Kodi Ndani Ali Akapolo Lerolino?

TANGOGANIZANI za ziŵerengero izi. Akuti ana okwanira pakati pa 200 ndi 250 miliyoni azaka zosapitirira 15 nthaŵi zambiri amagwira ntchito kuyambira m’maŵa mpaka madzulo. Ana 250,000 ena aang’ono kwambiri, mwina azaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri basi, anakakamizidwa kumenya nkhondo ya zida m’zaka za 1995 ndi 1996 zokha. Chifukwa cha zimenezi ena a iwo anakhala akapolo ogwidwa kunkhondo. Chiŵerengero cha akazi ndi ana ogulitsidwa monga akapolo pachaka chilichonse akuti chikuposa miliyoni.

Komabe ziŵerengerozi pazokha sizingasonyeze kuvutika maganizo kwa anthu ameneŵa. Mwachitsanzo, kudziko lina lakumpoto kwa Africa, wolemba wina dzina lake Elinor Burkett anakumana ndi mayi wachitsikana dzina lake Fatma amene anakwanitsa kuthawa bwana wake wankhanza. Komabe, atalankhula naye, Burkett anazindikira kuti Fatma “adzakhala kapolo mumtima mwake kwamuyaya.” Kodi Fatma angaganizeko n’komwe zatsogolo labwinopo? Burkett anati, “Iye sangathe kuganiza zatsiku lotsatira ndipo tsogolo n’chimodzi mwa zinthu zambiri zimene mulibe m’malingaliro mwake.”

Inde, panthaŵi yomwe ino, anthu anzathu miyandamiyanda ndi akapolo opanda chiyembekezo. Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani anthu onseŵa anakhala akapolo ndipo zinatani kuti akhale choncho? Kodi amagwidwa kuti akachite ukapolo wamtundu wanji?

Malonda a Anthu

Bulosha la alendo oyendera dziko limene likugulitsidwa ku United States konse linanena mosabisa mawu, kuti: “Kuli maulendo okachita zachiwerewere ku Thailand. Kuli dziphadzuŵadi. Kumakhala kugonanadi. N’kotsika mtengo kwabasi. . . . Kodi mukudziŵa kuti mungagule namwali ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri monga madola 200 okha basi?” Zimene buloshalo silinatchule n’zakuti “anamwali” ameneŵo mosakayikira anachita kubedwa kapena kugulitsidwa mokakamiza ku nyumba zogoneranamo kumene amagonedwa ndi makasitomala pafupifupi 10 mwina mpaka 20 patsiku. Ngati akana kuchitidwa chiwerewere, iwo amamenyedwa. Pamene moto unabuka m’nyumba ina yosungiramo mahule pa hotela yotchedwa Phuket Island, kumwera kwa dziko la Thailand, mahule asanu anapsa ndi kuferatu. Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chakuti eni nyumbayo anamangirira mahulewo ku mabedi awo kuti asathaŵe ntchitoyo.

Kodi amayi achitsikana ameneŵa amachokera kuti? Akuti  malonda ogonana ameneŵa akuchitidwa ndi atsikana komanso amayi miyandamiyanda padziko lonse amene akubedwa, kukakamizidwa, ndiponso kugulitsidwa kuti azichita uhule. Malonda ogonana apadziko lonse akukula chifukwa cha umphaŵi m’mayiko amene akutukuka kumene, chisonkhezero cha m’mayiko olemera ndiponso malamulo amene amalekerera mchitidwe wozembetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito anthu powalipirira ndalama zoyendera ndi zakudya.

Mabungwe a amayi ku Southeast Asia apeza kuti amayi okwana 30 miliyoni padziko lonse anagulitsidwa kuyambira m’kati mwa ma 1970 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1990. Anthu ogulitsa matupi a anzawo amasaka anthu m’malo okwerera sitima, kumidzi yosauka, ndi m’misewu ya m’madera otukuka kufunafuna atsikana ang’onoang’ono amene akuoneka kuti n’ngosavuta kuwagwira. Nthaŵi zambiri amene amagulitsidwa ndi anthu osaphunzira, amasiye, osiyidwa, kapena osoŵa pogwira. Amawanyenga kuti akawapezera ntchito, ndipo amadutsa nawo malire amayiko, ndipo kenako n’kukawagulitsa ku nyumba zogoneranamo.

Chithereni Chikomyunizimu mu 1991, khamu lamakono la amayi ndi atsikana osauka lapangidwa. Kutha kwa malamulo okhwima, kupereka mabungwe a boma m’manja mwa anthu wamba, ndiponso kufala kwa kusalingana kwa ufulu wa anthu, kwachititsa kukula kwa upandu, umphaŵi ndi ulova. Amayi ndi atsikana ambiri a ku Russia ndi ku Eastern Europe tsopano asanduka malonda opindulitsa auhule wolinganizidwa umene uli padziko lonse. “Pali ngozi zochepa ukamagulitsa anthu kusiyana ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo,” anatero Anita Gradin yemwe ndi Mkulu Wazachilungamo ku Ulaya.

Kuwonongeka kwa Ana

M’fakitale ina yaing’ono yokonza makalapeti ku Asia, ana aang’ono azaka zisanu akugwira ntchito kuyambira 4 koloko m’maŵa mpaka 11 koloko usiku popanda malipiro. Nthaŵi zambiri ana ogwira ntchito motereŵa amakhala pa ngozi zoopsa: kugwiritsa ntchito makina osatetezeka, kukhala nthaŵi yaitali m’malo opanda kuwala ndiponso mpweya wokwanira, komanso kukhudzana ndi mankhwala oopsa opangira zinthu. *

 Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani ana ndiwo amafunidwa kwambiri kuti akhale antchito? N’chifukwa chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito ana n’kotsika mtengo ndiponso kuti ana mwachibadwa savuta kuphunzitsa, savuta kuwapatsa malangizo, komanso amachita mantha kwambiri kuti adandaule. Mabwana opanda khalidwe amaona matupi ang’onoang’ono a ana ndi tizala tawo tofeŵa monga zida zodalirika kugwirira ntchito zinazake, monga ngati kuluka makalapeti. Nthaŵi zambiri ana otereŵa amapatsidwa ntchito, pamene makolo awo akungokhala kunyumba kusoŵa ntchito.

Kuwonjezera pavutoli, ana amene amagwira ntchito zapakhomo ndiwo kwenikweni ali pavuto logwiriridwa komanso kumenyedwa. Ana ambiri amabedwa, kusungidwa m’misasa yakumidzi, ndiponso kuwamangirira usiku kuopa kuti angathaŵe. Masana, mwina amagwira ntchito yokonza misewu ndiponso kuphwanya miyala.

Njira inanso imene ana akuwonongekera ndiyo ukwati wokakamiza. Bungwe lolimbana ndi ukapolo lotchedwa Anti-Slavery International linalongosola chochitika chenicheni pankhaniyi kuti: “Mtsikana wina wa zaka 12 anauzidwa kuti banja lake lakonza kuti iye akwatiwe ndi bambo wina wazaka 60. Mwachionekere iye ali ndi ufulu wokana, komabe pamwambo iye alibe mwayi woti n’kukwaniritsa ufulu wakewu ndipo sakudziŵa n’komwe kuti angathe kutero.”

Akapolo a Ngongole

Antchito mazana zikwizikwi ndi akapolo kwa mabwana ndiponso kuntchito kwawo chifukwa cha ngongole zimene iwo kapena makolo awo apatsidwa. Nthaŵi zonse, mchitidwe wogwira ntchito yangongole kwenikweni umachitika kuminda, kumene antchito amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana kapena yaulimi. Nthaŵi zina, ngongolezo zimadzakhudzanso mbadwo wina, kuchititsa kuti anthu a banjalo akhalebe muukapolo kwamuyaya. Nthaŵi zinanso, mabwana amene ali ndi ngongole amagulitsa ngongoleyo kwa bwana watsopano. Zinthu zikafika poipa, antchito angongole salandira malipiro alionse. Kapenanso mwina amakhalabe muukapolo powapatsako ndalama zochepa za malipiro awo, kenako n’kumangotero mobwerezabwereza, n’cholinga chakuti akhalebe akapolo kwa bwana wawo.

Ukapolo Wamwambo

Mtsikana wina wa zaka 12 wa ku West Africa dzina lake Binti, ndi m’modzi mwa atsikana zikwizikwi amene akugwira ntchito yomwe m’chinenero chotchedwa Ewe amaitcha kuti trocosi, kutanthauza kuti “akapolo a milungu.” Iye anakakamizidwa kukakhala moyo waukapolo kuti alipirire mlandu umene anauchita si iyeyo. Mlandu wake n’ngwakugwiriridwa kwa amayi ake kumene kunachititsa kuti iye abadwe! Padakali  pano maudindo amene amaloledwa kuchita ndiwo okhudza ntchito zapakhomo za kunyumba kwa wansembe wamatsenga wa kudera lakwawo. Kenaka ntchito ya Binti idzakula kufikira pomagonana ndi wansembe yemwe amam’tenga monga munthu wake. Kenako Binti akadzafika zaka zauchembere iye adzalowedwa m’malo ndi ena, wansembeyo adzapeza atsikana ena okongola omugwirira ntchito ya trocosi.

Mofanana ndi Binti, anthu zikwizikwi amene akuvutika ndi ukapolo wamwambo akuperekedwa ndi mabanja awo kuti akagwira ntchito monga akapolo amwambo poyesa kulipirira zochita zawo zomwe amati ndi tchimo kapena mlandu wolakwira lamulo loyera. M’mbali zambiri zadziko lapansi, atsikana kapena amayi amalamulidwa kugwira ntchito zachipembedzo ndiponso kumagonana ndi ansembe kapena anthu ena, ndi malingaliro akuti amayi otereŵa akukwatiwa ndi chinthu chaumulungu. Nthaŵi zambiri amayiwo amagwira ntchito zina zaulere. Iwo alibe ufulu wosintha nyumba yawo yogona kapena malo awo antchito ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amakhalabe muukapolo kwa zaka zambiri.

Ukapolo Weniweni Wogulitsa Anthu

Ngakhale kuti mayiko ambiri amanena kuti anathetsa ukapolo mwalamulo, posachedwapa m’madera ena mwayambikanso ukapolo weniweni wogulitsa anthu. Zimenezi nthaŵi zambiri zikuchitika m’zigawo zimene kukuchitika nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni kapena mikangano yomenyana ndi zida. Lipoti la bungwe la Anti-Slavery International linati, “kumadera amene kukuchitika nkhondo, kutsatira lamulo kulibe ntchito. Ndipo asilikali kapena magulu okhala ndi zida akumaopseza anthu kuti aziwagwirira ntchito mopanda kuwapatsa malipiro . . . mosaopanso kuti awalanga. Mchitidwe umenewu akuti wakula kwambiri m’madera amene ali m’manja mwa magulu okhala ndi zida amene sanadziŵike padziko lonse.” Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe likunena bungwe lomweli, “palinso malipoti aposachedwapa onena kuti asilikali a boma akukakamiza anthu wamba kugwira ntchito ngati akapolo, mosemphana ndi lamulo lililonse. Asilikali ndiponso magulu okhala ndi zida akuti akukhudzidwa ndi malonda a akapolo, ndiponso akugulitsa anthu amene awagwira kuti akagwire ntchito kwa anthu ena.”

N’zachisoni kuti, themberero la ukapolo likusautsabe mtundu wa anthu m’njira zambiri ndiponso zobisika. Khalani phe ndipo taganiziraninso za ziŵerengero za anthu amene akukhudzidwa, anthu miyandamiyanda amene akuvutika monga akapolo padziko lapansi. Ndiponso taganizirani za m’modzi kapena aŵiri a akapolo amakono, mwina Lin-Lin kapena Binti amene nkhani zawo mwaziŵerenga m’nkhani ino. Kodi mukufuna mutaona upandu waukapolo wamakonowu utatha? Kodi kuthetsedwa kwa ukapolo kudzachitikadi n’komwe? Zimenezi zisanachitike, kusintha kwakukulu kuyenera kuchitika. Chonde ŵerengani za kusintha kumeneku m’nkhani yotsatira.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 6]

KUFUNA KUPEZA NJIRA ZOUTHETSERA

Mabungwe a boma osiyanasiyana, monga la United Nations Children’s Fund ndi la International Labor Organization, ali pakalikiliki kukhazikitsa njira ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito njirazo kuti athetse ukapolo wamakono. Kuwonjezera apo, mabungwe ambiri amene si a boma monga la Anti-Slavery International ndi la Human Rights Watch, akuyesetsa mwamphamvu kudziŵitsa anthu za ukapolo wamakonowu ndiponso kumasula akapolo. Ena mwa mabungwe ameneŵa akufuna kukhazikitsa chizindikiro chapadera choika pa katundu chomwe chidzasonyeza kuti katunduyo akupangidwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito akapolo kapena ana. Mabungwe ena akufuna kuti pakhale malamulo m’mayiko amene “maulendo okachita zachiwerewere” amayambira, kotero kuti anthu amene amagonana ndi ana azikalangidwa akabwerera kumayiko akwawo. Ena ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe afikira polipira ndalama zochuluka kuti awombole akapolo ambiri momwe angathere kuchokera kwa ogulitsa ndiponso mabwana a akapolowo. Zimenezi zadzetsa kusiyana maganizo, chifukwa chakuti mchitidwe umenewu ungapangitse kuti malonda a akapolo akhale opindulitsa ndipo zingakweze mtengo wa akapolowo.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Atsikana aang’onoang’ono ambiri akukakamizidwa kukwatiwa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UNITED NATIONS/J.P. LAFFONT

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Akapolo angongole ali pamzere wachakudya

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Ricardo Funari

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Nthaŵi zina ana aang’onoang’ono amakakamizidwa kupita ku nkhondo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UNITED NATIONS/J.P. LAFFONT