KAPETULU 20
Numba “Apwa waMangana” Oloze Wakulinyisa
1-3. Mwomwo ika natwitavila ngwetu Yehova apwa wakulinyisa?
ACHISHINGANYEKE chisemi ali nakusaka kunangula mwanenyi wamundende chishina chachilemu. Mwafwila kachi ahete kumuchima wamwanenyi. Jila muka atela kuzachisa? Uno atela kumwimanyina mwana mumutwe nakumulweza nautenu tahi, nyi atela kunongama nakumuhanjikisa mujila yamwaza, yayivwovu? Chikupu vene, chisemi wamangana, wakulinyisa mwahanjikisa mwanenyi mujila yayivwovu.
2 Nyi Setu Yehova apwa ngachilihi, kutala apwa wakulivwimba nyi wakulinyisa? Uno wakutenuka nyi wamuvwovu? Yehova atachikiza vyuma vyosena kaha akwechi mangana akulitulaho. Pamo nayove nawitavila ngwove vatu vaze vakwechi chinyingi nauhashi wakwivwishisa washi vyuma kakavulu kavalinyisako. Vikiko Mbimbiliya yahanjikila ngwayo, “chinyingi cheji kunehanga kulivwimba.” (Wavaka-Kolinde 1, 3:19; 8:1) Oloze Yehova, uze “apwa wamangana,” apwa nawa wakulinyisa. (Yopa 9:4) Kuhona kulivwimba kachalumbununa nge apwa wakukuminamo chipwe kapwa wamulemuko. Mwomwo ika tunahanjikila ngocho?
3 Yehova apwa wajila. Ngocho kalivwimbako, mwomwo kulivwimba cheji kupihisanga mutu. (Mako 7:20-22) Kaha nawa achishinganyeke hamazu ahanjikile kapolofweto Yelemiya kuli Yehova, ngwenyi: “Naungwanuka, kaha naunongama nakungukafwa.” a (Lungungu 3:20) Mazu kana akukomwesa. Yehova uze apwa Mwata Wakulitulaho Mwilu naHamavu, alisuwile ‘kunongama’ chipwe kulilingisa asoloke nge neseka hamwe naYelemiya, mangana evwilile kuli ou mutu wakuhona kukupuka. (Samu 113:7) Eyo, Yehova apwa wakulinyisa. Jino kulinyisa chenyi eji kuchisololanga ngachilihi? Uno kulinyisa chatambukila ngachilihi hamwe namangana? Kaha chalemena halihi kuli etu?
Yehova Mwalisolola Kupwa Wakulinyisa
4, 5. (a) Uno kulinyisa chapwa chika, mutu nahase kuchisolola ngachilihi, kaha mwomwo ika katwatela kushinganyeka ngwetu mutu wakulinyisa apwa wakuhehela chipwe wawomako? (b) Yehova asolwele ngachilihi kulinyisa kuli Ndavichi, kaha mwomwo ika kulinyisa chaYehova chapwila chachilemu kuli etu?
4 Kulinyisa chalumbununa kupwa namuchima wakulikehesa nakuhona kushinganyeka ngwetu twapwa tuvavalemu chikuma kuhambakana vakwetu. Kulinyisa chatwama mumuchima, kaha mutu nahase kuchisolola hakupwa wamuvwovu, wakutalilila chikoki, kaha nawa wakuvova. (Wavaka-Ngalesha 5:22, 23) Chipwe ngocho, katwatela kushinganyeka ngwetu Yehova hakupwa navilinga kana chasolola nge keshi kuhasa kupihilila haupi uli nakusoloka, chipwe kuhona kuhamuka nakuzachisa ngolo jenyi jakunongesako. Oloze kulinyisa chaYehova nakuvova chenyi, vyasolola nge akwechi ngolo jajinene jakukupuka jakulikanyisa ivene kulinga vyuma vimwe. (Isaya 42:14) Uno kulinyisa chatambukila ngachilihi hamwe namangana? Mutu umwe alinangula Mbimbiliya ahanjikile ngwenyi, mutu atela kuzakama vakwavo numba apwenga wakulinyisa, kaha mutu kana ikiye kaha nahase kupwa namangana amwenemwene. Uno kulinyisa chaYehova cheji kutunganyalisanga ngachilihi?
Chisemi wamangana eji kulelanga vana venyi mujila yakulinyisa kaha nawa yayivwovu
5 Mwangana Ndavichi embile mwaso wakwalisa Yehova ngwenyi: “Weji kunguhananga kepwe yove yaulwilo, livoko lyove lyachilyo lyeji kungujikijisanga, kaha kulinyisa chove cheji kungunehelanga ulemu.” (Samu 18:35) Echi chili nakusolola nge Yehova alinyishile nakunongama kuli ou mutu wakuhona kukupuka, mangana amukinge nakumulama hakumbi hakumbi. Ndavichi ejivile ngwenyi kuyovoka chenyi nakukapwa mwangana wamulemu chapendaminyine hakulinyisa chaYehova. Chikupu vene, nge Yehova kapwile wakulisuula ngana mwachisemi wamuvwovu wazangi, nakulinyisako, kachi nou mwahasa kutalilila kukayovoka wauchi.
6, 7. (a) Mwomwo ika Mbimbiliya kayavuluka Yehova kupwa wakulikehesako? (b) Uno kulinyisa chatambukila ngachilihi hamwe namangana, kaha iya atuhana chakutalilaho chamwenemwene?
6 Chapwa chachilemu kutachikiza ngwetu kulinyisa chalihandununa nakulikehesa. Kulikehesa hichuma chachilemu chize chasakiwa kuli vaka-Kulishitu. Nachikiko nawa chatambukila hamwe namangana, ngana mwakulinyisa. Chakutalilaho, hali Vishimo 11:2 ngwavo: “Vaka-kulikehesa vakwechi mangana.” Oloze Mbimbiliya kayavuluka ngwayo Yehova apwa wakulikehesako. Mwomwo ika? Mwomwo kweseka naMbimbiliya, lizu kulikehesa lyatalisa kumutu uze atachikiza hakumina ngolo jenyi nalisesa lyenyi. Oloze Ou Wangolo Josena katwama noho hakumina ngolo jenyiko, kaha nahase kulinga kala chuma nasake, kuvanga kaha alikanyise ivene mwomwo yajishimbi jenyi jakwoloka. (Mako 10:27; WaChituse 1:2) Kaha nawa, ou Wakulitulaho Chikuma katwama nawakumulweza vyakulingako. Shikaho, Yehova kasakiwa kupwa wakulikehesako.
7 Chipwe ngocho, Yehova apwa wakulinyisa kaha nawa wamuvwovu. Eji kunangulanga vangamba jenyi ngwenyi, vatela kupwa vakulinyisa numba vapwenga namangana amwenemwene. Mazu enyi amba ngwawo ‘muchima wauvwovu weji kufumanga hakupwa namangana.’ b (WaYakova 3:13) Achitale hachakutalilaho atuhana Yehova.
Yehova Eji Kuhanangako Vangelo naVatu Milimo Nakuvevwilila
8-10. (a) Mwomwo ika chapwila chuma chakulipwila Yehova kuhanako vangelo navatu milimo nakuvevwilila? (b) Uno Ou Wangolo Josena nasololanga ngachilihi kulinyisa omu nazatenga navangelo?
8 Kulinyisa chaYehova tweji kuchimwenanga hamuchima wenyi wakulisuula kuhanako vangelo navatu milimo nakuvevwilila nawa. Echi hichuma chakukomwesa, kaha nawa Yehova kapendamina hakumukafwa chipwe kumweululako. (Isaya 40:13, 14; Wavaka-Loma 11:34, 35) Oloze kakavulu Mbimbiliya yatulweza omwo Yehova nasololanga kulinyisa mujijila kana.
9 Chakutalilaho, achitale hachuma chakulipwila chasolokele mukuyoya chaApalahama. Apalahama atambwile vangeji vatatu, kaha umwe amuvulukile ngwenyi “Yehova.” Vangeji kana vapwile vangelo, oloze umwe wavo ejile mulijina lyaYehova nakulinga vyuma mulijina lyenyi. Vyuma ahanjikile nakulinga uze kangelo, vyapwile nakufuma kuli Yehova. Kaha nawa azachishile ou kangelo alweze Apalahama ngwenyi evwile ‘miteto vapwile nakulitetelela vatu haSotome naNgomola.’ Yehova ambile ngwenyi: “Nanguyako ngumone numba nge vyuma vali nakulitetelelaho vyamuchano. Nangusaka ngutachikize vyuma kanevi.” (Kuputuka 18:3, 20, 21) Awa mazu aYehova kawalumbunwine nge Ou Wangolo Josena ejile chikupu hamavuko. Oloze nahalwola kana atumine vangelo vamwimanyineko. (Kuputuka 19:1) Mwomwo ika? Uno nge Yehova uze eji kumonanga ejile, kachi kahashile ‘kutachikiza’ omwo vyapwile vyumako tahi? Kachi atachikijile vene. Oloze Yehova alinyishile nakuhana vaze vangelo mulimo wakuya nakukekesa omwo vyapwile vyuma muSotome nakutambukila nawa Lote natanga yenyi.
10 Kaha nawa Yehova apwa muka-kwivwilila. Lwola lumwe ahulishile vangelo jenyi vahanjike vishinganyeka vyavo kutalisa kujila yakwongelamo Mwangana wakuhuka Ahave, mangana ayenga kujita akafwileko. Yehova akwechi ngolo jakulinga chuma kana uka wenyi. Oloze etavilile jila ahanjikile kangelo kenyi umwe nakumulweza ayenga nakulinga vene ngocho. (Vamyangana 1, 22:19-22) Uno echi kachapwile hikulinyisako tahi?
11, 12. Vyuma muka vyalingishile Apalahama amone ngwenyi Yehova apwa wakulinyisa?
11 Yehova eji kwivwililanga nakuli vatu vakuhona kukupuka vaze navasaka kumulweza ukalu wavo. Chakutalilaho, omu Yehova alwezele Apalahama ngwenyi ali nakusaka kunongesa Sotome naNgomola, uze lunga wakushishika afwile chishima. Ambile ngwenyi: “Kaweshi kuhasa kulinga ngochoko,” kaha nawa ngwenyi: “Kutala Muka-kuyula vaka-mavu vosena mwahona kulinga mwamwaza numba?” Ahulishile ejive nge Yehova nahase kutetela jinganda kana kachi nge navawanamo vaka-kwoloka 50. Yehova etavilile ngwenyi mwajitetela. Oloze Apalahama ahulishile chihula chochimwe, oku ali nakutepulula kuvula chavatu kwiza ku 45, naku 40, kaha nakutwalaho lika kutepulula. Numba tuhu Yehova atwalileho kufwelelesa Apalahama, oloze Apalahama amuhulishile lika palanga nomu atepulwile kuvula chavatu nakuheta ku 10. Pamo Apalahama halwola kana kejivile kanawa ngwenyi Yehova apwa muka-kutetelako. Chipwe ngocho, Yehova alinyishile nakwechelela sepa lyenyi Apalahama uze apwile nawa ngamba yenyi atufule vyapwile kumuchima wenyi.—Kuputuka 18:23-33.
12 Vatu mukaze vamangana kaha nawa vakutanga chikuma, vaze vanahase kulihulika nakwivwilila kumutu wakuhona chinyingi? c Oloze omu mukiko eji kulinganga Kalunga ketu wakulinyisa. Mukushimutwila chavo, Apalahama amwene nawa ngwenyi Yehova apwa “wakushipwokela kukwata utenu.” (Kulovoka 34:6) Pamo Apalahama amwene ngwenyi kapwile nalisesa lyakuhulisa Ou Wakulitulaho Chikuma ovyo asakilile kulinga chuma kanako, ngocho amulembelelele kavali ngwenyi: “Ove Yehova, kanda upihililako.” (Kuputuka 18:30, 32) Eyo Yehova kapihililileko. Chikupu vene, ‘muchima wenyi wauvwovu wafuma hakupwa namangana.’
Yehova Apwa Muka-Kwashiwisa Muchima
13. Mwomwo ika lizu “kwashiwisa muchima” lyapwila lyakutamo ngana omu valizachisa muMbimbiliya kulumbununa omwo apwa Yehova?
13 Kulinyisa chaYehova tweji kuchimwenanga nawa muvilinga vyenyi vyamwaza, chakutalilaho, kwashiwisa muchima. Chaluvinda, vatu vakuhona kukupuka vavavulu kavatwama namuchima kanako. Yehova eji kwivwililanga kuli vatu navangelo, kaha eji kulinganga nawa vyuma navamulomba kachi nge kavyalimbalakile najishimbi jenyi jakwolokako. Kweseka naMbimbiliya, lizu “kwashiwisa muchima” lyalumbununa kwitavila. Ou muchima atwama nawo Kalunga wasolola nawa nge atwama namangana. Hali WaYakova 3:17 ngwavo: “Mangana akufuma mwilu . . . apwa . . . akwashiwisa muchima.” Uno Yehova uze atwama namangana osena eji kwashiwisanga ngachilihi muchima? Eji kulinganga ngocho hakwalumuna muchima kweseka nomwo vili vyuma. Anuka ngwove, lijina lyenyi lyatukafwa tutachikize ngwetu Yehova eji kulilingisanga kupwa mweshomwo nasake mangana atesemo vyuma najinyi. (Kulovoka 3:14) Kutala echi kacheshi nakusolola nge apwa muka-kwashiwisa muchima kaha nawa eji kwalumunanga muchima kweseka nomwo vili vyumako tahi?
14, 15. Uno litemba lyaYehova lyamwilu lize vamumwenesele Ezekele lyeji kutunangulanga ika hachihanda chaliuka lyaYehova chamwilu, kaha lyalihandununa ngachilihi namauka avaka-kaye?
14 MuMbimbiliya mwatwama mujimbu umwe waulemu uze weji kutukafwanga twivwishise mujila Yehova eji kwalumwinangamo muchima wenyi. Kapolofweto Ezekele vamumwenesele chihanda chaliuka lyaYehova chamwilu muze mwatwama vatu vakushipilitu. Amwene litemba lyalinene lyakukomwesa, lize lyapwa “minyau” yaYehova yize eji kutambukisanga lwola lwosena. Chuma chakukomwesa amwene shina mujila lyapwilenga nakutambukilamo. Tufumbo twalyo vavanene vapwile vamitamba yiwana oku nawa vapwile nameso kwosena jingulwishi ndo, mangana ahase kumona kwosena, nakuya kukala chihela chakuzeneka kwimana chipwe kupinguluka. Eli litemba lyalinene kalyapwile nakutambuka ngana muze yapwa minyau yakutunga kuvatuko. Lyatambukilenga nge kuvesa chamuveso, kaha lyalumukilenga chakuzeneka kunyengumuka. (Ezekele 1:1, 14-28) Eyo, liuka lyaYehova lyapwa ngana mwayou Mwata wangolo josena uze eji kulitambukisanga mwomwo lyeji kwalumukanga kweseka nomwo vili nakwalumuka vyuma mukaye.
15 Vatu vanahase kulondezeza jila kaneyi nakwalumunanga michima kweseka nomwo vili vyuma. Oloze kakavulu, vatu namauka avo vapwa vakukakama michima, kaha kavalumukako. Achishinganyeke hachakutalilaho chino: Mbopolo chipwe masuhwa yakumbata viteli vyavilemu yinahase kupwa yayinene kaha nawa yangolo. Oloze mbopolo chipwe masuhwa kayeshi kwimana washi nge kunasoloka vimweko. Nge munjanji munakingavala chuma, masuhwa kayeshi kuhasa kupinguluka, chipwe kwimana washiwashiko. Nge masuhwa yize yinaleme naviteli nayikwata mambuleki, yinahase kutwalaho lika kutambuka kafwe jikilomita jivali numbanyi yikemane. Chochimwe nambopolo yayinene, chipwe nge naujima makina, nayitambuka jikilomita 8 numba yikemane. Numba tuhu makina ayo navawahaka mungiya yakutambuka chifutanyima, oloze kuvangila yikokangize tando yajikilomita jitatu kuya kulutwe. Omu mukiko apwa namauka avatu aze apwa akukaluhwisa vyuma, aze kawashiwisa vyumako. Kakavulu muchima wakulivwimba weji kulingisanga vatu vahone kwalumuka kweseka nomwo vili vyuma. Muchima kana unaholola mauka najifulumende. (Vishimo 16:18) Twawahilila chikuma hakutachikiza ngwetu omu keshi mukiko chapwa kuli Yehova hamwe naliuka lyenyiko.
Omwo Yehova Eji Kwashiwisanga Muchima
16. Yehova ashiwishile ngachilihi muchima kuli Lote shimbu kanda anongese Sotome naNgomola?
16 Achitale cheka hamujimbu wakwenyeka Sotome naNgomola. Lote natanga yenyi vavalwezele kanawa mwakulingila kuli kangelo kaYehova, ngwenyi: “Chinyina kungalila yajipili.” Oloze Lote kasakile kuya kuzeko. Amulembelelele ngwenyi: “Ove Yehova, kuzenyi chiku mwane.” Lote ashinganyekele ngwenyi nge mwachinyina kujipili kana, kaha mwakafwilako, ngocho alembelelele ngwenyi vamwitavise hamwe natanga yenyi vayenga kunganda yaZowale. Anuka ngwove, Yehova ambile ngwenyi mwanongesa nanganda kana. Lote nawa evwile kaha woma wanganavene. Chikupu vene, Yehova kachi ayowele Lote kujipili amulwezele kuya. Oloze Yehova evwililile kukuyayavala chaLote kaha Zowale kayinongeseleko. Kangelo alwezele Lote ngwenyi: “Chamwaza. Ngunakwitavisa, kaha kangweshi kunongesa mbongi unavulukako.” (Kuputuka 19:17-22) Kutala chuma kana kachasolola nge Yehova apwa wamuvwovuko tahi?
17, 18. Yehova asolwele ngachilihi nge apwa muka-kwashiwisa muchima kuli vaka-Nyineve?
17 Lwola lwosena Yehova eji kutetelanga nakulinga vyuma vyakwoloka, ngocho eji kulisuulanga kulinga vyuma navisakiwa kuli vatu vaze navapihilila nakwalumuka. Achitale havyuma vyasolokele omu kapolofweto Yona vamutumine kunganda yayipi yaNyineve, yize yazalile naukenya. Yona ahichilenga mumikwakwa yaNyineve, nakuvilika mujimbu wawashi uze vamuhwiminyinyine kuli Kalunga, ngwenyi: Kunasale kaha makumbi 40, Nyineve navayinongesa. Oloze vyuma vyalumukile mukukemwina chaliso. Vaka-Nyineve vapihililile nakwalumuka.—Yona, kapetulu 3.
18 Achishinganyeke hachuma alingile Yehova kuli ava vatu valumukile mwomwo yamujimbu avilikile Yona. Omu vapihililile nakwalumuka, Yehova alumwine muchima, nakulilingisa kupwa Muka-Kukonekela jishili muchishishisa chakupwa “muka-kwasa jita wangolo.” d (Kulovoka 15:3) Oloze Yona apwile namuchima wakukakama, wakuhona kutetela. Mukutela kulondezeza Yehova hakwashiwisa muchima, ikiye apwile ngana mwamasuhwa chipwe mbopolo yayinene yize twavulukanga lyehi. Asakile vatu vavanongese nge muze avilikilenga. Oloze Yehova atalilile chikoki ou kapolofweto kenyi wakuhona muchima wakutalilila chikoki, amone kulema chakwashiwisa muchima nakutetela.—Yona, kapetulu 4.
19. (a) Mwomwo ika twatela kufwelela ngwetu Yehova keshi kutulweza tulinge vyuma vyakuhambakana hangolo jetuko? (b) Uno mazu ahali Vishimo 19:17 asolola ngachilihi nge Yehova apwa Mwata ‘wamwaza, muka-kwashiwisa muchima,’ kaha nawa wakulinyisa chikuma?
19 Chamakumishilo, Yehova eji kusololanga ngwenyi apwa muka-kwashiwisa muchima hakuhona kutulweza tulinge vyuma vyakuzomboka hangolo jetu. Mwangana Ndavichi ambile ngwenyi: “Atachikiza kanawa omu atutenga, atachikiza ngwenyi twapwa tulukungu kaha.” (Samu 103:14) Yehova atachikiza hakumina ngolo jetu natutenga twetu kuzomboka omwo twalitachikiza etu vavene. Kasaka tulinge vyuma vize katweshi kuhasako. Mbimbiliya yavuluka miyachi yivali yavamyata, vamwe vapwa “vamwaza, vaka-kwashiwisa muchima,” kaha veka vapwa “vavakalu kusuulwisa.” (WaPetulu 1, 2:18) Jino Yehova apwa Mwata wamuyachi muka? Tala mazu ahali Vishimo 19:17 aze amba ngwawo: “Ou mwevwila muka-kuhutwa uselewa ali nakulevanyisa Yehova.” Eyo, kuvanga kaha mwata wamwaza, wamuvwovu ikiye nahase kwijiva vilinga vyosena vyalikoji vali nakusolwela vaka-kuhutwa. Kaha nawa, echi chisoneka chinasolola nge Tengi uze atengele vyuma vyosena, afwila kukafweta vaze veji kusolwelanga vakwavo likoji. Echi hikulinyisa chakulipwila chikupu.
20. Unjiho muka watufwelelesa nge Yehova eji kwivwililanga kukulomba chetu nakutukumbulula?
20 Namakumbi ano Yehova apwa wakulinyisa, kaha wamuvwovu hakuzata navangamba jenyi. Nge natumulomba nalufwelelo, mwatwivwilila. Numba tuhu katuma vangelo jenyi kwiza nakuhanjika kuli etuko, oloze katwatela kushinganyeka ngwetu kakumbulula kulomba chetuko. Anuka ngwove, omu kaposetolo Paulu alembelelele vandumbwenyi ‘vamulombeleko’ mangana vamusokole mukamenga, ambile ngwenyi: “Mangana vanguhilwise washi kuli enu.” (WavaHepeleu 13:18, 19) Shikaho, kulomba chetu chinahase kulingisa Yehova alinge vyuma vize pamo katelanga kulinga nge katwamulombangako.—WaYakova 5:16.
21. Vishinganyeka muka vize katwatela kupwa navyoko hakulinyisa chaYehova, kaha uli nakwivwa ngachilihi hakulinyisa chenyi?
21 Chipwe ngocho, kulinyisa chaYehova chize eji kusololanga hakupwa namuchima wauvwovu, nakulisuula kwivwilila, namuchima wakutalilila chikoki, nakwashiwisa muchima, kachalumbununa nge nahase kwitavisa vatu vahokole tuhu jishimbi jenyi jakwolokako. Vatwamina vamuKulishitendomu vanahase kushinganyeka ngwavo pamo vali nakwashiwisa muchima hakulweza vatu javo vyuma navivevwisa kuwaha, numba tuhu vyuma kana vinalimbalaka najishimbi jaYehova jakwoloka. (WaChimoteu 2, 4:3) Vatu vavula kulinga vyuma vize vanatachikiza ngwavo vyakuhenga, kachi nge vinavashiwila, nakushinganyeka ngwavo chikiko kwashiwisa muchima. Oloze Yehova apwa wajila, kaha keshi kuhengesa jishimbi jenyi jakwolokako. (VyavaLevi 11:44) Twatela kutachikiza ngwetu Yehova eji kwashiwisanga muchima mwomwo apwa wakulinyisa, ngocho chinahase kutulingisa tumuzange. Kutala kawevwa kuwaha kutachikiza ngwove Yehova Kalunga wamangana akuzomboka vosena, apwa nawa wakulinyisa chikumako tahi? Ocho kuwaha kana hakupandama kuli Kalunga kanou wakukomwesa uze atwama namuchima wakutalilila chikoki, kaha nawa muka-kwashiwisa muchima.
a Vaka-kusoneka vakushikulu, chipwe ngwetu vaSopherim, valumwine eyi vesi nakwamba ngwavo Yelemiya ikiye anongamine, keshi Yehovako. Vashinganyekele ngwavo Kalunga keshi kuhasa kulinyisa mujila kanako. Echi chalingisa vaka-kwalumuna vavavulu vasezeho echi chishina chamwaza chamuvesi kana. Oloze, Mbimbiliya yaNew English Bible yalumuna mazu kana mujila yakwoloka ngwayo, Yelemiya ahanjikile kuli Kalunga ngwenyi: “Achingwanuke chakungwanuka, kaha nongama kuli ami.”
b JiMbimbiliya jeka ngwajo “kulinyisa chafuma hamangana” kaha jikwavo ngwajo “kuvova hikatachikijilo kamangana.”
c Mbimbiliya yasolola ngwayo mutu wakuhona muchima wakutalilila chikoki apwa wakulipambula. (Muka-kwambulula 7:8) Kulinyisa chaYehova twachimwena nawa hamuchima wenyi wakutalilila chikoki.—WaPetulu 2, 3:9.