Aanongononi oyendji otaya ti ngiini? Aantu oyendji mboka haya konakona iinima yi na omwenyo nosho wo aanongononi yamwe, oyu uvite kutya o-DNA nuuyelele mboka wu li mo, oye ya po kuyo yene ohaluka okupitila miiningwanima yontumba mbyoka ya ningwa ohaluka, itaayi wilikwa komuntu, momukokomoko gwomimvo omamiliyona ogendji. Otaya ti kutya kapu na uumbangi washa tawu ulike kutya opu na omuntu ngoka e eta po o-DNA nenge a tula mo uuyelele mboka wu li mo nenge u utha nkene wu na okutaambekidhwa. Ohaya ti wo kutya kapu na ngoka e yi shita yi kale hayi ningi iinima momukalo moka hayi longo.¹⁷

Ombiimbeli otayi ti ngiini? Ombiimbeli otayi ti kutya uuyelele kombinga yiitopolwa yi ili noyi ili yolutu nokuli nethimbo ndyoka ya ningwa, owa tulwa membo lyopathaneko ndyoka lya za kuKalunga. Omukwaniilwa David okwa li a wilikwa kuKalunga a nyole kombinga yoshinima shoka. Okwa nyola kombinga yaKalunga a ti: “Owa mono ndje, manga inaandi valwa. Omasiku nde ga uthilwa, agehe oga nyolelwa membo lyoye, manga inaaga thika.”  ​—⁠  Episalomi 139:⁠16.

Uumbangi otawu ulike shike? Ngele elongo lyoevolusi olyoshili, olya pumbwa andola okuulika nkene o-DNA ye ya po ohaluka kuyo yene. Ihe ngele shoka Ombiimbeli tayi ti oshoshili, nena o-DNA oya pumbwa oku tu pa uumbangi wa kola mboka tawu ulike kutya oye etwa po komuntu e na elandulathano noku na uunongo.

Ngele o-DNA otwe yi fatululilwa momukalo omupu, otatu vulu oku yi uva ko nawa notatu  ka mona kutya oyi li oshinima oshikumithi. Onkee ano, natu konakone natango shoka shi li meni lyosele. Oshikando shika otatu ka tala kosele yomuntu. Dhiladhila ando to yi komisiuma ndjoka ya nuninwa oku ku longa kombinga yomukalo moka osele yomuntu hayi longo. Natu tye andola omisiuma ayihe oya tungwa ya fa osele yomuntu, ihe oya nenepekwa lwiikando omamiliyona 13 lwaampo. Oyi na uunene wu thike pokapale komaudhano okanenenene hoka haka gwana aantu 70 000 lwaampo.

Dhiladhila ando to ya momisiuma moka mu udha iinima oyindjiyindji iinene yi hokitha noyi li momalupe inoo ga mona nale. Mokati komisiuma ndjoka yi li molupe lwosele, omu na ehuku ndyoka li na uule wu thike petungo lyomala 20 ga londathana. Kala ando wa fa to ende wu uka kulyo.

Pita ando mosheelo shoka shi li kondje yoshipa shehuku lyosele, e to tala iinima mbyoka ye ku kundukidha. Mela ndyoka wa thikila mulyo omu udha iitopolwa 46 hayi ithanwa chromosomes. Iitopolwa mbika oyu unganekwa momapando gaali ge na uule kaawu thike pamwe, ihe epando ndyoka li li popepi nangoye oli na oomala 12 lwaampo (1). Oshitopolwa kehe sho-chromosome osha nogoka pokati, tashi monika sha fa omihaka dha tulwa kumwe, ihe oshi na uunene wu thike pekota enenenene lyomuti. Oshi na wo omikweyo odhindjidhindji, dhe shi dhingoloka. Sho to hedha popepi nasho, owu wete nkene omukweyo kehe gwa lala, gwa topolwa komikweyo dhu ukilila. Pokati kadho, opu na ishewe omikweyo omifupi dha lala (2). Otadhi monika dha fa omambo ga longelwa nawa, ihe dho dhene oongenge dhomalulo ndhoka dha pakelwa momisholondondo. Ngele owa hili mo yimwe yomudho, otayi zi mo nuupu. Oto ka kala wa kuminwa okumona kutya elulo kehe oli na oondhinga oonshona (3) dhu unganekwa nawa. Mondhinga kehe omu na oshinima sha fa ongodhi ondeendeka, noshinima shoka osho nduno twa hala okutala kusho. Mbela oshinima shoka oshike?

Oshitopolwa shika sho-chromosome, natu tye ando osho ongodhi. Ongodhi ndjika oyi na uunene wu thike poosendimeta 2,6. Oya yogohwa nawa ya dhigininwa yi li kuunima wa fa uutenda (4), shoka hashi yi ningitha yi ninge po oondhinga dhi li mumwe. Oondhinga ndhika ohadhi tulwa koshinima sha fa oshihayaya, shoka hashi dhi kwathele dhi kale pomahala gadho. Momisiuma omu na endhindhiliko ndyoka tali yelitha kutya ongodhi ndjoka oya tulwa kumwe nuukeka. Ngele owa hili ongodhi ndjoka okuza kushimwe shomiitopolwa yo-chromosome e to yi ukililitha, uule wayo otawu kala wu thike petata lyongonga yevi! *

Embo limwe lyopaunongononi olya popi kombinga yomukalo moka oshitopolwa shoka sho-chromosome sha longelwa nawa nuukeka kutya oshinima oshikumithi inaashi monika nale.¹⁸ Mbela eitaalo kutya oshinima shoka oshikumithi inashi ningwa komuntu e na uunkulungu, owu wete ngaa li li mondjila? Ando  moshitopolwa shoka sho-chromosome, omwa li mu na ositola onene, yi na iinima oyindjiyindji yi li kofanditha noya pakelwa nawa melandulathano, to vulu nokuli okumona nuupu oshinima shoka wa pumbwa, ando oto ka dhiladhila ngaa kutya iinima mbyoka oyi ipakela mo yo yene? Ito ka dhiladhila ngaaka nando. Pehala lyaashono, oto ka kala wa fuuka, sho iinima ya pakelwa nawa momukalo ngoka.

Momisiuma ndjoka omu na endhindhiliko tali ku lombwele wu tule ongodhi ndjoka noshikaha shoye, opo wu yi tale nawa (5). Sho to yi thengathenga nominwe dhoye, oto mono kutya inayi fa oongodhi oonkwawo. Oyi na oondali mbali dha dhiingilwa kumwe. Oondali ndhoka odha tulwa kumwe dha fa egumbo lya kambwa nawa, nopokati kadho opu na omahala ge thike pamwe. Ongodhi otayi monika ya fa ompani ya gonywa yi na iilyatelo yi li molupe lwongonga (6). Konima yoku yi tala nawa, owa mono nduno kutya shoka wu na o-DNA, oshitopolwa shoka aantu oyendji kaaye na ontseyo oyindji kombinga yasho!

Oshitopolwa shimwe sho-DNA, sha longelwa melandulathano, shi na uutenda noondhinga dhasho, osho sha thikameka po o-chromosome. Iilyatelo yompani ohayi ithanwa oompadhi (7). Ohadhi ningi shike mbela? Elalakano lyadho olyashike? Momisiuma ndjika yopathaneko omu na endhindhiliko tali yelitha elalakano lyadho momukalo omupu.

Endhindhiliko ndyoka li li momisiuma olya nyolwa kutya opo wu uve ko o-DNA, owa pumbwa okuuva ko iilyatelo yompani. Dhiladhila ando ompani ya kuthwa kumwe, nombinga  kehe oyi na iilyatelo yu uluka ko. Iilyatelo oyi li owala pamaludhi gane. Aanongononi oye ga luka A, T, G nosho wo C. Aanongononi oya li ya kumwa okutseya kutya omukalo moka oondanda ndhoka dhu unganekwa, otagu gandja uuyelele wu li mokwoode yontumba.

Otashi vulika wa tseya kombinga yokwoode hayi ithanwa Morse, ndjoka ya li ye etwa po momimvo 1801-1900, opo aantu ya vule okukwatathana taya longitha ondelekelama. Okwoode ndjoka oya li owala yi na “iileshitho iyali,” oshitsa nosho wo okamusinda kokadhiladhilitho. Nonando ongawo, iileshitho mbyoka oya li tayi vulu okutunga po iitya nenge omatumbulo. O-DNA oyi na okwoode yoondanda ne. Momukalo moka “oondanda” ndhoka A, T, G nosho wo C dha unganekwa, otadhi vulu okutunga po iitya hayi ithanwa codons. Iitya mbyoka yo-codons oyu unganekwa nawa moomala ga londathana haga ithanwa uuthigululwakwatya. Uuthigululwakwatya kehe owu na konyala oondanda 27 000. Uuthigululwakwatya mboka nomahala omanenenene ngoka ge li pokati, oga gongelwa moontopolwa dhontumba, ano miitopolwa yoo-chromosome. Owa pumbwa oo-chromosome 23, opo wu ete po oshitopolwa hashi ithanwa genome shoka sha fa embo. Moshitopolwa shoka omo mu na uuyelele awuhe kombinga yuuthigululwakwatya woshinima shontumba. *

Uuyelele wuuthigululwakwatya mboka wu li mo-genome owa gwana okweeta po embo enene. Mbela otamu gwana uuyelele wu thike peni? Uuyelele kombinga yuuthigululwakwatya mboka wu li momuntu, owa thikamekwa po kiilyatelo omabiliyona gatatu, mbyoka yi li kompani ndjoka tayi faathanithwa no-DNA.¹⁹ Dhiladhila ando wu na omambo go-encyclopedia, nembo kehe oli na omapandja ge vulithe peyovi. Uuyelele kombinga yuuthigululwakwatya mboka wu li mo-genome otawu vulu okuudha omambo 428, ge thike mpoka. Ngele owa gwedha ko okopi ontiyali ndjoka yi li mosele kehe, oto ka kala wu na omambo 856. Ngele owa kambadhala okutopatopa uuyelele mboka wu li mo-genome ongoye awike, oto ka pumbwa oku shi ninga ethimbo alihe, uule womimvo 80 lwaampono, itoo yi mefudho.

Nonando owu ninge ngaaka, shoka to ka hupa po nasho konima yokutopatopa uuyelele awuhe mboka, kashi na ekwatho lya sha kolutu lwoye. Uuyelele awuhe mboka oto wu tula mo ngiini moosele dhoye omabiliyona nomabiliyona 100, ndhoka dha shonopekwa noonkondo? Itatu vulu nandonando oku wu tula mo.

Omupolofesoli ngoka ha konakona iitopolwa mbyoka yi li mosele nosho wo iikwakompiuta okwa ti: “Ograma yimwe yo-DNA onkunkutu, otayi vulu okupungula uuyelele wu thike pwaamboka tawu vulu okupungulwa muu-CD omamiliyona omathele.”²⁰ Mbela shoka osha hala okutya ngiini? Dhimbulukwa kutya mo-DNA omu na uuthigululwakwatya, ano uuyelele mboka wa pumbiwa okweeta po olutu lwomuntu. Osele kehe oyi na uuyelele mboka wi ihwapo. Mo-DNA omu udha uuyelele owundji noonkondo, nokuli ngele owe wu tula kokasindo kamwe owala, owa gwana okweeta po omwaalu gwaantu mboka ye li kombanda yevi ngashingeyi lwiikando 350 lwaampo. O-DNA ndjoka ya pumbiwa opo yi ete po aantu omabiliyona gaheyali mboka ye li kombanda yevi ngashingeyi, inayi pumbwa okuudha okasindo nokuli.²¹

Nonando aantu oya kambadhala okunduluka iinima tayi vulu okupungula uuyelele, kapu na nando oshinima shimwe tashi vulu okupungula uuyelele wu thike pwaamboka wu li mo-DNA. Ihe oka-CD oke li oshiholelwa oshiwanawa. Dhiladhila kwaashika: Otashi vulika oka-CD ke tu kumithe omolwolupe moka ka longwa, sho haka adhima naasho hamu vulu okupungulwa uuyelele. Otu wete kutya oka longwa komuntu e na owino lela. Ongiini ngele owa tula mo uuyelele wontumba wa simana, wu li melandulathano nowa yela nawa, tawu ku kwathele nkene to vulu okweeta po, okukaleka po nokupangela eshina lyontumba lya kitakana? Uuyelele mboka itawu ka lundulula oshiviha nenge uunene wako, nonando owo oshinima sha simanenena shoka shi li moka-CD hoka. Mbela uuyelele mboka wu li moka-CD itawu ke ku inyengitha wu itaale kutya opu na omuntu e na uunongo, ngoka e ka longa? Mbela opu na ngaa oshinima sha nyolwa, ihe kashi na omunyoli?

Otatu vulu okuyelekanitha o-DNA noka-CD nenge nembo. Embo limwe ndyoka lya popya kombinga yuuthigululwakwatya mboka wu li mo-genome olya ti: “Sho taku tiwa kutya o-genome oya fa embo, kashi shi owala omutoto nenge omupopyothano. Oshinima shoshili. Embo oli li oshinima shoka hashi vulu okupungula uuyelele . . . Ano no-genome osho yi li ngawo.” Omunyoli gwembo ndyoka okwa gwedha ko a ti: “O-genome embo li na uunongo owundji, molwaashoka ohayi vulu okwiininga ookopi nokwiilesha, uuna onkalo tayi opalele.”²² Shoka otashi tu longo ishewe oshinima shilwe sha simana kombinga yo-DNA.

Sho nduno wa thikama wa mwena mosele ndjoka tayi yelekanithwa nomisiuma, otashi vulika wu tameke okwiipula ngele ehuku lyosele oshinima owala hashi kala sha thikama, sha fa etungo lyomisiuma. Opo nduno owa mono endhindhiliko li li pombanda yehalasa ndyoka li na ongodhi, ndjoka tayi faathanithwa no-DNA lya nyolwa ngeyi: “Thinda mpaka opo wu ulukilwe sha.” Owa thindi po, e to uvu ewi tali popi tali ti: “O-DNA ohayi longo iilonga iyali ya simana noonkondo. Oshilonga shotango osho okwiininga ookopi. O-DNA oya pumbwa okuningwa ookopi, opo osele kehe  ompe yi kale yi na uuyelele wa faathana kombinga yuuthigululwakwatya. Tala nkene hashi ningwa.”

Mosheelo shoka shi li konima yendhindhiliko ndyoka wa mona, omu na eshina lya kitakana noonkondo. Olya thikamekwa po kuushina uushona mboka wa tulwa kumwe. Eshina ndyoka ohali ikwatakanitha kumwe no-DNA, e tali yi landula, ngaashi eshina lyokolutenda hali kala lya landula olutenda. Ohali kala tali hingililwa noonkondo. Ito vulu nokuli nokumona shoka tali ningi, ihe oto vulu okumona nuupu shoka shi li konima yalyo. Oto mono ko oongodhi mbali dho-DNA, pehala lyokukala owala ku na yimwe.

Omupopi okwa yelitha a ti: “Shoka wa mono osho omukalo omupu gwokumona nkene o-DNA hayi ningwa ookopi. Ongundu yiitopolwa ndjono hayi longo ya fa omashina, hayi ithanwa enzyme oyo hayi ende ya landula o-DNA. Tango ohayi topola o-DNA pokati, e tayi longitha oshitopolwa kehe yi ete po ongodhi yo-DNA ompe ye yi fa. Itatu vulu oku ku ulukila omashina agehe ngoka hage shi ningi, ngaashi uushina mboka hawu yi komeho yeshina ndyoka hali ningi ookopi dho-DNA, e tawu tete ko oshitopolwa shimwe sho-DNA, opo shi kale tashi igonyo sha manguluka, pehala lyokwiidhingila unene. Itatu vulu wo oku ku ulukila nkene uuyelele mboka wu li mo-DNA hawu leshululwa lwiikando. Omapuko ngoka ge li mo ohaga ndhindhilikwa nokupukululwa momukalo gwa yela nomukumithi.”  ​—⁠  Tala ethano ndyoka li li  pepandja 16 no 17.

Omupopi okwa tsikile ko, a ti: “Shoka tatu vulu oku ku ulukila nawanawa osho ondapo yomashina. Mbela owa mona nale kutya eshina ndyoka ohali longo tali endelele? Eshina lyo-enzyme ohali enditha o-DNA kolutenda nondapo yuukodhi tawu ka lala, tali londo kiilyatelo 100 lwaampono mosekonde kehe.²³ Ando olutenda hoka hali ende olwa li lu thike pwaandoka lweshina lyokolutenda lyo lyenelyene, nena andola eshina ndyoka ohali matuka ookilometa 80 owili kehe. Ngele ando ombakiteli, oyo ya li omashina ngoka haga ningi ookopi, andola otaga vulu okumatuka lwiikando omulongo shi vulithe mpoka. Mosele yomuntu, omashina omathele nomathele ngoka haga ningi ookopi ohaga longo pomahala ga yoolokathana go-DNA. Ohaga ningi ookopi dhuuyelele awuhe mboka wu li mo-genome muule woowili hetatu.”²⁴ (Tala oshimpungu “ Oshitopolwa shoka hashi vulu okuleshwa nokuningwa ookopi,” pepandja 20.)

Omashina ngoka haga ningi ookopi dho-DNA ohaga zi po, e tapu ya eshina lilwe. Eshina ndyoka nalyo ohali ende kongodhi nenge kolutenda lwo-DNA, ihe ohali ende kashona. Ongodhi yo-DNA ohayi yi kombinga yimwe yeshina, e tayi pitile kombinga onkwawo inaayi lunduluka. Ihe ongodhi ndjoka ompe sho tayi zi meshina, ohayi pitile kombinga yimwe yi ili, ya fa omushila. Omolwashike shi li ngawo?

Natango omupopi okwa yelitha a ti: “Oshilonga oshitiyali shoka o-DNA hayi longo osho okuleshulula uuyelele. O-DNA ihayi zi mo nandonando mehuku lyosele moka hayi kala ya  gamenwa. Ngele osho shi li ngawo, uuyelele wuuthigululwakwatya mboka wu li mo, mboka hawu ka nduluka po ooproteina ndhoka hadhi tungu po olutu, ohawu leshwa nokulongithwa ngiini? Eshina ndyoka lyo-enzyme ohali kongo ehala kongodhi yo-DNA mpoka pu na uuthigululwakwatya mboka hawu longo shi ikolelela komalombwelo ngoka haga zi pondje yehuku lyosele. Ohali longitha nduno oshitopolwa hashi ithanwa o-RNA (ribonucleic acid), opo li ninge ookopi dhuuyelele wuuthigululwakwatya. O-RNA oya fa ongodhi yo-DNA, ihe oya yooloka ko. Ohayi kutha uuyelele mboka wu li muuthigululwakwatya, tayi shi ningi yi li meshina lyo-enzyme. Konima yaashono, ohayi zi mo mehuku lyosele, e tayi yi koshitopolwa shimwe hashi ithanwa ribosome, shoka hashi longitha uuyelele mboka shi ete po ooproteina.”

Uuna omuntu to tala iinima ayihe mbyoka, otayi ku kumitha shili noonkondo. Osele ndjoka tayi yelekanithwa nomisiuma nosho wo momukalo omukumithi moka ya longwa nohayi tungu po omashina gayo, otayi ku thigi kuu na iitya nomatumbulo. Otashi ka kala ngiini mbela, ngele ando owu ulukilwa iilonga ayihe mbyoka hayi longwa kosele yomuntu, mwa kwatelwa omashina gayo agehe? Otashi ka kala oshikumithi lela!

Ngashingeyi owu uvite ko nduno kutya iilonga ayihe mbyoka hayi longwa komashina ngoka omashona ga kitakana, oyo naanaa hayi  longwa ethimbo alihe moosele dhoye dholutu omabiliyona nomabiliyona omathele! Uuyelele mboka wu li mo-DNA ohawu leshwa nohawu wilike iitopolwa mbyoka hayi tungu po ooproteina omayovi nomayovi ndhoka hadhi tungu po olutu lwoye. Ooproteina ndhoka ongaashi oo-enzyme, ehwata lyoosele dholutu, iilyo yolutu yomeni nosho tuu. O-DNA yoye otayi ningwa ookopi ngashingeyi, nuuyelele wawo otawu leshululwa, opo wu talike ngele owu na omapuko, opo uuyelele uupe mboka wu li mo, wu vule okuleshwa nomosele kehe ompe.

Natango epulo ndyoka lye tu thikamena olyo ndika kutya, ‘uuyelele awuhe mboka ohawu zi peni?’ Ombiimbeli otayi holola kutya embo ndika, ano o-DNA nuuyelele mboka wa nyolwa mo, owa za kOmunyoli e vule aantu kokulekule. Mbela ehulithodhiladhilo ndika olya kwisha pethimbo lyetu nenge oli li ompinge nuunongononi?

Dhiladhila kwaashi: Mbela aantu otaya vulu ngaa okutunga omisiuma ya fa ndjoka twa zi nokukundathana? Otaya ka tsakaneka omandangalati ogendji ngele  oya kambadhala oku shi ninga. Aantu kaya uvite ko natango uuyelele owundji kombinga yo-genome yomuntu nomukalo moka hayi longo. Aanongononi onkee ngaa taya kambadhala natango okumona mpoka uuthigululwakwatya awuhe tawu adhika naashoka hawu longo. Uuthigululwakwatya owu li ashike oshitopolwa oshishona sho-DNA. Ongiini kombinga yiitopolwa yilwe mbyoka inaayi kwatela mo uuthigululwakwatya? Aanongononi oya luka iitopolwa mbyoka kutya iitopolwa yo-DNA mbyoka kaayi na okwoode, ihe pethimbo lyetu oya lundulula edhiladhilo ndyoka. Iitopolwa mbyoka otashi vulika oyo hayi utha omukalo moka uuthigululwakwatya hawu longithwa nonokutya owu na okulongithwa shi thike peni. Ando aanongononi oya li taya vulu okuholela o-DNA nosho wo omashina ngoka hage yi ningi ookopi, nokuleshulula uuyelele mboka wu li mo, mbela ando otaya vulu ngaa oku yi ninga yi kale hayi longo ngaashi o-DNA yo yene?

Omunongononi a tseyika nawa, gwedhina Richard Feynman, okwa li a thigi oondanda ndhika dha nyolwa koshipelende manga inaa sa: “Ngele oshinima kandi shi uvite ko, itandi vulu oku shi eta po.” ²⁵ Oohapu dhe otadhi ulike sha yela kutya omwiifupipiki nodhi li paushili, unene ngaa ngele tashi ya po-DNA. Aanongononi itaya vulu okweeta po o-DNA nomashina gayo ngoka hage yi ningi ookopi nokulesha uuyelele wayo. Itaya vulu nokuli oku yi uva ko thiluthilu. Nonando ongawo, yamwe otaya ti kutya oye shi kutya iinima ayihe mbyoka oye ya po ohaluka kuyo yene. Mbela uuyelele mboka twa kundathana otawu yambidhidha ngaa shili edhiladhilo ndyoka?

Aalongwantu yamwe otaya ti kutya opu na uumbangi wa yela mboka tawu ulike kutya edhiladhilo ndyoka kali li mondjila. Pashiholelwa, omunongononi gwedhina Francis Crick, ngoka a li a kwathele aantu ya tseye kombinga yomutungilo gwo-DNA, okwa ti kutya oya unganekwa nawa unene nomolwaasho itayi vulu okuya po kuyo yene. Okwa ti wo kutya otashi vulika aantu aanandunge mboka kaaye li kombanda yevi oyo ya tumu o-DNA kevi, opo yi ete ko omwenyo.²⁶

Momimvo opo dha zi ko, omufilosofi gwedhina Antony Flew, ngoka a kala uule womimvo 50 ini itaala muKalunga, okwa li a lundulula omadhiladhilo ge ngoka ga puka. Sho e na omimvo 81, okwa tameke okwiitaala kutya opu na omuntu omunandunge ngoka a shita iinima yi na omwenyo. Oshike sha lundulula omadhiladhilo ge? Okwa konakona o-DNA. Sho a pulwa kutya ongiini ngele aanongononi ooyakwawo inaya taamba ko omukalo nguka gwokudhiladhila, Flew okwa yamukula a ti: “Mbyoka iilonga yawo yene. Mokukalamwenyo kwandje akuhe onda kala aluhe ndi itaala kutya . . . ondi na okwiitaala shoka uumbangi tawu ti, kutya nduno otawu ti shike.”²⁷

Ngoye oto ti ngiini? Uumbangi otawu ulike shike? Dhiladhila ando wa ya mofabulika yontumba e to adha mo ondunda yi na okompiuta. Okompiuta ndjoka oyi na opolohalama ya kitakana ndjoka tayi wilike iilonga ayihe mbyoka tayi longwa mofabulika ndjoka. Shimwe ishewe, opolohalama ndjoka ohayi kala aluhe tayi tumu omalombwelo, taga popi nkene omashina agehe ge na okulongwa nokupangelwa. Opolohalama ndjoka otayi iningi wo ookopi nokulesha uuyelele wadho. Mbela oto ka thika pehulithodhiladhilo lini? Oto ka tya okompiuta ndjoka nopolohalama yayo, oye ya po kuyo yene nenge oto ka tya, oya ndulukwa po komuntu omunandunge noku na elandulathano? Uumbangi otawu gandja eyamukulo lyu ukilila.