Kodi El Niño N’chiyani?

Pafupi ndi mzinda wa Lima, ku Peru, pali mtsinje wotchedwa Apurímac umene nthaŵi zonse umakhala wouma ndipo pamene unakokolola pafupifupi katundu yense wa Carmen, iye anadandaula motere: “Tilipo ambiri otero, ambiri kwabasi. Si kuti ndilipo ndekha ayi.” Chakumpoto ndithu, mvula yamkuntho imeneyi inasintha dera lina la kugombe kwa chipululu cha Sechura kwa nthaŵi yochepa chabe kukhala imodzi mwa nyanja ziŵiri zazikulu kwambiri m’dziko la Peru, ndipo malo a dera lonselo anali aakulu makilomita 5,000. M’madera ena kuzungulira padziko lonse, zinthu zazikulu koposa kale lonse monga zigumula, mphepo zamkuntho, ndiponso zilala zoopsa, zinachititsa njala, miliri, moto wolusa, ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa mbewu, katundu, ndi chilengedwe. Kodi chinachititsa zonsezi n’chiyani? Anthu ambiri amati ndi El Niño, amene anayambira kumadera otentha, a kunyanja ya Pacific chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1997 ndipo anakhala kwa miyezi isanu ndi itatu.

Kodi El Niño n’chiyani kwenikweni? Kodi amayamba bwanji? Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani amakhudza madera ambiri? Kodi n’kutheka kudziŵiratu pamene adzabwerenso, kuti mwina n’kupulumutsako anthu ndiponso katundu amene angadzawononge?

Amayamba ndi Kufunda kwa Madzi

“Kunena molunjika, tikati El Niño tikutanthauza kokha mafunde a madzi ofunda amene amaoneka chakufupi ndi gombe ladziko la Peru pakatha zaka ziŵiri kapena zisanu ndi ziŵiri zilizonse,” ikutero magazini ya Newsweek. Kwa zaka zopitirira zana, amalinyero oyenda m’mphepete mwagombe ladziko la Peru akhala akumva kufunda kumeneku. Chifukwa chakuti mafunde ofunda ameneŵa nthaŵi zambiri amabwera panthaŵi ya Khirisimasi, anawatcha kuti El Niño, limene lili dzina la Chisipanya lotanthauza Yesu ali khanda.

Kutentha kwa madzi mozungulira gombe la dziko la Peru kumabweretsa mvula yochulukirapo kuderalo. Mvulayo imachititsa kuti kumadera ouma kuphuke zomera ndipo kuti ziŵeto zipeze chakudya. Mvulayo ikakhala yambiri, imakokololanso zinthu m’deralo. Ndiponso, madzi ofunda a pamwamba pa nyanja amalepheretsa madzi ozizira amene ali odzala ndi chonde opezeka pansi pa nyanja kuti asatumphuke pamwamba. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nyama zam’madzi zambiri ndiponso ngakhale mbalame zina zimasamukira kwina kukafunafuna chakudya. El Niño amakhudzanso madera ena akutali ndi gombe la dziko la Peru. *

 Ochititsidwa ndi Mphepo Ndiponso Madzi

Kodi n’chiyani chimene chimachititsa kufunda kodabwitsa kwa madzi a m’nyanja m’dera limeneli lapafupi ndi gombe la dziko la Peru? Kuti timvetse zimenezi, tiyeni tiyambe taona ulendo wautali umene mphepo imayenda mozungulira gawo lalikulu la dziko. Ulendo wozungulirawu umatchedwa Walker Circulation, ndipo umachitika m’mwamba pakati pa gawo lotentha lakum’maŵa ndi lakumadzulo kwa Pacific. * Dzuŵa likamatenthetsa madzi a pamwamba pa nyanja kumadzulo, kufupi ndi ku Indonesia ndi Australia, mpweya wotentha ndiponso wachinyontho umakwera m’mwamba, ndi kuchititsa kuti madzi apafupi ndi pamwamba pa nyanja akhale bata. Mpweya umenewu ukakwera umazizira ndipo ukatero chinyontho chija chimatuluka, n’kuchititsa kuti mvula igwe m’derali. Mpweyawo ukauma mphepo yowomba pamwamba pake imautenga n’kuupititsa chakum’maŵa. Paulendo wake wopita kum’maŵa, mphepoyi imayamba kuzizira ndi kutsika ikafika ku Peru ndi ku Ecuador. Zimenezi zimakulitsa mphamvu yaikulu ya kuyenda kwa madzi apafupi ndi pamwamba pa nyanja. Ndipo, ikakhala kotsika mphepo yowomba mosalekeza yotchedwa kuti mwera imabwerera kumadzulo cha ku Indonesia, ndipo potero ndiye kuti yazungulira n’kufikanso poyambirira paja.

Kodi mphepo ya mwera imakhudza bwanji kutentha kapena kuzizira kwa pansi pa nyanja yaikulu ya Pacific? Mphepo zimenezi nthaŵi zambiri zimawomba monga mmene mphepo imawombera m’dziwe laling’ono, ndipo zimapititsa madzi ofunda kumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Pacific kotero kuti madzi a pansi pa nyanja imeneyi amakwera n’kufika masentimita 60 ndipo amatentha n’kufika pa 8 digirizi Celcius poyerekezera ndi madzi a m’madera ena monga ku Ecuador,” inatero magazini ya Newsweek. Kum’maŵa kwa Pacific, madzi ozizira odzaza ndi chonde ochokera pansi pa nyanja amatumphuka, kuchititsa kuti zinthu zomera m’nyanja zichuluke. Motero, m’zaka zopanda El Niño, pamwamba pa nyanja pamakhala pozizirirapo kumadera a kum’maŵa kusiyana ndi kumadera a kumadzulo.

Kodi kuti kukhale El Niño n’chiyani chimasintha kumwamba? “Pazifukwa zimene asayansi sakuzimvetsabe, pakatha zaka zingapo, mphepo ya mwera imachepa, apo ayi imatheratu,” inatero magazini ya National Geographic. Mphepoyi ikamazilala, madzi ofunda amene amakocheza kufupi ndi Indonesia amabwerera kum’maŵa, ndipo amafunditsa madzi a pamwamba pa nyanja ku Peru ndi malo ena a kum’maŵa. Zotsatira zake n’zakuti kuyenda  kumeneku kumakhudza dongosolo la zanyengo m’mwamba. “Kum’maŵa kwa dera lotentha la nyanja ya Pacific kukayamba kufunda kumachedwetsa ulendo wa mphepo wozungulira uja wotchedwa Walker Circulation ndipo kumachititsa kuti dera lomwe mvula yaikulu yochititsidwa ndi kuzunguliraku ikanagwa lisunthire chakum’maŵa, kuchokera chakumadzulo n’kukaloŵa chapakati ndiponso chakum’maŵa kwa dera lotentha la Pacific,” linatero buku lina lamaumboni. Motero, dongosolo la zanyengo kuzungulira dera lonse lotentha la nyanja ya pacific limakhudzidwa.

Monga Chimwala Mumtsinje

El Niño angathenso kusintha kayendedwe ka nyengo m’madera ena akutali kwambiri ndi mafunde a kudera la nyanja ya Pacific. Kodi zingatheke bwanji? Zingatheke pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya kuzungulira kwa mphepo m’mwamba. Kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka mphepo padera laling’ono chabe kumene kumakhudza madera akutali kungayerekezedwe ndi mmene chimwala chimodzi chokha chokhala pakati pa mtsinje chingachititsire timafunde m’mtsinje wonsewo. Mitambo yobweretsa mvula imene imalengama pamwamba pa madzi a m’nyanja yaikulu m’dera lotentha imakhala ngati chimwala chopingasa mlengalenga, ndipo zimenezi zimasintha nyengo kumadera ena akutali kwambiri.

M’madera a zitunda, El Niño amalimbitsa ndiponso kuloŵa m’malo mwa mphepo zaliŵiro, zoloŵera kum’maŵa zimene zili zamkuntho. Mphepo zimenezi zimakoka mphepo zosiyanasiyana pamtunda umenewu. Kulimbika ndiponso kusintha mbali kwa mphepoyi kungathenso kuchititsa kuti m’nyengo zinazake kunja kusamache bwino. Mwachitsanzo, m’nyengo yozizira imene kuli El Niño madera ena a m’dziko la United States amakhala a bata kuposa mmene amakhalira nthaŵi zonse, koma ku maboma a kum’mwera kwa dzikoli kumakhala mvula ndiponso chisanu.

Kodi Angamuoneretu Motani?

Kuwononga kwa mphepo zina kungathe kuonedweratu patangotsala masiku ochepa chabe zisanafike. Kodi El Niño angathenso kudziŵika poyesa kuoneratu asanafike? Ayi. Akamafuna kudziŵa ngati kukhale El Niño sapenda chabe mmene nyengo isinthire kwa masiku ochepa, koma amaonanso kusintha kwa nyengo kodabwitsa m’zigawo zazikulu chilichonse pachokha kwa miyezi ingapo. Ndipo nthaŵi zingapo ndithu akatswiri a zanyengo akhala akudziŵiratu zoti kubwera El Niño.

Mwachitsanzo, ananeneratu kutatsala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mu May 1997 za El Niño amene anakhalako m’1997 mpaka 1998. Tsopano zida 70 zoonera kuyenda kwa mphepo ndiponso kutentha kwa pamwamba pa nyanja ndiponso pansi pa nyanja kufika mamita 500, zikuyandama kuzungulira dera lotentha la nyanja ya Pacific komwe zazikidwa. Zimene zida zimenezi zapeza pa kuyezako amaziloŵetsa m’makompyuta a zanyengo ndipo chidziŵitsocho chimasonyezeratu mmene nyengo idzakhalire.

Machenjezo amsanga akuti kukhala El Niño angathandizedi anthu kukonzekera uku akuyembekezera kusintha kwa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira m’chaka cha 1983, kuneneratu kuti kukhala El Niño ku Peru kwalimbikitsa alimi ambiri kuweta ng’ombe ndi kudzala mbewu zoyenera madera a lowe, ndipo asodzi asiya kugwira nsomba n’kuyamba usodzi wotola nkhanu zotchedwa shrimp zimene zimabwera ndi madzi ofunda. Inde, kudziŵiratu mwatsatanetsatane za nyengo ndiponso kukonzekeratu kungachepetse anthu akufa ndiponso chuma choonongedwa ndi El Niño.

Kufufuza kwa asayansi pofuna kuona njira zachilengedwe zimene zimasintha nyengo padziko lathu lino kwachitira umboni kuona kwa mawu ouziridwa amene analembedwa ndi Mfumu Solomo ya ku Israyeli wakale zaka 3,000 zapitazo. Iye analemba kuti: “Kuloŵa kumwera ndi kuzungulira kumpoto zungulirezungulire imaomba mphepo; ibweranso monga mwa mazunguliridwe ake.” (Mlaliki 1:6) Masiku ano anthu adziŵa zinthu zambiri zokhudza dongosolo lanyengo pofufuza kuomba kwa mphepo ndiponso mafunde a nyanja. Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito bwino chidziŵitso chimenechi pomvera akatichenjeza kuti kukubwera zinthu monga El Niño.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 19]

MBIRI YA KUWONONGA KWA EL NIÑO

■ 1525: Nkhani yakale kwambiri yosimba mbiri yakuti kunachitika El Niño ku Peru.

■ 1789-93: El Niño ndiye anapha anthu 600,000 ku India ndiponso anadzetsa njala yoopsa kumwera kwa Afirika.

■ 1982-83: Panthaŵi imeneyi anapha anthu 2,000 ndi kuwononga katundu wokwanira madola 13 biliyoni; makamaka izi zinachitika m’zigawo zotentha.

■ 1990-95: El Niño anachitika nthaŵi zitatu zotsatizana ndipo aka kanali koyamba kukhala nthaŵi yaitali chonchi.

■ 1997-98: Ngakhale kuti kwa nthaŵi yoyamba zinatheka kuneneratu kuti dera linalake kukhala El Niño wobweretsa chigumula ndiponso chilala, miyoyo pafupifupi 2,100 inatayika, ndipo katundu wokwanira madola 33 biliyoni anawonongeka padziko lonse.

[Chithunzi/Mapu pamasamba 16, 17]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

 MMENE ZIMAKHALIRA NTHAŴI ZONSE

Mmene ulendo wamphepo wozungulira wotchedwa Walker circulation ulili

Mphepo ya mwera yamkuntho

Madzi ofunda a m’nyanja

Madzi ozizira a m’nyanja

EL NIÑO

Mphepo yaliŵiro yoloŵera kum’maŵa imene ili yamkuntho ikusintha njira

Mphepo ya mwera yabata

Madzi ofunda akuloŵera kum’maŵa

Kwauma kapena kwafunda kuposa masiku onse

Kuli mvula kapena kwazizira kuposa masiku onse

[Zithunzi patsamba 18]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

EL NIÑO

Kufiira kumene kukuoneka pa chithunzi cha dziko chili pamwambachi kukuimira madzi ofunda koposa mmene amachitira nthaŵi zonse

NTHAŴI ZONSE

Madzi ofunda adzaza kumadzulo kwa Pacific, ndipo akuchititsa kuti kum’maŵa madzi ozizira okhala ndi chonde atumphuke

EL NIÑO

Mphepo ya mwera yabata imachititsa kuti madzi ofunda abwerere kum’maŵa, ndipo imachititsanso kuti madzi ozizira asatumphuke

[Zithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

PERU

Chipululu cha Sechura chomwe kunali chigumula

MEXICO

Mkuntho wotchedwa Linda

CALIFORNIA

Thope lokokolola zinthu

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Masamba 16-17 kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja: Fotografía por Beatrice Velarde; Image produced by Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; FEMA photo by Dave Gatley