Preoperativ vurdering

1. 1. Chee YL, Crawford JC, Watson HG, Greaves M. Guidelines on the assessment of bleeding risk prior to surgery or invasive procedures. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 2008;140(5):496–504. [PMID: 18275427]

2. 2. Bonhomme F, Boehlen F, Clergue F, de Moerloose P. Preoperative hemostatic assessment: a new and simple bleeding questionnaire. Can J Anaesth 2016;63(9):1007–15. [PMID: 27369959]

3. 3. Koscielny J, Ziemer S, Radtke H, et al. A practical concept for preoperative identification of patients with impaired primary hemostasis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2004;10(3):195–204. [PMID: 15247976]

4. 4. Rapaport SI. Preoperative hemostatic evaluation: which tests, if any? Blood 1983;61(2):229–31. [PMID: 6821695]

5. 5. Scharf RE. Drugs that affect platelet function. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012;38(8):865–83. [PMID: 23111864]

6. 6. Spyropoulos AC, Al-Badri A, Sherwood MW, Douketis JD. Periprocedural management of patients receiving a vitamin K antagonist or a direct oral anticoagulant requiring an elective procedure or surgery. J Thromb Haemost 2016;14(5):875–85. [PMID: 26988871]

7. 7. Appadu B. Drugs affecting coagulation. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2010;11(6):247–53. [EMBASE: 2010500347]

8. 8. Brigden M, Smith RE. Acetylsalicylic-acid-containing drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs available in Canada. CMAJ 1997;156(7):1025–8. [PMID: 9099173]

9. 9. Douketis JD, Berger PB, Dunn AS, et al. The perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133(6 Suppl):299S-339S. [PMID: 18574269]

10. 10. Kaye AD, Clarke RC, Sabar R, et al. Herbal medicines: current trends in anesthesiology practice–a hospital survey. J Clin Anesth 2000;12(6):468–71. [PMID: 11090733]

11. 11. Tsai HH, Lin HW, Simon Pickard A, et al. Evaluation of documented drug interactions and contraindications associated with herbs and dietary supplements: a systematic literature review. Int J Clin Pract 2012;66(11):1056–78. [PMID: 23067030]

12. 12. Abe A, Kaye AD, Gritsenko K, et al. Perioperative analgesia and the effects of dietary supplements. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2014;28(2):183–9. [PMID: 24993438]

13. 13. Cummings KC 3rd, Keshock M, Ganesh R, et al. Preoperative management of surgical patients using dietary supplements: Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) Consensus Statement. Mayo Clin Proc 2021;96(5):1342–55. [PMID: 33741131]

14. 14. Seeber P, Shander A. Preparation of the patient for surgery. Basics of Blood Management, Second Edition. Chichester, West Sussex, UK; Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. p. 139–59. [ISBN: 978–0–470–67070–5]

15. 15. Munting KE, Klein AA. Optimisation of pre-operative anaemia in patients before elective major surgery - why, who, when and how? Anaesthesia 2019;74 Suppl 1:49–57. [PMID: 30604424]

16. 16. Kansagra AJ, Stefan MS. Preoperative anemia: evaluation and treatment. Anesthesiol Clin 2016;34(1):127–41. [PMID: 26927743]

17. 17. Goodnough LT, Maniatis A, Earnshaw P, et al. Detection, evaluation, and management of preoperative anaemia in the elective orthopaedic surgical patient: NATA guidelines. Br J Anaesth 2011;106(1):13–22. [PMID: 21148637]

18. 18. Devalia V, Hamilton MS, Molloy AM; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders. Br J Haematol 2014;166(4):496–513. [PMID: 24942828]

19. 19. Hayward CPM. How I investigate for bleeding disorders. Int J Lab Hematol 2018;40 Suppl 1:6–14. [PMID: 29741250]

Medisinering

1. 20. Sopko KL, Cunningham Sponsler K. Perioperative medication management. Hosp Med Clin 2012;1(4):e532–47. [EMBASE: 2012572672]

2. 21. Baugh CW, Levine M, Cornutt D, et al. Anticoagulant reversal strategies in the Emergency Department setting: recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert panel. Ann Emerg Med 2020;76(4):470–85. [PMID: 31732375]

3. 22. Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, van Ryn J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal - full cohort analysis. N Engl J Med 2017;377(5):431–41. [PMID: 28693366]

4. 23. Levy JH, Douketis J, Steiner T, et al. Prothrombin complex concentrates for perioperative vitamin K antagonist and non-vitamin K anticoagulant reversal. Anesthesiology 2018;129(6):1171–84. [PMID: 30157037]

5. 24. Goldstein JN, Refaai MA, Milling TJ Jr, et al. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus plasma for rapid vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients needing urgent surgical or invasive interventions: a phase 3b, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet 2015;385(9982):2077–87. [PMID: 25728933]

6. 25. Bolton-Maggs PH, Chalmers EA, Collins PW, et al. A review of inherited platelet disorders with guidelines for their management on behalf of the UKHCDO. Br J Haematol 2006;135(5):603–33. [PMID: 17107346]

Behandling av anemi

1. 26. Dierdorf SF. Anesthesia for patients with rare and coexisting diseases. In: Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, editors. Clinical Anesthesia. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996. p. 472–4. [ISBN: 978–0–397–51482–3]

2. 27. Mast AE, Blinder MA, Lu Q, et al. Clinical utility of the reticulocyte hemoglobin content in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood 2002;99(4):1489–91. [PMID: 11830506]

3. 28. Elhenawy AM, Meyer SR, Bagshaw SM, et al. Role of preoperative intravenous iron therapy to correct anemia before major surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2021;10(1):36. [PMID: 33485392]

4. 29. Avni T, Bieber A, Grossman A, et al. The safety of intravenous iron preparations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2015;90(1):12–23. [PMID: 25572192]

5. 30. Auerbach M, Pappadakis JA, Bahrain H, et al. Safety and efficacy of rapidly administered (one hour) one gram of low molecular weight iron dextran (INFeD) for the treatment of iron deficient anemia. Am J Hematol 2011;86(10):860–2. [PMID: 21922526]

6. 31. Froessler B, Palm P, Weber I, et al. The important role for intravenous iron in perioperative patient blood management in major abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2016;264(1):41–6. [PMID: 26817624]

7. 32. Auerbach M, Goodnough LT, Picard D, Maniatis A. The role of intravenous iron in anemia management and transfusion avoidance. Transfusion 2008;48(5):988–1000. [PMID: 18346021]

8. 33. Lim W, Afif W, Knowles S, et al. Canadian expert consensus: management of hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron in adults. Vox Sang 2019;114(4):363–73. [PMID: 30937914]

9. 34. Hallberg L. Prevention of iron deficiency. Baillières Clin Haematol 1994;7(4):805–14. [PMID: 7881155]

10. 35. Cho BC, Serini J, Zorrilla-Vaca A, et al. Impact of preoperative erythropoietin on allogeneic blood transfusions in surgical patients: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2019;128(5):981–92. [PMID: 30649068]

11.   36. Voorn VM, van der Hout A, So-Osman C, et al. Erythropoietin to reduce allogeneic red blood cell transfusion in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty. Vox Sang 2016;111(3):219–25. [PMID: 27314459]

12. 37. Mercuriali F, Inghilleri G, Biffi E, et al. Epoetin alfa in low hematocrit patients to facilitate autologous blood donation in total hip replacement: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Acta Haematologica 1998;100(2):69–76. [PMID: 9792935]

13. 38. Charles A, Purtill M, Napolitano LM. Recombinant human erythropoietin in severe anaemia: issues of dosing and duration. Anaesth Intensive Care 2006;34(6):793–6. [PMID: 17183900]

14. 39. Kei T, Mistry N, Curley G, et al. Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and iron therapy to reduce red blood cell transfusion in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 2019;66(6):716–31. [PMID: 30924000]

15. 40. Rutherford CJ, Schneider TJ, Dempsey H, et al. Efficacy of different dosing regimens for recombinant human erythropoietin in a simulated perisurgical setting: the importance of iron availability in optimizing response. Am J Med 1994;96(2):139–45. [PMID: 8109598]

16. 41. Goodnough LT. Iron deficiency syndromes and iron-restricted erythropoiesis (CME). Transfusion 2012;52(7):1584–92. [PMID: 22211566]

17. 42. Bierer R, Roohi M, Peceny C, Ohls RK. Erythropoietin increases reticulocyte counts and maintains hematocrit in neonates requiring surgery. J Pediatr Surg 2009;44(8):1540–5. [PMID: 19635302]

18. 43. Aljaaly HA, Aldekhayel SA, Diaz-Abele J, et al. Effect of erythropoietin on transfusion requirements for craniosynostosis surgery in children. J Craniofac Surg 2017;28(5):1315–9. [PMID: 28582302]

19. 44. Naran S, Cladis F, Fearon J, et al. Safety of preoperative erythropoietin in surgical calvarial remodeling: an 8-year retrospective review and analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;130(2):305e-10e. [PMID: 22842427]

20. 45. Rössler J, Hegemann I, Schoenrath F, et al. Efficacy of quadruple treatment on different types of pre-operative anaemia: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2020;75(8):1039–49. [PMID: 32342498]

21. 46. Sumner AE, Chin MM, Abrahm JL, et al. Elevated methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine levels show high prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency after gastric surgery. Ann Intern Med 1996;124(5):469–76. [PMID: 8602704]

22. 47. Shahani S, Braga-Basaria M, Maggio M, Basaria S. Androgens and erythropoiesis: past and present. J Endocrinol Invest 2009;32(8):704–16. [PMID: 19494706]

23. 48. Muñoz M, Gómez-Ramírez S, Cuenca J, et al. Very-short-term perioperative intravenous iron administration and postoperative outcome in major orthopedic surgery: a pooled analysis of observational data from 2547 patients. Transfusion 2014;54(2):289–99. [PMID: 23581484]

24. 49. Peters F, Ellermann I, Steinbicker AU. Intravenous iron for treatment of anemia in the 3 perisurgical phases: a review and analysis of the current literature. Anesth Analg 2018;126(4):1268–82. [PMID: 29261547]

25. 50. Alsaleh K, Alotaibi GS, Almodaimegh HS, et al. The use of preoperative erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients who underwent knee or hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Arthroplasty 2013;28(9):1463–72. [PMID: 23528548]

26. 51. Klein AA, Bailey CR, Charlton A, et al. Association of Anaesthetists: anaesthesia and peri-operative care for Jehovah’s Witnesses and patients who refuse blood. Anaesthesia 2019;74(1):74–82. [PMID: 30270470]

27. 52. Goodnough LT, Despotis GJ, Parvin CA. Erythropoietin therapy in patients undergoing cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64(6):1579–80. [PMID: 9436537]

28. 53. Rosenblum N, Levine MA, Handler T, Lepor H. The role of preoperative epoetin alfa in men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 2000;163(3):829–33. [PMID: 10687987]

29. 54. Heschl M, Gombotz H, Haslinger-Eisterer B, et al. The efficacy of pre-operative preparation with intravenous iron and/or erythropoietin in anaemic patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery: an observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018;35(4):289–97. [PMID: 29303906]

30. 55. Apfelbaum JL, Nuttall GA, Connis RT, et al; American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood management: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management. Anesthesiology 2015;122(2):241–75. [PMID: 25545654]

31. 56. Turan A, Rivas E, Devereaux PJ, et al. Association between postoperative haemoglobin concentrations and composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality in noncardiac surgical patients: post hoc analysis of the POISE-2 trial. Br J Anaesth 2021;126(1):87–93. [PMID: 33051083]

32. 57. Hogue CW Jr, Goodnough LT, Monk TG. Perioperative myocardial ischemic episodes are related to hematocrit level in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Transfusion 1998;38(10):924–31. [PMID: 9767742]

33. 58. Weltert L, D’Alessandro S, Nardella S, et al. Preoperative very short-term, high-dose erythropoietin administration diminishes blood transfusion rate in off-pump coronary artery bypass: a randomized blind controlled study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139(3):621–6. [PMID: 20042202]

Ytterligere preoperativ planlegging

1. 59. Nelson CL, Stewart JG. Primary and revision total hip replacement in patients who are Jehovah’s Witnesses. Clin Orthop 1999;(369):251–61. [PMID: 10611880]

2. 60. Clevenger B, Mallett SV, Klein AA, Richards T. Patient blood management to reduce surgical risk. Br J Surg 2015;102(11):1325–37. [PMID: 26313653]

3. 61. Guarino S, Di Matteo FM, Sorrenti S, et al. Bloodless surgery in geriatric surgery. Int J Surg 2014;12 Suppl 2:S82–5. [PMID: 25183638]

4. 62. Kotzé A, Carter LA, Scally AJ. Effect of a patient blood management programme on preoperative anaemia, transfusion rate, and outcome after primary hip or knee arthroplasty: a quality improvement cycle. Br J Anaesth 2012;108(6):943–52. [PMID: 22593128]

5. 63. McKay C, Allen P, Jones PM, Chu MW. Aortic arch replacement and elephant trunk procedure: an interdisciplinary approach to surgical reconstruction, perfusion strategies and blood management. Perfusion 2010;25(6):369–79. [PMID: 20739351]

6. 64. Gavriilidis P, Roberts KJ, Aldrighetti L, Sutcliffe RP. A comparison between robotic, laparoscopic and open hepatectomy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020;46(7):1214–24. [PMID: 32312592]

7. 65. Ereth MH, Oliver WC, Santrach PJ. Perioperative interventions to decrease transfusion of allogeneic blood products. Mayo Clin Proc 1994;69(6):575–86. [PMID: 8189764]

8. 66. Maeda K, Kuratani T, Shimamura K, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement as a bridge to surgical aortic valve replacement in a younger patient with extremely high surgical risk. J Card Surg 2021;36(1):386–9. [PMID: 33135298]

9. 67. Terrault N, Chen YC, Izumi N, et al. Avatrombopag before procedures reduces need for platelet transfusion in patients with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia. Gastroenterology 2018;155(3):705–18. [PMID: 29778606]

Minimalisering av perioperativt blodtap

1. 68. Dolman HS, Evans K, Zimmerman LH, et al. Impact of minimizing diagnostic blood loss in the critically ill. Surgery 2015;158(4):1083–7. [PMID: 26164619]

2.   69. Wu Y, Spaulding AC, Borkar S, et al. Reducing blood loss by changing to small volume tubes for laboratory testing. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2020;5(1):72–83. [PMID: 33718786]

3. 70. Shander A, Corwin HL. A narrative review on hospital-acquired anemia: keeping blood where it belongs. Transfus Med Rev 2020;34(3):195–9. [PMID: 32507403]

4. 71. Ereth MH, Nuttall GA, Orszulak TA, et al. Blood loss from coronary angiography increases transfusion requirements for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000;14(2):177–81. [PMID: 10794338]

5. 72. Robertson L, Andras A, Colgan F, Jackson R. Vascular closure devices for femoral arterial puncture site haemostasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;3;CD009541. [PMID: 26948236]

6. 73. Wang Y, Ye Z, Ge L, et al. Efficacy and safety of gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis in critically ill patients: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2020;368:l6744. [PMID: 31907166]

7. 74. Toews I, George AT, Peter JV, et al. Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;6:CD008687. [PMID: 29862492]

Opprettholdelse av oksygentilførsel og hjerteminuttvolum

1. 75. Wu MC, Liao TY, Lee EM, et al. Administration of hypertonic solutions for hemorrhagic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Anesth Analg 2017;125(5):1549–57. [PMID: 28930937]

2. 76. Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2019;20(3S Suppl 1):S1–82. [PMID: 30829890]

3. 77. Pfortmueller CA, Kindler M, Schenk N, et al. Hypertonic saline for fluid resuscitation in ICU patients post-cardiac surgery (HERACLES): a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2020;46(9):1683–95. [PMID: 32519005]

4. 78. Lavu H, Sell NM, Carter TI, et al. The HYSLAR trial: a prospective randomized controlled trial of the use of a restrictive fluid regimen with 3% hypertonic saline versus lactated Ringers in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg 2014;260(3):445–53. [PMID: 25115420]

5. 79. Shrum B, Church B, McArthur E, et al. Hypertonic salt solution for peri-operative fluid management. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;2016(6):CD005576. [PMID: 27271480]

6. 80. Järvelä K, Rantanen M, Kööbi T, et al. Hypertonic saline-hydroxyethyl starch solution attenuates fluid accumulation in cardiac surgery patients: a randomized controlled double-blind trial. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2018;50(2):122–7. [PMID: 29953575]

7. 81. Kao Y, Loh EW, Hsu CC, et al. Fluid resuscitation in patients with severe burns: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acad Emerg Med 2018;25(3):320–9. [PMID: 29024269]

8. 82. Van Der Linden P, James M, Mythen M, Weiskopf RB. Safety of modern starches used during surgery. Anesth Analg 2013;116(1):35–48. [PMID: 23115254]

9. 83. Kozek-Langenecker SA. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch solutions on hemostasis. Anesthesiology 2005;103(3):654–60. [PMID: 16129993]

10. 84. Gombocz K, Beledi A, Alotti N, et al. Influence of dextran-70 on systemic inflammatory response and myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion following cardiac operations. Crit Care 2007;11(4):R87. [PMID: 17697359]

11. 85. Bunn F, Trivedi D. Colloid solutions for fluid resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;(7):CD001319. [PMID: 22786474]

12. 86. Thomas-Rueddel DO, Vlasakov V, Reinhart K, et al. Safety of gelatin for volume resuscitation–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2012;38(7):1134–42. [PMID: 22527076]

13. 87. Miller TE, Myles PS. Perioperative fluid therapy for major surgery. Anesthesiology 2019;130(5):825–32. [PMID: 30789364]

14. 88. Nicklas JY, Diener O, Leistenschneider M, et al. Personalised haemodynamic management targeting baseline cardiac index in high-risk patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a randomised single-centre clinical trial. Br J Anaesth 2020;125(2):122–32. [PMID: 32711724]

15. 89. Bundgaard-Nielsen M, Secher NH, Kehlet H. ‘Liberal’ vs. ‘restrictive’ perioperative fluid therapy–a critical assessment of the evidence. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009;53(7):843–51. [PMID: 19519723]

16. 90. Lobo SM, Ronchi LS, Oliveira NE, et al. Restrictive strategy of intraoperative fluid maintenance during optimization of oxygen delivery decreases major complications after high-risk surgery. Crit Care 2011;15(5):R226. [PMID: 21943111]

17. 91. Vretzakis G, Kleitsaki A, Stamoulis K, et al. Intra-operative intravenous fluid restriction reduces perioperative red blood cell transfusion in elective cardiac surgery, especially in transfusion-prone patients: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;5:7. [PMID: 20181257]

18. 92. Hammond KL, Margolin DA. Surgical hemorrhage, damage control, and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2006;19(4):188–94. [PMID: 20011320]

19. 93. Krausz MM, Bashenko Y, Hirsh M. Crystalloid or colloid resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock after moderate splenic injury. Shock 2000;13(3):230–5. [PMID: 10718381]

20. 94. Schol PB, Terink IM, Lancé MD, Scheepers HC. Liberal or restrictive fluid management during elective surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth 2016;35:26–39. [PMID: 27871539]

21. 95. Abbas SM, Hill AG. Systematic review of the literature for the use of oesophageal Doppler monitor for fluid replacement in major abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 2008;63(1):44–51. [PMID: 18086070]

22. 96. Skhirtladze K, Base EM, Lassnigg A, et al. Comparison of the effects of albumin 5%, hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 6%, and Ringer’s lactate on blood loss and coagulation after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2014;112(2):255–64. [PMID: 24169821]

23. 97. Rasmussen KC, Secher NH, Pedersen T. Effect of perioperative crystalloid or colloid fluid therapy on hemorrhage, coagulation competence, and outcome: a systematic review and stratified meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95(31):e4498. [PMID: 27495098]

24. 98. Schramko A, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Kuitunen A, et al. Hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin solutions impair blood coagulation after cardiac surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Br J Anaesth 2010;104(6):691–7. [PMID: 20388624]

25. 99. Hartog CS, Reuter D, Loesche W, et al. Influence of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 on hemostasis as measured by viscoelastic device analysis: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2011;37(11):1725–37. [PMID: 21989733]

26. 100. Mittermayr M, Streif W, Haas T, et al. Hemostatic changes after crystalloid or colloid fluid administration during major orthopedic surgery: the role of fibrinogen administration. Anesth Analg 2007;105(4):905–17. [PMID: 17898365]

27. 101. Jacob M, Fellahi JL, Chappell D, Kurz A. The impact of hydroxyethyl starches in cardiac surgery-a meta-analysis. Crit Care 2014;18(6)656. [PMID: 25475406]

28. 102. Choi SJ, Ahn HJ, Chung SS, et al. Hemostatic and electrolyte effects of hydroxyethyl starches in patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion using pedicle screws and cages. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(7):829–34. [PMID: 20072091]

29. 103. Pensier J, Deffontis L, Rollé A, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch for fluid management in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Anesth Analg 2022;134(4):686–95. [PMID: 34854822]

30. 104. Morath B, Meid AD, Rickmann J, et al. Renal safety of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 after cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis. Drug Saf 2021;44(12):1311–21. [PMID: 34564829]

31. 105. Conroy JM, Fishman RL, Reeves ST, et al. The effects of desmopressin and 6% hydroxyethyl starch on factor VIII:C. Anesth Analg 1996;83(4):804–7. [PMID: 8831325]

32.  106. Lazarchick J, Conroy JM. The effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and desmopressin infusion on von Willebrand factor: ristocetin cofactor activity. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1995;25(4):306–9. [PMID: 7545380]

33. 107. Flordal PA, Svensson J, Ljungström KG. Effects of desmopressin and dextran on coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy volunteers. Thromb Res 1991;62(5):355–64. [PMID: 1716790]

34. 108. Flordal PA, Ljungström KG, Svensson J, et al. Effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis of desmopressin in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Thromb Haemost 1991;66(6):652–6. [PMID: 1796409]

35. 109. Grant MC, Whitman GJ, Savage WJ, et al. Clinical predictors of postoperative hemoglobin drift. Transfusion 2014;54(6):1460–8. [PMID: 24236570]

36. 110. Dicpinigaitis PV. Optimization of tissue oxygenation in critically ill Jehovah’s Witness patients. Am J Med 2010;123(8):e17. [PMID: 20670703]

37. 111. Feiner JR, Finlay-Morreale HE, Toy P, et al. High oxygen partial pressure decreases anemia-induced heart rate increase equivalent to transfusion. Anesthesiology 2011;115(3):492–8. [PMID: 21768873]

38. 112. Cohen B, Ruetzler K, Kurz A, et al. Intra-operative high inspired oxygen fraction does not increase the risk of postoperative respiratory complications: alternating intervention clinical trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2019;36(5):320–6. [PMID: 30865003]

39. 113. Navas-Blanco JR, Dudaryk R, Martinez-Ruiz R. The role of supplemental oxygen and tissue oxygenation monitoring in management of severe post-hemorrhagic anemia in Jehovah’s Witnesses. J Clin Anesth 2020;67:109978. [PMID: 32653756]

40. 114. Slutsky AS, Ranieri VM. Ventilator-induced lung injury. N Engl J Med 2013;369(22):2126–36. [PMID: 24283226]

41. 115. Munshi L, Del Sorbo L, Adhikari NKJ, et al. Prone position for acute respiratory distress syndrome. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017;14(Supplement_4):S280–8. [PMID: 29068269]

42. 116. Raoof S, Goulet K, Esan A, et al. Severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: part 2–nonventilatory strategies. Chest 2010;137(6):1437–48. [PMID: 20525656]

43. 117. Graffeo C, Dishong W. Severe blood loss anemia in a Jehovah’s Witness treated with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31(4):756.e3–4. [PMID: 23380087]

44. 118. Johnson-Arbor K, Verstraete R. Use of hyperbaric oxygenation as an adjunctive treatment for severe pernicious anaemia in a bloodless medicine patient. BMJ Case Rep 2021;14(4):e240619. [PMID: 33846184]

45. 119. Van Meter KW. A systematic review of the application of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of severe anemia: an evidence-based approach. Undersea Hyperb Med 2005;32(1):61–83. [PMID: 15796315]

46. 120. Greensmith JE. Hyperbaric oxygen reverses organ dysfunction in severe anemia. Anesthesiology 2000;93(4):1149–52. [PMID: 11020776]

47. 121. Ueno S, Sakoda M, Kurahara H, et al. Safety and efficacy of early postoperative hyperbaric oxygen therapy with restriction of transfusions in patients with HCC who have undergone partial hepatectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011;396(1):99–106. [PMID: 21069381]

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Peroperativ blodsparing og autolog blodgjenvinning

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26. 359. Malik OS, Brovman EY, Urman RD. The use of regional or local anesthesia for carotid endarterectomies may reduce blood loss and pulmonary complications. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019;33(4):935–42. [PMID: 30243870]

27. 360. Herrick MD, Liu H, Davis M, et al. Regional anesthesia decreases complications and resource utilization in shoulder arthroplasty patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2018;62(4):540–7. [PMID: 29315474]

28. 361. Desai RG, Muntazar M, Goldberg ME. Strategies for managing perioperative hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2009;11(3):173–7. [PMID: 19442325]

29. 362. Cooper JR Jr. Perioperative considerations in Jehovah’s Witnesses. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1990;28(1):210–5. [PMID: 2228276]

Peroperativ blodgjenvinning/autotransfusjon

1. 363. Shantikumar S, Patel S, Handa A. The role of cell salvage autotransfusion in abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;42(5):577–84. [PMID: 21708474]

2. 364. Klein AA, Bailey CR, Charlton AJ, et al. Association of Anaesthetists guidelines: cell salvage for peri-operative blood conservation 2018. Anaesthesia 2018;73(9):1141–50. [PMID: 29989144]

3. 365. Jeng JC, Boyd TM, Jablonski KA, et al. Intraoperative blood salvage in excisional burn surgery: an analysis of yield, bacteriology, and inflammatory mediators. J Burn Care Rehabil 1998;19(4):305–11. [PMID: 9710727]

4. 366. Bigsby E, Acharya MR, Ward AJ, Chesser TJ. The use of blood cell salvage in acetabular fracture internal fixation surgery. J Orthop Trauma 2013;27(10):e230–3. [PMID: 23360908]

5. 367. Aning J, Dunn J, Daugherty M, et al. Towards bloodless cystectomy: a 10-year experience of intra-operative cell salvage during radical cystectomy. BJU Int 2012;110(11 Pt B):E608–13. [PMID: 22823412]

6. 368. Wang G, Bainbridge D, Martin J, Cheng D. The efficacy of an intraoperative cell saver during cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesth Analg 2009;109(2):320–30. [PMID: 19608798]

7. 369. Glazier DB, Ciocca RG, Gosin JS, et al. Elective aortic surgery with minimal banked blood. Am Surg 1998;64(2):171–4. [PMID: 9486892]

8. 370. Carless PA, Henry DA, Moxey AJ, et al. Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(4):CD001888. [PMID: 20393932]

9. 371. Vonk AB, Meesters MI, Garnier RP, et al. Intraoperative cell salvage is associated with reduced postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery: a cohort study. Transfusion 2013;53(11):2782–9. [PMID: 23445352]

10. 372. Ashworth A, Klein AA. Cell salvage as part of a blood conservation strategy in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2010;105(4):401–16. [PMID: 20802228]

11. 373. Liang J, Shen J, Chua S, et al. Does intraoperative cell salvage system effectively decrease the need for allogeneic transfusions in scoliotic patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion? A prospective randomized study. Eur Spine J 2015;24(2):270–5. [PMID: 24682378]

12. 374. Côté CL, Yip AM, MacLeod JB, et al. Efficacy of intraoperative cell salvage in decreasing perioperative blood transfusion rates in first-time cardiac surgery patients: a retrospective study. Can J Surg 2016;59(5):330–6. [PMID: 27668331]

13. 375. Potter PS, Waters JH, Burger GA, Mraović B. Application of cell-salvage during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999;90(2):619–21. [PMID: 9952170]

14. 376. Pasternak J, Nikolic D, Milosevic D, et al. An analysis of the influence of intra-operative blood salvage and autologous transfusion on reducing the need for allogeneic transfusion in elective infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Blood Transfus 2014;12 Suppl 1:s182–6. [PMID: 23114525]

15. 377. Waters JH, Yazer M, Chen YF, Kloke J. Blood salvage and cancer surgery: a meta-analysis of available studies. Transfusion 2012;52(10):2167–73. [PMID: 22321196]

16. 378. Myrga JM, Ayyash OM, Bandari J, et al. The safety and short-term outcomes of leukocyte depleted autologous transfusions during radical cystectomy. Urology 2020;135:106–10. [PMID: 31626857]

17. 379. Han S, Kim G, Ko JS, et al. Safety of the use of blood salvage and autotransfusion during liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2016;264(2):339–43. [PMID: 26501715]

18. 380. Elmalky M, Yasin N, Rodrigues-Pinto R, et al. The safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of intraoperative cell salvage in metastatic spine tumor surgery. Spine J 2017;17(7):977–82. [PMID: 28323241]

19. 381. Hansen E, Knuechel R, Altmeppen J, Taeger K. Blood irradiation for intraoperative autotransfusion in cancer surgery: demonstration of efficient elimination of contaminating tumor cells. Transfusion 1999;39(6):608–15. [PMID: 10378841]

20. 382. Trudeau JD, Waters T, Chipperfield K. Should intraoperative cell-salvaged blood be used in patients with suspected or known malignancy? Can J Anaesth 2012;59(11):1058–70. [PMID: 22996966]

21. 383. Anderson S, Panizza B. Are cell salvage and autologous blood transfusion safe in endonasal surgery? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;142(3 Suppl 1):S3–6. [PMID: 20176278]

22. 384. Goucher H, Wong CA, Patel SK, Toledo P. Cell salvage in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 2015;121(2):465–8. [PMID: 26197375]

Peroperativ aferese/komponentsekvestrering

1. 385. Birla R, Nawaytou O, Shaw M, et al. Reducing blood transfusion in aortic surgery: a novel approach. Ann Thorac Surg 2019;108(5):1369–75. [PMID: 31255616]

2. 386. Ma J, Sun J, Guo W, et al. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on reducing blood loss after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(26):e7262. [PMID: 28658120]

3. 387. Zhai Q, Wang Y, Yuan Z, et al. Effects of platelet-rich plasmapheresis during cardiovascular surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. J Clin Anesth 2019;56:88–97. [PMID: 30708148]

4. 388. Zhou SF, Estrera AL, Loubser P, et al. Autologous platelet-rich plasma reduces transfusions during ascending aortic arch repair: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Thorac Surg 2015;99(4):1282–90. [PMID: 25661906]

5. 389. Sandhu HK, Tanaka A, Dahotre S, et al. Propensity and impact of autologous platelet rich plasma use in acute type A dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020;159(6):2288–97.e1. [PMID: 31519411]

6. 390. Aggarwal AK, Shashikanth VS, Marwaha N. Platelet-rich plasma prevents blood loss and pain and enhances early functional outcome after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomised controlled study. Int Orthop 2014;38(2):387–95. [PMID: 24114251]

7. 391. Alberts M, Bandarenko N, Gaca J, et al. Reduced use of allogeneic platelets through high-yield perioperative autologous plateletpheresis and reinfusion. Transfusion 2014;54(5):1348–57. [PMID: 24898456]

8. 392. Carless PA, Rubens FD, Anthony DM, et al. Platelet-rich-plasmapheresis for minimising peri-operative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(3):CD004172. [PMID: 21412885]

 Peroperativ hemodilusjon

1. 393. Jarnagin WR, Gonen M, Maithel SK, et al. A prospective randomized trial of acute normovolemic hemodilution compared to standard intraoperative management in patients undergoing major hepatic resection. Ann Surg 2008;248(3):360–9. [PMID: 18791356]

2. 394. Droz NM, Lin J, Beach J, et al. Decreased transfusion requirements with use of acute normovolemic hemodilution in open aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2021;74(6):1885–93. [PMID: 34082004]

3. 395. Habler O, Schwenzer K, Zimmer K, et al. Effects of standardized acute normovolemic hemodilution on intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing major maxillofacial surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;33(5):467–75. [PMID: 15183411]

4. 396. Shander A, Rijhwani TS. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Transfusion 2004;44(12 Suppl):26S-34S. [PMID: 15585002]

5. 397. Monk TG. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 2005;23(2):271–81. [PMID: 15922899]

6. 398. Henderson RA, Mazzeffi MA, Strauss ER, et al. Impact of intraoperative high-volume autologous blood collection on allogeneic transfusion during and after cardiac surgery: a propensity score matched analysis. Transfusion 2019;59(6):2023–9. [PMID: 30882929]

7. 399. Oppitz PP, Stefani MA. Acute normovolemic hemodilution is safe in neurosurgery. World Neurosurg 2013;79(5–6):719–24. [PMID: 22381828]

8. 400. Monk TG, Goodnough LT, Birkmeyer JD, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution is a cost-effective alternative to preoperative autologous blood donation by patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Transfusion 1995:35(7):559–65. [PMID: 7631387]

9. 401. Bak Z, Abildgård L, Lisander B, Janerot-Sjöberg B. Transesophageal echocardiographic hemodynamic monitoring during preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution. Anesthesiology 2000;92(5):1250–6. [PMID: 10781269]

10. 402. Barile L, Fominskiy E, Di Tomasso N, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution reduces allogeneic red blood cell transfusion in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesth Analg 2017;124(3):743–52. [PMID: 27669554]

11. 403. Spahn DR, Schmid ER, Seifert B, et al. Hemodilution tolerance in patients with coronary artery disease who are receiving chronic beta-adrenergic blocker therapy. Anesth Analg 1996;82(4):687–94. [PMID: 8615482]

12. 404. Licker M, Ellenberger C, Sierra J, et al. Cardioprotective effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest 2005;128(2):838–47. [PMID: 16100176]

13. 405. Goldberg J, Paugh TA, Dickinson TA, et al; PERForm Registry and the Michigan Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons Quality Collaborative. Greater volume of acute normovolemic hemodilution may aid in reducing blood transfusions after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2015;100(5):1581–7. [PMID: 26206721]

14. 406. Ickx BE, Rigolet M, Van Der Linden PJ. Cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute normovolemic anemia. Effects of anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;93(4):1011–6. [PMID: 11020756]

15. 407. Jamnicki M, Kocian R, van der Linden P, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution: physiology, limitations, and clinical use. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003;17(6):747–54. [PMID: 14689419]

16. 408. Aly Hassan A, Lochbuehler H, Frey L, Messmer K. Global tissue oxygenation during normovolaemic haemodilution in young children. Paediatr Anaesth 1997;7(3):197–204. [PMID: 9189964]

17. 409. Sebastian R, Ratliff T, Winch PD, et al. Revisiting acute normovolemic hemodilution and blood transfusion during pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study. Paediatr Anaesth 2017;27(1):85–90. [PMID: 27734554]

18. 410. Crescini WM, Muralidaran A, Shen I, et al. The use of acute normovolemic hemodilution in paediatric cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2018;62(6):756–64. [PMID: 29504128]

19. 411. Singbartl K, Schleinzer W, Singbartl G. Hypervolemic hemodilution: an alternative to acute normovolemic hemodilution? A mathematical analysis. J Surg Res 1999;86(2):206–12. [PMID: 10534425]

20. 412. Trouwborst A, van Woerkens EC, van Daele M, Tenbrinck R. Acute hypervolaemic haemodilution to avoid blood transfusion during major surgery. Lancet 1990;336(8726):1295–7. [PMID: 1978123]

21. 413. Trouwborst A, Hagenouw RR, Jeekel J, Ong GL. Hypervolaemic haemodilution in an anaemic Jehovah’s Witness. Br J Anaesth 1990;64(5):646–8. [PMID: 2354105]

22. 414. Wu J, Zhang Z. The effects of acute hypervolemic hemodilution and conventional infusion in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy patients. Am J Transl Res 2021;13(7):7866–73. [PMID: 34377264]

23. 415. Kumar R, Chakraborty I, Sehgal R. A prospective randomized study comparing two techniques of perioperative blood conservation: isovolemic hemodilution and hypervolemic hemodilution. Anesth Analg 2002;95(5):1154–61. [PMID: 12401583]

24. 416. van Daele M, Trouwborst A, van Woerkens L, et al. Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring of preoperative acute hypervolemic hemodilution. Anesthesiology 1994;81(3):602–9. [PMID: 8092505]

25. 417. Mielke LL, Entholzner EK, Kling M, et al. Preoperative acute hypervolemic hemodilution with hydroxyethylstarch: an alternative to acute normovolemic hemodilution? Anesth Analg 1997;84(1):26–30. [PMID: 8988994]

26. 418. Saricaoglu F, Akinci SB, Celiker V, Aypar U. The effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution and acute hypervolemic hemodilution on coagulation and allogeneic transfusion. Saudi Med J 2005;26(5):792–8. [PMID: 15951872]

27. 419. Smetannikov Y, Hopkins D. Intraoperative bleeding: a mathematical model for minimizing hemoglobin loss. Transfusion 1996;36(9):832–5. [PMID: 8823461]

28. 420. Rohling RG, Haers PE, Zimmerman AP, et al. Multimodal strategy for reduction of homologous transfusions in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;28(2):137–42. [PMID: 10102398]

29. 421. Torella F, Haynes SL, Kirwan CC, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative cell salvage in aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg 2002;36(1):31–4. [PMID: 12096253]

30. 422. Goodnough LT, Monk TG, Brecher ME. Acute normovolemic hemodilution should replace the preoperative donation of autologous blood as a method of autologous-blood procurement. Transfusion 1998;38(5):473–6. [PMID: 9633561]

31. 423. Sakwa MP, Emery RW, Shannon FL, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting with a minimized cardiopulmonary bypass circuit: a prospective, randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;137(2):481–5. [PMID: 19185173]

32. 424. Baikoussis NG, Papakonstantinou NA, Apostolakis E. The “benefits“ of the mini-extracorporeal circulation in the minimal invasive cardiac surgery era. J Cardiol 2014;63(6):391–6. [PMID: 24629908]

33. 425. Hensley NB, Gyi R, Zorrilla-Vaca A, et al. Retrograde autologous priming in cardiac surgery: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2021;132(1):100–7. [PMID: 32947294]

Hemofiltrasjon/hemokonsentrasjon

1. 426. Boodhwani M, Williams K, Babaev A, et al. Ultrafiltration reduces blood transfusions following cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006;30(6):892–7. [PMID: 17046273]

2. 427. Gunaydin S, Gourlay T. Novel ultrafiltration technique for blood conservation in cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 2013;95(6):2148–51. [PMID: 23706433]

3. 428. Torina AG, Silveira-Filho LM, Vilarinho KA, et al. Use of modified ultrafiltration in adults undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with inflammatory modulation and less postoperative blood loss: a randomized and controlled study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;144(3):663–70. [PMID: 22578899]

4.  429. Dekkers RJ, Rizzo RJ, Body SC, et al. Shed whole blood autotransfusion during aortic aneurysm operation with a modified collection infusion system. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59(1):184–6. [PMID: 7818319]

5. 430. Naguib AN, Winch PD, Tobias JD, et al. A single-center strategy to minimize blood transfusion in neonates and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2015;25(5):477–86. [PMID: 25581204]

Postoperativ behandling

1. 431. Griffin KB. Postoperative bleeding. Current nursing management. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1990;2(4):549–57. [PMID: 2096860]

2. 432. Dagi TF. The management of postoperative bleeding. Surg Clin North Am 2005;85(6):1191–213. [PMID: 16326202]

3. 433. Despotis GJ, Skubas NJ, Goodnough LT. Optimal management of bleeding and transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;11(2):84–104. [PMID: 10378853]

4. 434. Uber WE, Toole JM, Stroud MR, et al. Administration of recombinant activated factor VII in the intensive care unit after complex cardiovascular surgery: clinical and economic outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;141(6):1469–77.e2. [PMID: 21457998]

5. 435. Xie J, Ma J, Yao H, et al. Multiple boluses of intravenous tranexamic acid to reduce hidden blood loss after primary total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet: a randomized clinical trial. J Arthroplasty 2016;31(11):2458–64. [PMID: 27262419]

6. 436. Magill P, Hill JC, Bryce L, et al. Oral tranexamic acid for an additional 24 hours postoperatively versus a single preoperative intravenous dose for reducing blood loss in total knee arthroplasty: results of a randomized controlled trial (TRAC-24). Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(10):1595–603. [PMID: 34587808]

7. 437. Kim J, Kim JK, Yoon W, et al. Transarterial embolization for postoperative hemorrhage after abdominal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9(3):393–9. [PMID: 15749603]

8. 438. Murphy GJ, Allen SM, Unsworth-White J, et al. Safety and efficacy of perioperative cell salvage and autotransfusion after coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77(5):1553–9. [PMID: 15111142]

9. 439. Apfelbaum JL, Nuttall GA, Connis RT, et al; American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood management: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management. Anesthesiology 2015;122(2):241–75. [PMID: 25545654]

10. 440. Smith LK, Williams DH, Langkamer VG. Post-operative blood salvage with autologous retransfusion in primary total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89(8):1092–7. [PMID: 17785752]

11. 441. Muñoz M, Ariza D, Garcerán MJ, et al. Benefits of postoperative shed blood reinfusion in patients undergoing unilateral total knee replacement. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2005;125(6):385–9. [PMID: 15821894]

12. 442. Martin J, Robitaille D, Perrault LP, et al. Reinfusion of mediastinal blood after heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120(3):499–504. [PMID: 10962411]

13. 443. Moonen AF, Knoors NT, van Os JJ, et al. Retransfusion of filtered shed blood in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Transfusion 2007;47(3):379–84. [PMID: 17319816]

14. 444. Strümper D, Weber EW, Gielen-Wijffels S, et al. Clinical efficacy of postoperative autologous transfusion of filtered shed blood in hip and knee arthroplasty. Transfusion 2004;44(11):1567–71. [PMID: 15504161]

15. 445. Steinberg EL, Ben-Galim P, Yaniv Y, et al. Comparative analysis of the benefits of autotransfusion of blood by a shed blood collector after total knee replacement. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2004;124(2):114–8. [PMID: 14745567]

16. 446. Weltert L, Nardella S, Rondinelli MB, et al. Reduction of allogeneic red blood cell usage during cardiac surgery by an integrated intra- and postoperative blood salvage strategy: results of a randomized comparison. Transfusion 2013;53(4):790–7. [PMID: 22882381]

17. 447. Dias JD, Sauaia A, Achneck HE, et al. Thromboelastography-guided therapy improves patient blood management and certain clinical outcomes in elective cardiac and liver surgery and emergency resuscitation: a systematic review and analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17(6):984–94. [PMID: 30947389]

18. 448. Despotis GJ, Joist JH. Anticoagulation and anticoagulation reversal with cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass: an update. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1999;13(4 Suppl 1):18–29. [PMID: 10468245]

19. 449. Paparella D, Brister SJ, Buchanan MR. Coagulation disorders of cardiopulmonary bypass: a review. Intensive Care Med 2004;30(10):1873–81. [PMID: 15278267]

20. 450. Meesters MI, Veerhoek D, de Lange F, et al. Effect of high or low protamine dosing on postoperative bleeding following heparin anticoagulation in cardiac surgery. A randomised clinical trial. Thromb Haemost 2016;116(2):251–61. [PMID: 27277211]

21. 451. Cooley DA. Conservation of blood during cardiovascular surgery. Am J Surg 1995;170(6A Suppl):53S-59S. [PMID: 8546249]

22. 452. Meng L, Yu W, Wang T, et al. Blood pressure targets in perioperative care. Hypertension 2018;72(4):806–17. [PMID: 30354725]

23. 453. Tomescu DR, Scarlatescu E, Bubenek-Turconi ŞI. Can goal-directed fluid therapy decrease the use of blood and hemoderivates in surgical patients? Minerva Anestesiol 2020;86(12):1346–52. [PMID: 32251569]

24. 454. Hébert PC, Van der Linden P, Biro G, Hu LQ. Physiologic aspects of anemia. Crit Care Clin 2004;20(2):187–212. [PMID: 15135460]

25. 455. Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e227S-e277S. [PMID: 22315263]

26. 456. Pannucci CJ, Swistun L, MacDonald JK, et al. Individualized venous thromboembolism risk stratification using the 2005 Caprini Score to identify the benefits and harms of chemoprophylaxis in surgical patients: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2017;265(6):1094–103. [PMID: 28106607]

27. 457. Pour AE, Keshavarzi NR, Purtill JJ, et al. Is venous foot pump effective in prevention of thromboembolic disease after joint arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty 2013;28(3):410–7. [PMID: 23102505]

28. 458. Ho KM, Tan JA. Stratified meta-analysis of intermittent pneumatic compression of the lower limbs to prevent venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients. Circulation 2013;128(9):1003–20. [PMID: 23852609]

29. 459. Muriel A, Jiménez D, Aujesky D, et al. Survival effects of inferior vena cava filter in patients with acute symptomatic venous thromboembolism and a significant bleeding risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(16):1675–83. [PMID: 24576432]

30. 460. Devereaux PJ, Mrkobrada M, Sessler DI, et al; POISE-2 Investigators. Aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2014;370(16):1494–503. [PMID: 24679062]

31. 461. Koury MJ, Ponka P. New insights into erythropoiesis: the roles of folate, vitamin B12, and iron. Annu Rev Nutr 2004;24:105–31. [PMID: 15189115]

Behandling av akutt blødning og sjokk

1. 462. Ker K, Roberts I, Shakur H, Coats TJ. Antifibrinolytic drugs for acute traumatic injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(5):CD004896. [PMID: 25956410]

2. 463. Innerhofer P, Fries D, Mittermayr M, et al. Reversal of trauma-induced coagulopathy using first-line coagulation factor concentrates or fresh frozen plasma (RETIC): a single-centre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Haematol 2017;4(6):e258–71. [PMID: 28457980]

3.  464. Boffard KD, Riou B, Warren B, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa as adjunctive therapy for bleeding control in severely injured trauma patients: two parallel randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials. J Trauma 2005;59(1):8–15. [PMID: 16096533]

4. 465. Nishijima DK, Simel DL, Wisner DH, Holmes JF. Does this adult patient have a blunt intra-abdominal injury? JAMA 2012;307(14):1517–27. [PMID: 22496266]

5. 466. Sierink JC, Saltzherr TP, Reitsma JB, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of immediate total-body computed tomography compared with selective radiological imaging of injured patients. Br J Surg 2012;99 Suppl 1:52–8. [PMID: 22441856]

6. 467. Griffin XL, Pullinger R. Are diagnostic peritoneal lavage or focused abdominal sonography for trauma safe screening investigations for hemodynamically stable patients after blunt abdominal trauma? A review of the literature. J Trauma 2007;62(3):779–84. [PMID: 17414368]

7. 468. Ceribelli C, Adami EA, Mattia S, Benini B. Bedside diagnostic laparoscopy for critically ill patients: a retrospective study of 62 patients. Surg Endosc 2012;26(12):3612–5. [PMID: 22710654]

8. 469. Melniker LA, Leibner E, McKenney MG, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of point-of-care, limited ultrasonography for trauma in the emergency department: the first sonography outcomes assessment program trial. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48(3):227–35. [PMID: 16934640]

9. 470. Stengel D, Ottersbach C, Matthes G, et al. Accuracy of single-pass whole-body computed tomography for detection of injuries in patients with major blunt trauma. CMAJ 2012;184(8):869–76. [PMID: 22392949]

10. 471. Doll D, Eichler M, Vassiliu P, et al. Penetrating thoracic trauma patients with gross physiological derangement: a responsibility for the general surgeon in the absence of trauma or cardiothoracic surgeon? World J Surg 2017;41(1):170–5. [PMID: 27553197]

11. 472. Gao JM, Gao YH, Wei GB, et al. Penetrating cardiac wounds: principles for surgical management. World J Surg 2004;28(10):1025–9. [PMID: 15573259]

12. 473. Cothren CC, Osborn PM, Moore EE, et al. Preperitonal pelvic packing for hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures: a paradigm shift. J Trauma 2007;62(4):834–9. [PMID: 17426537]

Omgående operasjon for å stanse blødning

1. 474. Polanco P, Leon S, Pineda J, et al. Hepatic resection in the management of complex injury to the liver. J Trauma 2008;65(6):1264–9. [PMID: 19077611]

2. 475. Moore LJ, Brenner M, Kozar RA, et al. Implementation of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta as an alternative to resuscitative thoracotomy for noncompressible truncal hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015;79(4):523–30. [PMID: 26402524]

3. 476. Phelan HA, Patterson SG, Hassan MO, et al. Thoracic damage-control operation: principles, techniques, and definitive repair. J Am Coll Surg 2006;203(6):933–41. [PMID: 17116562]

4. 477. Brenner M, Teeter W, Hoehn M, et al. Use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for proximal aortic control in patients with severe hemorrhage and arrest. JAMA Surg 2018;153(2):130–5. [PMID: 28973104]

5. 478. Siebler J, Dipasquale T, Sagi HC. Use of temporary partial intrailiac balloon occlusion for decreasing blood loss during open reduction and internal fixation of acetabular and pelvis fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2012;26(6):e54–7. [PMID: 22357089]

6. 479. Garcia AF, Manzano-Nunez R, Bayona JG, et al. A clinical series of packing the wound tract for arresting traumatic hemorrhage from injuries of the lung parenchyma as a feasible damage control technique. World J Emerg Surg 2019;14:52. [PMID: 31798672]

7. 480. Schreiber MA. Damage control surgery. Crit Care Clin 2004;20(1):101–18. [PMID: 14979332]

8. 481. Garcia A, Martinez J, Rodriguez J, et al. Damage-control techniques in the management of severe lung trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015;78(1):45–50. [PMID: 25539202]

9. 482. Baldoni F, Di Saverio S, Antonacci N, et al. Refinement in the technique of perihepatic packing: a safe and effective surgical hemostasis and multidisciplinary approach can improve the outcome in severe liver trauma. Am J Surg 2011;201(1):e5-e14. [PMID: 21167358]

10. 483. Freeman JL, Winston KR, Byers JT, Beauchamp K. Damage-control neurosurgery: packing to halt relentless intracranial bleeding. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015;79(5):865–9. [PMID: 26496114]

11. 484. Benz D, Balogh ZJ. Damage control surgery: current state and future directions. Curr Opin Crit Care 2017;23(6):491–7. [PMID: 29035926]

12. 485. Lee JC, Peitzman AB. Damage-control laparotomy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006;12(4):346–50. [PMID: 16810046]

13. 486. Loveland JA, Boffard KD. Damage control in the abdomen and beyond. Br J Surg 2004;91(9):1095–1101. [PMID: 15449259]

14. 487. Moroni A, Faldini C, Pegreffi F, et al. Dynamic hip screw compared with external fixation for treatment of osteoporotic pertrochanteric fractures. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87(4):753–9. [PMID: 15805203]

15. 488. Taeger G, Ruchholtz S, Waydhas C, et al. Damage control orthopedics in patients with multiple injuries is effective, time saving, and safe. J Trauma 2005;59(2):409–16. [PMID: 16294083]

16. 489. Tuttle MS, Smith WR, Williams AE, et al. Safety and efficacy of damage control external fixation versus early definitive stabilization for femoral shaft fractures in the multiple-injured patient. J Trauma 2009;67(3):602–5. [PMID: 19741407]

17. 490. Croce MA, Magnotti LJ, Savage SA, et al. Emergent pelvic fixation in patients with exsanguinating pelvic fractures. J Am Coll Surg 2007;204(5):935–9. [PMID: 17481514]

18. 491. Baracat F, Moura E, Bernardo W, et al. Endoscopic hemostasis for peptic ulcer bleeding: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Surg Endosc 2016;30(6):2155–68. [PMID: 26487199]

19. 492. Fisher L, Lee Krinsky M, Anderson MA, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of obscure GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72(3):471–9. [PMID: 20801285]

20. 493. Antoniou GA, Georgiadis GS, Antoniou SA, et al. Endovascular repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm confers an early survival benefit over open repair. J Vasc Surg 2013;58(4):1091–105. [PMID: 24075109]

Akutt autotransfusjon

1. 494. Meybohm P, Choorapoikayil S, Wessels A, et al. Washed cell salvage in surgical patients: a review and meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials under PRISMA. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95(31):e4490. [PMID: 27495095]

2. 495. Waters JH. Cell salvage in trauma. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2021;34(4):503–6. [PMID: 34074882]

3. 496. Brown CV, Foulkrod KH, Sadler HT, et al. Autologous blood transfusion during emergency trauma operations. Arch Surg 2010;145(7):690–4. [PMID: 20644133]

4. 497. Li J, Sun SL, Tian JH, et al. Cell salvage in emergency trauma surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;1:CD007379. [PMID: 25613473]

5. 498. Rhee P, Inaba K, Pandit V, et al. Early autologous fresh whole blood transfusion leads to less allogeneic transfusions and is safe. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015;78(4):729–34. [PMID: 25807402]

6. 499. Odak S, Raza A, Shah N, Clayson A. Clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness of intraoperative cell salvage in pelvic trauma surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2013;95(5):357–60. [PMID: 23838500]

7. 500. Imai R, Matsumura H, Uchida R, Watanabe K. Perioperative hemodilutional autologous blood transfusion in burn surgery. Injury 2008;39(1):57–60. [PMID: 18054019]

8. 501. Waters JH, Tuohy MJ, Hobson DF, Procop G. Bacterial reduction by cell salvage washing and leukocyte depletion filtration. Anesthesiology 2003;99(3):652–5. [PMID: 12960550]

9.  502. Bowley DM, Barker P, Boffard KD. Intraoperative blood salvage in penetrating abdominal trauma: a randomised, controlled trial. World J Surg 2006;30(6):1074–80. [PMID: 16736339]

Akutt angiografisk embolisering

1. 503. Bonde A, Velmahos A, Kalva SP, et al. Bilateral internal iliac artery embolization for pelvic trauma: effectiveness and safety. Am J Surg 2020;220(2):454–8. [PMID: 31902526]

2. 504. Bhullar IS, Frykberg ER, Siragusa D, et al. Selective angiographic embolization of blunt splenic traumatic injuries in adults decreases failure rate of nonoperative management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;72(5):1127–34. [PMID: 22673236]

3. 505. Kimbrell BJ, Velmahos GC, Chan LS, Demetriades D. Angiographic embolization for pelvic fractures in older patients. Arch Surg 2004;139(7):728–32. [PMID: 15249404]

4. 506. Miller PR, Moore PS, Mansell E, et al. External fixation or arteriogram in bleeding pelvic fracture: initial therapy guided by markers of arterial hemorrhage. J Trauma 2003;54(3):437–43. [PMID: 12634521]

5. 507. Asensio JA, Roldán G, Petrone P, et al. Operative management and outcomes in 103 AAST-OIS grades IV and V complex hepatic injuries: trauma surgeons still need to operate, but angioembolization helps. J Trauma 2003;54(4):647–53. [PMID: 12707525]

6. 508. Velmahos GC, Toutouzas KG, Vassiliu P, et al. A prospective study on the safety and efficacy of angiographic embolization for pelvic and visceral injuries. J Trauma 2002;53(2):303–8. [PMID: 12169938]

7. 509. Gaarder C, Dormagen JB, Eken T, et al. Nonoperative management of splenic injuries: improved results with angioembolization. J Trauma 2006;61(1):192–8. [PMID: 16832270]

8. 510. Vaidya R, Waldron J, Scott A, Nasr K. Angiography and embolization in the management of bleeding pelvic fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2018;26(4):e68–76. [PMID: 29351135]

9. 511. Papakostidis C, Kanakaris N, Dimitriou R, Giannoudis PV. The role of arterial embolization in controlling pelvic fracture haemorrhage: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Radiol 2012;81(5):897–904. [PMID: 21439743]

10. 512. Bochicchio G. Treatment of bleeding in the urban battlefield. Surgery 2007;142(4 Suppl):S78–83. [PMID: 18019937]

11. 513. Nicol AJ, Hommes M, Primrose R, et al. Packing for control of hemorrhage in major liver trauma. World J Surg 2007;31(3):569–74. [PMID: 17334868]

12. 514. Ordoñez C, Pino L, Badiel M, et al. The 1–2–3 approach to abdominal packing. World J Surg 2012;36(12):2761–6. [PMID: 22955950]

Væskeresuscitering

1. 515. Morrison CA, Carrick MM, Norman MA, et al. Hypotensive resuscitation strategy reduces transfusion requirements and severe postoperative coagulopathy in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma 2011;70(3):652–63. [PMID: 21610356]

2. 516. Coppola S, Froio S, Chiumello D. Fluid resuscitation in trauma patients: what should we know? Curr Opin Crit Care 2014;20(4):444–50. [PMID: 24927043]

3. 517. Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 1994;331(17):1105–9. [PMID: 7935634]

4. 518. Tran A, Yates J, Lau A, et al. Permissive hypotension versus conventional resuscitation strategies in adult trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018;84(5):802–8. [PMID: 29370058]

5. 519. Dick F, Erdoes G, Opfermann P, et al. Delayed volume resuscitation during initial management of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2013;57(4):943–50. [PMID: 23332983]

6. 520. Ley EJ, Clond MA, Srour MK, et al. Emergency department crystalloid resuscitation of 1.5 L or more is associated with increased mortality in elderly and nonelderly trauma patients. J Trauma 2011;70(2):398–400. [PMID: 21307740]

7. 521. Silbergleit R, Satz W, McNamara RM, et al. Effect of permissive hypotension in continuous uncontrolled intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Acad Emerg Med 1996;3(10):922–6. [PMID: 8891037]

8. 522. Fowler R, Pepe PE. Fluid resuscitation of the patient with major trauma. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2002;15(2):173–8. [PMID: 17019198]

9. 523. Dutton RP, Mackenzie CF, Scalea TM. Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage: impact on in-hospital mortality. J Trauma 2002;52(6):1141–6. [PMID: 12045644]

10. 524. Revell M, Greaves I, Porter K. Endpoints for fluid resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2003;54(5 Suppl):S63–7. [PMID: 12768105]

11. 525. Duke MD, Guidry C, Guice J, et al. Restrictive fluid resuscitation in combination with damage control resuscitation: time for adaptation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;73(3):674–8. [PMID: 22929496]

12. 526. Pepe PE, Dutton RP, Fowler RL. Preoperative resuscitation of the trauma patient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008;21(2):216–21. [PMID: 18443492]

13. 527. Roberts I, Evans P, Bunn F, et al. Is the normalisation of blood pressure in bleeding trauma patients harmful? Lancet 2001;357(9253):385–7. [PMID: 11211015]

14. 528. Owattanapanich N, Chittawatanarat K, Benyakorn T, Sirikun J. Risks and benefits of hypotensive resuscitation in patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock: a meta-analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2018;26(1):107. [PMID: 30558650]

15. 529. Geeraedts LM Jr, Kaasjager HA, van Vugt AB, Frölke JP. Exsanguination in trauma: a review of diagnostics and treatment options. Injury 2009;40(1):11–20. [PMID: 19135193]

16. 530. Fouche Y, Sikorski R, Dutton RP. Changing paradigms in surgical resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2010;38(9 Suppl):S411–20. [PMID: 20724874]

17. 531. Marik PE, Weinmann M. Optimizing fluid therapy in shock. Curr Opin Crit Care 2019;25(3):246–51. [PMID: 31022087]

18. 532. Petitpas F, Guenezan J, Vendeuvre T, et al. Use of intra-osseous access in adults: a systematic review. Crit Care 2016;20:102. [PMID: 27075364]

19. 533. Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Bogner V, et al. Comparison of intraosseous versus central venous vascular access in adults under resuscitation in the emergency department with inaccessible peripheral veins. Resuscitation 2012;83(1):40–5. [PMID: 21893125]

20. 534. Sessler DI. Complications and treatment of mild hypothermia. Anesthesiology 2001;95(2):531–43. [PMID: 11506130]

21. 535. Tsuei BJ, Kearney PA. Hypothermia in the trauma patient. Injury 2004;35(1):7–15. [PMID: 14728949]

22. 536. Perlman R, Callum J, Laflamme C, et al. A recommended early goal-directed management guideline for the prevention of hypothermia-related transfusion, morbidity, and mortality in severely injured trauma patients. Crit Care 2016;20(1):107. [PMID: 27095272]

23. 537. Rösli D, Schnüriger B, Candinas D, Haltmeier T. The impact of accidental hypothermia on mortality in trauma patients overall and patients with traumatic brain injury specifically: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg 2020;44(12):4106–17. [PMID: 32860141]

24. 538. Peterson K, Carson S, Carney N. Hypothermia treatment for traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma 2008;25(1):62–71. [PMID: 18355159]

Tidlig behandling med erytropoietin

1. 539. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Rodriguez RM, et al. Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the critically ill patient: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 1999;27(11):2346–50. [PMID: 10579246]

2. 540. Napolitano LM, Fabian TC, Kelly KM, et al. Improved survival of critically ill trauma patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. J Trauma 2008;65(2):285–97. [PMID: 18695463]

3.  541. Georgopoulos D, Matamis D, Routsi C, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in critically ill patients: a dose-response study [ISRCTN48523317]. Crit Care 2005;9(5):R508–15. [PMID: 16277712]

4. 542. Shander A, Goodnough LT. Management of anemia in patients who decline blood transfusion. Am J Hematol 2018;93(9):1183–91. [PMID: 30033541]

5. 543. Talving P, Lustenberger T, Inaba K, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent administration and survival after severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective study. Arch Surg 2012;147(3):251–5. [PMID: 22430906]

6. 544. Robinson Y, Hostmann A, Matenov A, et al. Erythropoiesis in multiply injured patients. J Trauma 2006;61(5):1285–91. [PMID: 17099548]

7. 545. Hobisch-Hagen P, Wiedermann F, Mayr A, et al. Blunted erythropoietic response to anemia in multiply traumatized patients. Crit Care Med 2001;29(4):743–7. [PMID: 11373460]

8. 546. Posluszny JA Jr, Napolitano LM. How do we treat life-threatening anemia in a Jehovah’s Witness patient? Transfusion 2014;54(12):3026–34. [PMID: 25330835]

9. 547. Bernabeu-Wittel M, Romero M, Ollero-Baturone M, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose with or without erythropoietin in anemic patients with hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial. Transfusion 2016;56(9):2199–211. [PMID: 27195774]

10. 548. Froessler B, Kurmis A, Papendorf D. Is there an indication to utilize intravenous iron in acute trauma patients? Why, how, and when. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2020;33(2):227–33. [PMID: 31895124]

11. 549. García-Erce JA, Cuenca J, Muñoz M, et al. Perioperative stimulation of erythropoiesis with intravenous iron and erythropoietin reduces transfusion requirements in patients with hip fracture. A prospective observational study. Vox Sang 2005;88(4):235–43. [PMID: 15877644]

12. 550. Thomas JM, Wong CJ, Scheuermann KW, et al. Clinical strategies for managing hemorrhage and anemia without blood transfusion in the ICU. Poster presented at the 7th World Congress of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine; 1997 Jun 29–Jul 3; Ottawa, Canada.

13. 551. Bosman A, de Jong MB, Debeij J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infections from chest drains in blunt and penetrating thoracic injuries. Br J Surg 2012;99(4):506–13. [PMID: 22139619]

14. 552. O’Neill PA, Kirton OC, Dresner LS, et al. Analysis of 162 colon injuries in patients with penetrating abdominal trauma: concomitant stomach injury results in a higher rate of infection. J Trauma 2004;56(2):304–12. [PMID: 14960972]

15. 553. Hunt TK, Hopf HW. Wound healing and wound infection. What surgeons and anesthesiologists can do. Surg Clin North Am 1997;77(3):587–606. [PMID: 9194882]

Fysiologisk reaksjon på anemi

1. 554. Madjdpour C, Spahn DR, Weiskopf RB. Anemia and perioperative red blood cell transfusion: a matter of tolerance. Crit Care Med 2006;34(5 Suppl):S102–8. [PMID: 16617252]

2. 555. Bush RL, Pevec WC, Holcroft JW. A prospective, randomized trial limiting perioperative red blood cell transfusions in vascular patients. Am J Surg 1997;174(2):143–8. [PMID: 9293831]

3. 556. Drummond JC, Petrovitch CT. Hemotherapy and hemostasis. In: Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, editors. Clinical Anesthesia, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 208–44. [ISBN: 0–7817–5745–2]

4. 557. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, for the Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med 1999;340(6):409–17. [PMID: 9971864]

5. 558. Mazer CD, Whitlock RP, Fergusson DA, et al; TRICS Investigators and Perioperative Anesthesia Clinical Trials Group. Restrictive or liberal red-cell transfusion for cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2017;377(22):2133–44. [PMID: 29130845]

6. 559. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013;368(1):11–21. [PMID: 23281973]

7. 560. Hajjar LA, Vincent JL, Galas FR, et al. Transfusion requirements after cardiac surgery: the TRACS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304(14):1559–67. [PMID: 20940381]

8. 561. Fontana JL, Welborn L, Mongan PD, et al. Oxygen consumption and cardiovascular function in children during profound intraoperative normovolemic hemodilution. Anesth Analg 1995;80(2):219–25. [PMID: 7818103]

9. 562. Mathru M, Kleinman B, Blakeman B, et al. Myocardial metabolism and adaptation during extreme hemodilution in humans after coronary revascularization. Crit Care Med 1992;20(10):1420–5. [PMID: 1395663]

10. 563. de Araújo Azi LM, Lopes FM, Garcia LV. Postoperative management of severe acute anemia in a Jehovah’s Witness. Transfusion 2014;54(4):1153–7. [PMID: 24117834]

11. 564. Belfort M, Kofford S, Varner M. Massive obstetric hemorrhage in a Jehovah’s Witness: intraoperative strategies and high-dose erythropoietin use. Am J Perinatol 2011;28(3):207–10. [PMID: 20827658]

12. 565. Lieberman JA, Weiskopf RB, Kelley SD, et al. Critical oxygen delivery in conscious humans is less than 7.3 ml O₂·kg^-1·min^-1. Anesthesiology 2000;92(2):407–13. [PMID: 10691227]

13. 566. Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J, et al. Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA 1998;279(3):217–21. [PMID: 9438742]

14. 567. Carson JL, Duff A, Berlin JA, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion and postoperative mortality. JAMA 1998;279(3):199–205. [PMID: 9438739]

15. 568. Salpeter SR, Buckley JS, Chatterjee S. Impact of more restrictive blood transfusion strategies on clinical outcomes: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Med 2014;127(2):124–31.e3. [PMID: 24331453]

16. 569. Fakhry SM, Fata P. How low is too low? Cardiac risks with anemia. Crit Care 2004;8 Suppl 2:S11–4. [PMID: 15196315]

17. 570. Marik PE, Corwin HL. Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2008;36(9):2667–74. [PMID: 18679112]

18. 571. Ducrocq G, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Puymirat E, et al. Effect of a restrictive vs liberal blood transfusion strategy on major cardiovascular events among patients with acute myocardial infarction and anemia: the REALITY randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021;325(6):552–60. [PMID: 33560322]

19. 572. Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Roubinian N, et al. Transfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;10:CD002042. [PMID: 27731885]

20. 573. Napolitano LM, Corwin HL. Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill. Crit Care Clin 2004;20(2):255–68. [PMID: 15135464]

21. 574. Galel SA, Fontaine MJ, Viele MK, et al. Transfusion medicine. In: Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader B, et al, editors. Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. p. 547–86. [ISBN: 978–1–451–17268–3]

22. 575. Frank SM, Abazyan B, Ono M, et al. Decreased erythrocyte deformability after transfusion and the effects of erythrocyte storage duration. Anesth Analg 2013;116(5):975–81. [PMID: 23449853]

23. 576. Tinmouth A, Fergusson D, Yee IC, Hébert PC. Clinical consequences of red cell storage in the critically ill. Transfusion 2006;46(11):2014–27. [PMID: 17076859]

24. 577. Barshtein G, Manny N, Yedgar S. Circulatory risk in the transfusion of red blood cells with impaired flow properties induced by storage. Transfus Med Rev 2011;25(1):24–35. [PMID: 21134624]