating.

Dibue disonga didi dimanyike bikole didibu bafunde malu a Cyrus divuabu bangule mu 1879 didi dileja ne: Cyrus mumane kukuata Babulona mu tshidimu tshia 539 kumpala kua Yezu, wakambila bapika bua kupingana kuabu anu bu muvua tshilele tshiende. Munkatshi mua bapika abu muvua bena Yuda. (Eze. 1:1-4) Bamanyi ba bungi ba mu bidimu bia 1800 kabavua bitaba tshidibu bafunde mu Bible pa bualu ebu to. Kadi bintu bifunda ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke bia mu tshikondo tshivua bena Pelasa bikale ne bukokeshi bua bungi bu mudi dibue dia Cyrus, bidi bitujadikila mudi Bible wamba bulelela.

Mu 1883, bakapeta bintu bitue ku 700 bifunda ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke mu Nippur, pabuipi ne Babulona. Munkatshi mua mêna 2 500 adi mafundamu, mêna matue ku 70 nga bena Yuda. Mufundi wa malu a kale Edwin Yamauchi udi wamba ne: mêna aa nga “bantu badi bumvuangana bua mudimu kampanda, balombodi ba midimu, bamanyi ba bualu kampanda, bafutshishi ba bitadi ne bena mudimu ba mukalenge.” Tshijadiki tshia muvua bena Yuda batungunuka ne kuenza midimu eyi pabuipi ne Babulona mu tshikondo atshi tshidi ne mushinga wa bungi. Tshidi tshiumvuangana ne mulayi wa mu Bible uvua uleja ne: bamue ba “munkatshi” mua bena Isalele bavua ku bupika mu Ashû ne mu Babulona ke bakapingana mu Yudaya, kadi ba bungi kabakapingana to.​—Yesh. 10:21, 22.

Bidimu tshinunu kumpala kua Yezu bantu bavua bafunda ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke ne maleta bu mutudi tufunda lelu. Ndekelu wa bionso, bena Ashû ne bena Babulona bakalekela kufunda ne bimfuanyi, kutuadijabu kufunda ne maleta.

Kutshidi mabue binunu ne binunu adi ne bimfuanyi bisongoloke adibu kabayi banji kubala mu bilaminu bia bintu bia kale. Mabue akadi bamanyi bamane kubala adi aleja patoke ne: Bible udi wamba malu malelela. Tudi mua kupeta bijadiki bikuabu bia bungi pikalabu mua kubala mabue makuabu adi mashale.

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 21]

Foto mukuate ne dianyisha dia the British Museum