Kudzipha—Mliri Wobisika

JOHN NDI MARY * ali ndi zaka zopitirira 55 ndipo amakhala m’dera la kumidzi la ku United States m’nyumba yaing’ono. John akusauka ndi imfa chifukwa cha matenda a mapapo otchedwa emphysema ndiponso mtima wake ukukanika kupopa magazi. Mary akuona kuti sangakhale ndi moyo popanda John, ndipo sangakwanitse kupirira kumuona akutsirizika mwapang’onopang’ono, uku akupuma modukizadukiza. Mary naye akudwala matenda ena ndipo wakhala akudwala matenda ovutika maganizo kwa zaka zambiri. Posachedwapa John anachita nthumanzi chifukwa chakuti Mary wakhala akunena kuti adzipha. Maganizo ake n’ngosokonezeka mowonjezeka chifukwa cha matenda a kuvutika maganizo ndiponso chifukwa cha mankhwala ambiri amene akumwa. Iye akunena kuti sakufuna kuganiza zoti adzakhala yekha.

M’nyumbamo muli mankhwala ambiri, mapilisi a mtima, mankhwala opeputsa mtima ndi okhazika mtima pansi. Tsiku lina Mary analawirira m’mamaŵa, n’kupita m’khichini ndipo anayamba kumwa mankhwala popanda chifukwa. Ankangomwabe, mpaka John anam’pezerera ndipo anam’landa mapilisiwo. Anaitanitsa a zachipatala opulumutsa anthu uku iye akukomoka. Akupemphera kuti asakhale atachedwa kale.

Zimene Ziŵerengero Zimavumbula

Nkhani zambiri zalembedwa m’zaka zaposachedwa zonena za kudzipha kwa achinyamata, ndipo n’zoyeneradi, chifukwa chakuti palibenso tsoka lina lofanana ndi kufa msanga kwa wachinyamata wamphamvu zake, ndiponso amene anthu amam’dalira m’tsogolo. Komabe, zimene sizitchulidwa m’nkhanizi n’zakuti m’mayiko ambiri chiŵerengero cha kudzipha chimakula malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zaka za anthu. Izi zili choncho ngakhale chiŵerengero chonse cha kudzipha m’dziko linalake chitakhala chokwera kapena  chotsika, monga mmene bokosi la patsamba lotsatirali likusonyezera. Kuyang’ana mofatsa pa ziŵerengerozo kukuvumbulanso kuti mliri wobisikawu uli padziko lonse.

Mu 1996 bungwe la ku United States loona za kuthetsa matenda lotchedwa Centers for Disease Control linalengeza kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu odzipha ku America a zaka 65 ndi kuposerapo chakwera ndi 36 peresenti kuyambira m’1980. Chifukwa china chimene chinakulitsa chiŵerengero chimenechi chinali kuchuluka kwa anthu okalamba ku America, koma palinso zifukwa zina. Mu 1996 chiŵerengero chenicheni cha anthu odzipha a zaka zopitirira 65 nachonso chinakwera, ndi 9 peresenti. Aka kanali koyamba patatha zaka 40. Pankhani ya imfa zochitika chifukwa cha kuvulala, ngozi za kugwa kapena za galimoto zokha n’zimene zinapha anthu achikulire a ku America ochulukirapo. Kunena zoona, ngakhale ziŵerengero zoopsazi mwina zingakhale zochepa kwambiri. “Akuti paziŵerengero za imfa zosonyeza chifukwa chimene chinaipangitsa, n’zotheka kuti nkhani ya kudzipha amaitchula mozembazemba, likutero buku la maphunziro a kudzipha lotchedwa A Handbook for the Study of Suicide. Bukulo likuwonjeza kunena kuti anthu ena amatchula kuti ziŵerengerozo n’zoŵirikiza zimene zimalembedwazo.

Zotsatira zake n’zotani? Dziko la United States, monganso mayiko ena onse, lili pa vuto lobisika lapadziko lonse la mliri wa kudzipha kwa anthu achikulire amene ali nzika zake. Dr. Herbert Hendin, amene ndi katswiri wa nkhaniyi, akunena kuti: “Ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero cha kudzipha ku United States chimamka chikula moonekera malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zaka za kubadwa, kudzipha kwa anthu achikulire kwanyalanyazidwa kwambiri ndi anthu.” Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani? Iye akunena kuti mbali ina ya vutoli n’njakuti chifukwa chakuti nthaŵi zonse chiŵerengero cha anthu achikulire odzipha chakhala chachikulu, “sichinawachititse anthu kukhala ndi mantha onga amene akhala nawo chifukwa cha kukwera kwamsanga kwa kudzipha kwa achinyamata.”

Chidule Chachikulu Zedi

Ngakhale kuti ziŵerengero zimenezi n’zochititsa mantha, zili chabe manambala basi. Sizingathe kusonyeza kusungulumwa kumene munthu amamva poferedwa wokwatirana naye wokondedwa, kusoŵa pogwira chifukwa cholephera kukhalanso wodzidalira, kuthedwa nzeru chifukwa cha nthenda yosatha, kufooledwa chifukwa cha matenda aakulu a kuvutika maganizo, kutaya chiyembekezo chifukwa chodwala matenda oopsa. Mfundo yomvetsa chisoni n’njakuti ngakhale kuti achinyamata angayese kudzipha pofuna kuthetsa mwamsanga mavuto osakhalitsa, anthu akuluakulu nthaŵi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto amene amaoneka kuti n’ngokhalitsa ndiponso n’ngosathetseka. N’chifukwa chake nthaŵi zambiri akamafuna kudzipha amakhala otsimikiza koposa achinyamata ndipo amadzipha mwachidule zedi.

“Chosiyana si ndicho kokha kufala kwa kudzipha kwa achikulire, komanso ngakhale njira za kudziphera zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa achikulire ndi achinyamata,” akutero Dr. Hendin, m’buku lake lotchedwa Suicide in America (Mchitidwe wa Kudzipha ku America). “Makamaka, kusiyana kwa chiŵerengero cha ofuna kudzipha ndi odziphadi kumasintha kwambiri pakati pa anthu achikulire. Pakati pa anthu onse, akuti mwa anthu 10 alionse ofuna kudzipha mmodzi amadziphadi; kwa achinyamata (a zaka 15 mpaka 24), akuti amene amadziphadi ndi pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa anthu 100 alionse ofuna kudzipha; ndipo kwa a zaka zopitirira 55, akuti ndi pafupifupi munthu mmodzi aliyense.”

Ziŵerengero zimenezi n’zopatsa maganizo zedi! Kukalamba, kufooka, ndiponso kumva zoŵaŵa komanso kudwala ndi zinthu zovutitsadi maganizo! N’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri amadzipha. Komabe, pali chifukwa chomvekadi choyenera kunyadira moyo, ngakhale zinthu zitavuta koposa. Tamverani zimene zinam’chitikira Mary, amene anatchulidwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Tchati patsamba 13]

Ziŵerengero za Kudzipha Pakati pa Anthu 100,000 Alionse, Malinga ndi Zaka Zakubadwa Ndiponso Ngati Ali Amuna Kapena Akazi

Zaka 15 Mpaka 24 Zaka 75 Kupita Kutsogolo

Amuna/Akazi Dziko Amuna/Akazi

8.0 / 2.5 Argentina 55.4 / 8.3

4.0 / 0.8 Greece 17.4 / 1.6

19.2 / 3.8 Hungary 168.9 /60.0

10.1 / 4.4 Japan 51.8 /37.0

7.6 / 2.0 Mexico 18.8 / 1.0

53.7 / 9.8 Russia 93.9 /34.8

23.4 / 3.7 United States 50.7 / 5.6