PENJO MOKWONGO
Ngima Nochakore Nade?
Ka ne pod itin, be nipenjo jonyuolni niya: “Nyithindo wuok-ga kanye?” Ka en kamano, ne gidwoki nade? Nyaka bed ni jonyuolni nomiyi dwoko moro piyo piyo nikech wigi ne kuot dwoko penjono kata nyaka bed ni ne gifwayo afwaya penjono nikech ne pod itin. Samoro ne ginyisi sigendni moko ma ne iduogo ifwenyo ni gin miriambo. En adier ni mondo nyathi odong maber kendo oikre ne kend, nyaka ong’e kaka fuonni mag del tiyo.
Mana kaka jonyuol mang’eny yudoga ka teknegi lero kama nyithindo wuokega, e kaka josayans moko bende yudoga ka teknegi lero kama ngima noaye. Ng’eyo kama ngima noaye nyalo miyo ng’ato olok pache e yo monenogo ngima. Kare ngima nochakore nade?
Tong’ mar dhako, ka okete obedo maduong’ nyadi 800
En ang’o ma josayans mang’eny wacho? Ji mang’eny ma paro ni ngima nosieko asieka kende biro nyisi ni higni bilionde mokalo, ngima nochakore e chuny nam kata e dho dago moro ma nopong’ gi pi e kinde apaka mager. Giparo ni kuonde kaka mago e ma kemikol noruwore kanyachiel mi giloso gik ma chalo buoyo buoyo, kae to gik ma chalo buoyo buoyogo nochako pogore pogore. Giwacho ni ngima nochakore apoya nono e piny kowuok e cell achiel kata cell mang’eny.
Moko kuom josayans mong’ere ahinya ma wacho ni gik moko nosieko kendgi ok oyie gi wachno. Giparo ni cell mokwongo kata gik madongo ma loso cell-go nochopo e piny kowuok kamoro machielo. Nikech ang’o? En nikech kata obedo ni josayans osetimo nonro mang’eny, pok giyudo gik ma nyiso ni ngima nyalo chakore e molecule ma onge ngima. E higa mar 2008, profesa moro mar Biology miluongo in Alexandre Meinesz nowacho kaka lero wachno osebedo ka chandogi. Nowacho ni kuom higni 50 mokalo, “onge nonro moro mosetim ma nyiso ni ngima nochakore apoya e piny kowuok kuom molecule moro, kendo onge nonro moro amora ma josayans osetimo ma siro wachno.”1
Nonro mosetim osekonyo e fwenyo wach mane? Dwoko mar penjo mar ni nyithindo wuok-ga kanye en dwoko mong’ere ahinya kendo onge ng’at ma pingo wachno. Kinde duto, ngima wuok-ga mana kuom gima ngima. Kata kamano, ka wadok chien higni mang’eny mokalo, be dibed ni ngima nochakore e yo mopogore gi adiera ma wang’eyoni? Be en adier ni ngima nochakore kende kowuok e kemikol moko ma onge ngima? Be gima kamano nyalo timore adier?
Jotim nonro osefwenyo ni mondo cell obed mangima, gik moko adek nyaka ti kanyachiel. Gigo gin: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), kod protin. E kindewagi, josayans matin e ma nyalo wacho ni cell mangima nyalo wuok apoya nono kuom kemikol ma onge ngima. Kata kamano, be RNA kata protin nyalo chakore achaka kendgi? a
Stanley Miller e higa mar 1953
Josayans mang’eny paro ni ngima ne nyalo chakore achaka kende nikech nonro moro ma ne otim e higa mar 1953. E higano, Stanley L. Miller noloso amino acid moko, ka noruwo muya moko mang’eny ma chalo gi ma ne nie kor lwasi e kar chakruok, kae to oketogi e stima. Amino acid gin kemikol ma loso protin. Chakre kindeno, oseyud kemikol moko mag amino acid e kite moko miluongo ni meteorite. Be nonro mosetim-gi duto nyiso ni gik moko duto ma siro ngima nochakore achaka kendgi?
Robert Shapiro ma ne en profesa ma ne puonjo chemistry e yunivasiti mar New York nowacho niya: “Jondiko moko wachoga ni gik moko duto ma loso ngima inyalo los e yo mayot ka ng’ato oluwo nonro mag Miller, kendo ni gik ma loso ngimago oseyudore e kite mag meteorite. Mano ok en paro madier.”2 b
We wawuo ane e wi molecule miluongo ni RNA. Olose kitiyo gi molecule moko matindo miluongo ni nucleotide. Nucleotide en molecule machielo mopogore gi amino acid kendo oting’o gik mang’eny kopime gi amino acid. Shapiro wacho niya: “Onge nucleotide moro amora ma osegalos kokalo kuom teko mar stima kata sama inono kite mag meteorite.”3 Bende, omedo wacho ni ok yot mondo RNA opogre kowuok kuom kemikol moko mang’eny “kendo ni gima kamano kotimore kata mana dichiel to chalo mana ka hawi.”4
RNA (1) loso protin (2), to protin bende itiyogo e loso RNA. Ere kaka gigo nyalo sieko asieka kendgi? (3) E kare mar 2, wabiro wuoyo e wi gima iluongo ni Ribosome.
To nade molecule mag protin? Protin iloso gi amino acid 50 kata alufe modhuro mag amino acid kendo gichanore e yo maber. Cell ma nyalo nenore ni ok lich ahinya, nigi protin moting’o amino acid 200. To pod ei cell-go, nitie protin mopogore opogore alufe mang’eny. Jomoko osegoyo kwano mofwenyo ni ok yot yudo protin achiel moting’o amino acid 100 kalosore kende e piny. Mano ka otimore, to chal gi yudo protin achielno, e kind jowetene bilionde mang’eny.
Rieko mang’eny dwarore mondo jasayans olos molecule e lab. Be wanyalo wacho ni molecule manie cell nobiro abira kendgi?
Jatim nonro miluongo ni Hubert P. Yockey, ma riwo lwedo puonj ni gik moko nosieko kendgi, nowacho kama: “Ngima ne ok ochakore ‘mana gi protin.’ ”5 Protin iloso gi RNA to RNA bende iloso gi protin. To nade ka oyud protin kod molecule mar RNA kamoro achiel e sa achiel, kata obedo ni mano ok en gima nyalo timore mayot? Be nyalore mondo giriwre ma giti kanyachiel mi gilos cell mangima ma nyalo nyuolore? Laktar miluongo ni Carol Cleland c, ma en jakanyo mar Astrobiology Institute manie bwo NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) nowacho niya: “Ok yot mondo gima kamano otimre atima kende (tiende ni protin gi RNA ma ruwore aruwa e yo ma ok ochanore).” Odhi nyime wacho niya: “Ka jotim nonro mang’eny nyalo ng’eyo kaka protin kod RNA losore alosa kendgi, mano nyalo konyogi ng’eyo kaka gitiyo kanyachiel ma gilos cell achiel ma nyuolore.” Kowuoyo e wi yore ma josayans temo lerogo kaka ngima nochakore, Cleland wacho kama: “Gik ma giwachogo ok ler e yo malong’o kaka ngima nochakore.”6
Ka loso alosa robot ma ok en gima ngima dwaro rieko, to nade cell mangima kata dhano?
Ang’o momiyo onego wanon wechegi? Par ane pek ma yudo jotim nonro ma wacho ni ngima nochakore achaka kende. Gisefwenyo ni nitie amino acid moko ma bende nie cell mangima. Gisetimo nonro moko e lab ma giloso molecule moko malich. Giparo ni ginyalo loso gik moko duto ma dwarore e cell achiel. Gichalo gi jasayans ma kawo gik ma yudore e piny kaka chuma, plastik, silicone, kod waya kae to olosogo robot. Bang’ mano, oloso robotno e yo ma miyo robot loso robot mamoko ma chalo kode. Sama otimo kamano, ang’o motemo wacho? Otemo wacho ni ng’at mariek e ma nyalo loso masin malich kamano.
E yo ma kamano, ka josayans nyalo temo loso cell, ginyalo timo gimiwuoro ahinya. Kata kamano, be mano biro nyiso ni cell ma gilosono olosore kende? Ka ginyalo timo kamano, mano biro nyiso gadier ni mondo cell obedie, nitie ng’at ma nyaka lose.
Iparo nade? Nonro duto ma josayans osetimo nyiso ni ngima nyalo wuok mana kuom ngima, mosebetie. Yie ni kata cell achiel mangima nobiro abira kende kowuok kuom kemikol ma onge ngima dwaro yie maduong’ ahinya.
Bang’ nono wechegi, be pod inyalo yie ni gik moko nosieko asieka kendgi? Ka pok wayudo dwoko mar penjono, wadwaro nono kaka cell chalo. Timo kamano biro konyi fwenyo ka be gik ma josayans wacho e wi kaka ngima nochakore gin adier, kata gin mana sigendni kaka ma jonyuol nyisoga nyithindgi sama gileronegi kama nyithindo ne oaye.
a E kare mar 3, wabiro nono ka be DNA nyalo chakore achaka kende e bwo wich ma wacho ni, “Weche ma Tayo Kaka DNA Tiyo Nowuok Kanye?”
b Profesa Shapiro ok oyie ni nitie Jachuech. En oneno ni ngima nosieko asieka kende e yo ma pod ok ong’ere maber. E higa mar 2009, josayans manie University of Manchester, e piny England, nowacho ni ne giloso gik moko miluongo ni nucleotide e lab. Kata kamano, Shapiro wacho ni yo ma ne gilosogo gigo ok chop e rang’iny ma en owuon oneno ni onego olosgo RNA.
c Cleland ok oyie ni nochue gik moko kaka Muma wacho. Oyie ni ngima nochakore achaka kende e yo ma pod ok ong’ere maber.
