Kuika Anthu Magazi—Nkhani Yovuta kwa Nthaŵi Yaitali

“Ngati maselo ofiira a magazi akanakhala kuti angotulukiridwa monga mankhwala atsopano, kukanakhala kovuta kwambiri kuwavomereza mwalamulo.”—Dr. Jeffrey McCullough.

NTHAŴI yozizira ya m’chaka cha 1667, wamisala wovuta wotchedwa Antoine Mauroy anam’tengera kwa Jean-Baptiste Denis, amene anali dokotala wamkulu wa Mfumu Louis XIV ya ku France. Denis anali ndi “mankhwala” oyenera a misala ya Mauroy. Mankhwala ake anali kumuika magazi a thole la ng’ombe, amene iye anali kuganiza kuti angathe kutontholetsa wodwala wakeyo. Koma zinthu sizinamuyendere bwino Mauroy. N’zoona kuti atamuika kachiŵiri magaziwo, anayamba kupeza bwino. Koma mosakhalitsa misala inam’gwiranso munthu wa chifalansa ameneyu, ndipo mwamsanga anamwalira.

Ngakhale kuti patapita nthaŵi anatulukira kuti chimene chinapha Mauroy ndi mankhwala ena akupha, zimene Denis anali kufufuza pogwiritsa ntchito magazi a nyama zinabukitsa nkhani yovuta kwambiri ku France. Potsiriza, mu 1670 njira imeneyi anailetsa. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Nyumba ya Malamulo ku England ndiponso ngakhale papa anailetsanso. Moti kunalibenso zoika anthu magazi m’zaka 150 zotsatira.

Zoopsa Zake Zoyamba

M’zaka zoyambira mu 1800, kuika anthu magazi kunayambiranso. Amene anayambitsanso njirayi anali mngelezi yemwe anali katswiri wa zauzamba wotchedwa James Blundell. Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zabwinopo ndiponso zida zapamwamba, kuphatikizanso apo anali kunenetsa kuti magazi a munthu okha basi ndiwo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mwanjira imeneyi Blundell anatchukitsa njira yoika anthu magazi.

Koma mu 1873, dokotala wa ku Poland, F. Gesellius, anachedwetsa kufalanso kwa njira yoika anthu magazi potulukira nkhani inayake yoopsa, yakuti: Pafupifupi theka la anthu amene anawaika magazi anafa. Madokotala odziŵika bwino atamva zimenezi, anayamba kudzudzula njirayo. Kutchuka kwa njira yoika anthu magazi kunathanso.

Kenaka, mu 1878, dokotala wa ku France Georges Hayem anatenga madzi a mchere n’kuikako zina ndi zina ndipo ananena kuti angathe kuloŵa m’malo mwa magazi. Mosiyana ndi magazi, madzi a mchere sankadwalitsanso matenda ena, ndipo sanali kuundana m’thupi, komanso anali kuyenda mosavuta. Choncho, mpake kuti njira ya Hayem yogwiritsa ntchito madzi a mchere inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Komabe, modabwitsa, anthu ambiri anayamba kuganiza kuti magazi anali abwinopo. N’chifukwa chiyani zinatero?

Mu 1900, katswiri wa ku Austria wa zimene zimayambitsa matenda Karl Landsteiner, anatulukira kuti pali magulu a magazi, ndipo anapeza kuti gulu limodzi la magazi siliyenderana ndi linzake nthaŵi zonse. N’chifukwa chake zotsatira za anthu ambiri amene anawaika magazi zinali zangozi! Koma  tsopano zimenezo zidakathetsedwa, mwa kungoonetsetsa kuti gulu la magazi la wopereka magazi n’logwirizana ndi la wolandira magaziwo. N’chidziŵitso chimenechi, madokotala anayambanso kuidalira njira yoika anthu magazi, nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itangokwana.

Kuika Anthu Magazi Ndiponso Nkhondo

M’kati mwa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, asilikali ovulala anali kuwaika magazi mosaumira. Inde, magazi amaundana mwamsanga, ndipo m’mbuyomo kukanakhala kosatheka kufika nawo malo omenyera nkhondo. Koma kumayambiriro kwa zaka zoyambira 1900, Dr. Richard Lewisohn, wa ku chipatala chotchedwa Mount Sinai mu mzinda wa New York, anayesa mankhwala ena otchedwa sodium citrate kuti aone ngati angathe kuchititsa kuti magazi asaundane ndipo zinathekadi. Madokotala ena anaona njira yochititsa chidwi imene anaitulukirayi monga chozizwitsa. “Zinkangooneka ngati kuti dzuŵa laimitsidwa,” analemba motero Dr, Bertram M. Bernheim, amene anali dokotala wotchuka m’masiku amenewo.

Magazi anali kufunika mowonjezereka pankhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse. Paliponse anthu anali kuona zikwangwani zolembedwa mawu monga akuti “Perekani Magazi Tsopano,” “Magazi Anu Angathe Kum’pulumutsa,” ndiponso “Iye Anapereka Magazi Ake. Kodi Inunso Mupereka Anu?” Kuitanitsa magazi kumeneku kunachititsa anthu ambiri kuperaka magazi awo. Pankhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, mayuniti a magazi okwanira 13,000,000 anaperekedwa ku United States. Akuti ku London anatenga magazi opitirira magaloni 68,500 ndi kuwagaŵa. N’zoona, kuti kuika anthu magazi kunali ndi mavuto angapo obweretsa matenda, monga mmene anadzaonera mwamsanga pambuyo pake.

Matenda Opatsirana Kudzera M’magazi

Nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse itatha, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa zachipatala  kunatheketsa kuchita maopaleshoni ambiri amene poyamba sanali oti n’kuwaganizira n’komwe. Zotsatirapo zake zinali zakuti magazi anawasandutsa malonda apadziko lonse opindulitsa kwambiri n’cholinga chakuti madokotala azipeza magazi okwanira kuika anthu, poti ankati ndiyo njira yoyenera yochitira opaleshoni.

Komabe, pasanapite nthaŵi, panabwera nkhaŵa yokhudza matenda ogwirizana ndi kuika anthu magazi. Mwachitsanzo, pankhondo ya ku Korea, pafupifupi 22 peresenti ya anthu amene analandira magazi anayamba kudwala matenda a kutupa chiwindi otchedwa hepatitis kuposeratu katatu chiŵerengero cha pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Mmene imafika 1970, bungwe lotchedwa Malikulu Oona za Kupeŵa Matenda ku United States linati anthu amene anali kufa chifukwa cha matenda a kutupa chiwindi opatsirana chifukwa cha kuikidwa magazi anafika pa 3,500 pachaka. Ena anati chiŵerengerocho chinali chachikulu moŵirikiza kakhumi.

Chifukwa choyeza bwino magazi ndiponso kusankha bwino opereka magazi, anthu otenga matenda a kutupa chiwindi a hepatitis B kudzera m’magazi anachepa. Koma kenako panabwera kachilombo katsopano kamene nthaŵi zina kamapha. Kachilomboko kanali kuyambitsa matenda a kutupa chiwindi a hepatitis C ndipo kanapulula anthu kwambiri. Anthu 4 miliyoni a ku America akuti anatenga kachilomboko, zikwi mazana ambiri a iwo anakatenga m’njira yoikidwa magazi. N’zoona kuti m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kuyeza magazi mosamala kunachepetsa kufala kwa matenda a kutupa chiwindi a hepatitis C. Komabe, anthu ambiri akuopa kuti mavuto ena angayambe ndipo angadzadziŵidwe zinthu zitathina kale.

Vuto Lina: Magazi Okhala ndi Kachilombo ka HIV

M’zaka za m’ma 1980, anatulukira kuti magazi angathe kukhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV, kamene kamayambitsa matenda a AIDS. Poyamba, anthu osunga magazi sanali kufuna kuganiza kuti mwina magazi amene ankasunga anali ndi matendaŵa. Ambiri a iwo anali kukayikira kuti HIV ndi vutodi. Malingana ndi zimene ananena Dr, Bruce Evatt, “kunali ngati kuti munthu wina wangoti tulukiru kuchokera m’chipululu ndiye amvekere, ‘ndaona chim’zukwa.’ Iwo anamvetsera, koma sanakhulupirire ngakhale pang’ono.”

Komabe, m’mayiko ambiri mwakhala mukuchitika nkhani zimene zaululitsa kuti magazi ena ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Ku France, akuti pafupifupi anthu 6,000 kapena 8,000 anapatsidwa kachilombo ka HIV poikidwa magazi m’zaka zapakati pa 1982 ndi 1985. Kuika anthu magazi akuti n’kumene kumachititsa 10 peresenti ya okhala ndi HIV mu Africa kutenga kachilomboka ndiponso kuti 40 peresenti ya odwala matenda a AIDS ku Pakistan atenge matendaŵa. Lero, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa kuyeza magazi, kufalitsa kachilombo ka HIV poika anthu magazi n’kochepa m’mayiko otukuka. Komabe, vuto la kufalitsa kachilomboka likupitirizabe m’mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene momwe mulibe njira zoyesera magazi.

N’chifukwa chake m’zaka zaposachedwapa anthu akhala ndi chidwi pa nkhani ya kupereka mankhwala opanda magazi ndiponso kuchita opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Koma kodi imeneyi ndiyo njira yosaopsa?

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Kuika Munthu Magazi—Palibe Muyezo Wachipatala Wodziŵira Ngati Kukufunika

Chaka chilichonse ku United States kokha, mayuniti opitirira 11,000,000 a maselo ofiira a magazi amathiridwa mwa odwala 3,000,000. Poona ukulu wa chiŵerengero chimenechi munthu angaganize kuti madokotala ali ndi muyezo umene amaonetsetsa kuti aziutsatira popereka magazi. Komatu, magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa The New England Journal Of Medicine inanena kuti n’zodabwitsa kuti pali chidziŵitso chochepa kwambiri “chakuti chingagwiritsidwe ntchito posankha zakuti aike munthu magazi.” N’zoonadi, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pochita zimenezi. Osati kokha poona kuti munthu amuike chiyani ndiponso kuti mlingo wake ukhale wotani komanso poona ngati kuika munthu magazi kuli kofunika n’komwe. “Zoti munthu ayenera kuikidwa magazi zimadalira dokotalayo osati wodwala,” ikutero magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa Acta Ana̗sthesiologica Belgica. Poganizira mawu ali pamwambawa, n’zosadabwitsa kuti pa kufufuza kwina kumene anakufalitsa m’magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa The New England Journal of Medicine anapeza kuti “pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya oikidwa magazi sakhala ofunika kuwaika magazi.”

[Zithunzi patsamba 5]

Magazi anali kufunika mowonjezereka pankhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Imperial War Museum, London

U.S. National Archives photos