Hmân Lai Cuneiform Thuziakte leh Bible

BABEL hmuna mihring ṭawng tihhransak a nih hnu khân, lehkha ziak dân chi hrang hrang a lo chhuak a. Mesopotamia hmuna awm Sumeri mite leh Babulon mite chuan hmân lai thuziak dân chi khat, cuneiform an tih chu an hmang a ni. Cuneiform tih thu mal chu, Latin ṭawnga “hêm-pianhmang” tih sawina aṭanga lo awm a ni a, chu chu hlum nêm chunga lehkha ziakna chi khat hmanga kil thum nei chhinchhiahna nem kai sawina a ni.

Thil hlui chanchin zir mite chuan Bible-a mite leh thilthlengte chanchin inziahna cuneiform thuziakte chu an lai chhuak a ni. He hmân laia lehkha ziak dân chungchâng eng nge kan hriat? Tin, chûng lehkha ziakte chuan Bible a rin tlâkzia eng nge a târ lan?

Thuziak Daih Rei Takte

Mi thiamte chuan Mesopotamia hmuna lehkha ziak dân chu, thu mal pakhat emaw, ngaih dân pakhat emaw aiawhtu chhinchhiahna pakhat emaw, milem pakhat emaw hmanga ziak ṭan a nih an ring a. Entîr nân, bâwngpa chhinchhiahna chu bâwngpa lu lem anga ziak a ni a. Thu chhinchhiah tûr a pun zêl angin, cuneiform thuzaik dân chu siam chhuah a ni. “Tûnah chuan chhinchhiahnate chuan thu mal pakhat ai a awh mai ni tawh lovin, thu mal pakhata thu lam rîkte ai pawh a awih thei tawh a; chûng zînga engemaw zât chu thu mal pakhata lam rîkte aiawh tûra dah kawp theih a ni,” tiin NIV Archaeological Study Bible chuan a hrilhfiah a. A tâwpah chuan, chhinchhiahna hrang 200 vêl nei cuneiform thuziak dân chu “thusawi te, thu mal leh grammar hnawk takte ziak nân a hman theih” ta a ni.

Abrahama dam lai, B.C.E. 2000 vêlah chuan, cuneiform thuziak dân nasa taka hman a ni tawh a. A hnu kum 2000-ah chuan, ṭawng 15 vêl chuan chutiang thuziak dân chu an hmang a ni. Cunieform thuziak zaa 99 aia tam chu hlum phêka ziak a ni a. Kum 150 kal ta chhûng khân, cuneiform thuziak tam tak chu Ur, Uruk, Babulon, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Ninevi, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, leh Amarna khuaahte hmuh chhuah a ni. Archaeology Odyssey tih lehkhabu chuan: “Mi thiamte chuan hlum phêka cuneiform thuziakte chu maktaduai khat leh maktaduai hnih inkâr vêl laih chhuah a ni tawh a, kum tinin 25,000 vêl emaw, a aia tam emaw chu laih chhuah niin an chhût,” a ti.

Khawvêl puma cuneiform thuziak dân zirtu mi thiamte chuan ṭawng lehlinna hna khirh tak leh tam tak chu an nei a. Chhût dân pakhatin a târ lan dânin, “tûn lai hunah hian cuneiform thuziak hmuh chhuah tawhte zînga sâwma pakhat vêl chauh chu vawikhat tal chhiar a ni.”

Ṭawng chi hnih leh chi thum vêla ziak cuneiform thuziakte chu a awmzia hrilhfiah theih nâna ṭanpuitu ber a ni a. Mi thiamte chuan chûng thuziakahte chuan cuneiform thuziak dân hmanga ṭawng chi danga ziak thu thuhmun a chuang a ni tih an hmu chhuak a ni. Thuziak awmzia hre tûra ṭanpuitu chu hming te, nihna te, lal inthlah chhâwng hming ziak te, leh mahni infakna te ziah nawn fo a nihzia an hriat thiamna hi a ni.

Kum 1850 chho bâwr vêlah chuan, mi thiamte chuan hmân lai Middle East, Akkad mite, a nih loh leh Assyro-Babylon mite tualchhûng ṭawng hmanga cuneiform thuziak chu an chhiar thei tawh a. Encyclopædia Britannica chuan: “Akkad mite thuziak chu hrilhfiah theih a han nih tâkah chuan, a thuziak dân phung chu hriatthiam theih a ni ta a; tin, ṭawng dang hmanga cuneiform thuziakte lehlin dân tûr a kalhmang pawh hriat theih a ni ta a ni,” tiin a hrilhfiah a ni. Engtin nge hêng thuziakte leh Bible thu chu a inkûngkaih?

 Bible Nêna Inrem Cuneiform Thuziak

Bible chuan Jerusalem chu B.C.E. 1070 vêla Davida’n a lâk thlengin Kanaan lalte’n an awp tih a sawi a. (Jos. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:​4-9) Mahse, mi thiam ṭhenkhat chuan chu chu an ringhlel a ni. Amaherawhchu, kum 1887-ah chuan lo neimi hmeichhe pakhat chuan Aigupta ram, Amarna-ah hlum phêk pakhat a chhar a. A hnua chu mi hmun aṭanga hmuh chhuah thuziak 380 vêl chu Aigupta lalte (Amenhotep III leh Akhenaton) leh Kanaan lalramte inkâra an indâwr tawnna lehkha a lo ni reng a. Lehkha thawn paruk chu Jerusalem lal ‘Abdi-Heba hnêna mi a ni.

Biblical Archaeology Review chuan: “Amarna hlum phêkte chuan Jerusalem chu mi mal ram ang ni lo va, khua anga a sawina chiang tak leh ‘Abdi-Heba nihna chu . . . Jerusalema chênna in nei a, vêngtu Aiguta sipai 50 nei ram awptu anga sawina chiang tak chuan Jerusalem chu tlâng rama ram tê pakhat a ni tih a sawi hmuh a ni,” a ti. Chu thuziak bawk chuan a hnuah: “Amarna thuziakte ṭanchhanin, chutih hun laia pawimawhna nei chu khawpui chu a awm ngei a ni tih kan ring tlat thei a ni,” a ti bawk.

Assuria leh Babulonho Chhinchhiah Mi Hmingte

Assuriaho chuan an chanchinte chu hlum phêkah te bâkah cylinder-ah te, hluma siam kil nei cylinder-ah te, leh hriat rengna lung phunah te pawh chuan an ziak ṭhîn a, chu chu a hnuah Babulonho pawhin an chhawm ve a ni. Chuvângin, mi thiamte’n Akkad mite cuneiform thuziakte an hrilhfiah theih tâkah chuan, thuziaka chuang mite hming chu Bible-ah pawh a chuang ve tih an hmu a ni.

The Bible in the British Museum tih lehkhabu chuan: “Kum 1870-a din thar hlim Society of Biblical Archaeology hmaa a thusawiah, Dr Samuel Birch-a chuan [cuneiform thuziaka chuang] Hebrai lal Omria te, Ahaba te, Jehua te, Azaria te . . . , Menahema te, Peka te, Hosea te, Hezekia te, Manasea te, Assuria lal Tiglath-Pilesera . . . [III] te, Sargona te, Senakeriba te, Esarhaddona leh Asurpanipala te, . . . leh Suria mi Benhadada te, Hazaela leh Rezina te hming chu a hre thei a ni,” a ti.

The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating tih lehkhabu chuan Bible-a Israel leh Juda te chanchin chu cuneiform thuziakte nên a khaikhin a. Eng nge hmuh chhuah a nih? “A vaiin, Juda leh Israel lal 15 emaw, 16 emaw chu, chutih laia ram danga chhinchhiah thuziakah an chuang a, chûngte chu [Bible bu] Lalte-a an hmingte leh a hunte nên a inmil thlap a ni. Lal chuangtlai pakhat mah a awm lo va, ram danga chhinchhiah thuziakah chuan Lalte bu-a chuang lo lal pakhat mah a awm hek lo.”

Kum 1879-a chhar cuneiform thuziak hmingthang tak pakhat, Kura thuziak chuanna Cylinder an tihah chuan B.C.E. 539-a Babulon a lâk hnuah Kura chuan ama rorêl dân a nih angin sal tângte an rama a kîrtîr dân chungchâng chu a chhinchhiah a ni. Chu mi hlâwkpuitute zîngah chuan Judate an tel a. (Ezr. 1:​1-4) Kum zabi 19-naa mi thiam tam takte chuan Bible-a chuang thupêk chu an ringhlel deuh va. Amaherawhchu, Kura Cylinder pawh tiamin, Persia rorêl laia cuneiform thuziakte chuan, Bible-a thu inziakte a dikzia finfiahna chiang tak a pe a ni.

Kum 1883-ah Babulon khaw bula Nippur-ah chuan cuneiform thuziak hlui 700 aia tam chu hmuh chhuah a ni a. Chuta târ lan hming 2,500 zîngah chuan 70 vêl chu Juda mite nia hriat theih a ni. Hmân lai thilthleng chanchin ziaktu Edwin Yamauchi-a chuan anni chu “intiamkamna neitu, sumdâwnna kawnga palai, hriatpuitu, chhiah khawntu, leh sawrkâr milian” nia an lan thu a sawi a. Chutih hun laia Judate’n Babulon kiang hnaiha chutiang thil an ti zêl tih a lanna chu a chhinchhiah tlâk hle. Chu chuan Israel mi “a la awm chhun” te chu Asuria leh Babulona an sal tânna ata Judai ramah kîr leh mah se, tam takte chu an kîr lo vang tih Bible hrilh lâwkna dikzia chu a nemnghet a ni.​—⁠Is. 10:​21, 22.

B.C.E. kum sângbi pakhatna chhûngin, cuneiform thuziak dân leh hawrawp hmanga thuziak dân chu a awm tlâng a. Mahse, Asuria leh Babulon mite chuan hawrawp hmanga thuziak dân chu an duhzâwk avângin cuneiform thuziak dân chu an kalsan ta a ni.

Thilhlui dah khâwmna museum-ahte chuan la zir chian tûr hlum phêk sâng tam tak a la awm a. Mi thiamte’n a awmzia an hriat tawh hlum phêka cuneiform thuziakte chuan Bible a rin tlâkzia a hai lang nasa tawh a ni. An la zir belh tûr cuneiform thuziakte chuan Bible rin tlâkzia eng ang takin nge a hai lan belhchhah ang tih tunge hria? (w08 12/15)

[Phêk 27-naa Thlalâk Hawhtîrtu]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum