Kodi Makhalidwe Lerolino N’ngoipirako Kuposa Kale?

MUTATI mufunse anthu olemba mbiri kuti, “Kodi makhalidwe a anthu lerolino ndi abwinoko kapena ndi oipirako kuposa kale?” Ena angayankhe kuti n’kovuta kuyerekeza makhalidwe a nthaŵi zosiyana. Angaone kuti mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kupendedwa paokha.

Mwachitsanzo, lingalirani zakuchuluka kwa zipolowe ku Ulaya kuyambira m’zaka za zana la 16. Anthu achifwamba sanali achilendo zaka 400 zapitazo. Anthu ankachita zimene anali kuona kuti ndi zabwino osati zosangalatsa akuluakulu azamalamulo choncho mikangano yosatha yapachiweniweni inali yofala.

Komabe, olemba mbiri Arne Jarrick ndi Johan Sōderberg m’buku lotchedwa Mānniskovārdet och makten (Mphamvu ndi Ulemu wa Anthu) analemba kuti, nyengo ya pakati pa 1600 ndi 1850 m’madera ena inali “yodziŵika ndi kuwongola makhalidwe a anthu.” Anthu anali abwinoko mwa kulingalira zosoŵa za ena kapena kuti anali achifundo kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, olemba mbiri ena anaona kuti kuba ndi upandu sizinali zofala mu zaka za m’ma 1500 poyerekezera ndi mmene zilili masiku ano. Makamaka kwa anthu a m’midzi, magulu a anthu akuba anali ochepa.

N’zoona kuti mchitidwe waukapolo unalipo, ndipo unachititsa maupandu oopsa zedi m’mbiri. Anthu amalonda a ku Ulaya anali kuba anthu a mu Afirika ndipo anali kuzunza akapolo mamiliyoni ameneŵa m’mayiko amene anali kuwapititsa.

Chotero, tikabwerera m’mbuyo zaka mazana angapo apitawo, tikatengera zimene mbiri ikunena, ndithudi tidzaona kuti mikhalidwe ina inali yabwinoko, pamene ina inali yoipirapo. Komabe, china chake chosiyana kwambiri komanso choipitsitsa—inde, chimene sichinachitikepo, chinachitika mu zaka za m’ma 1900 ndipo chikuchitikabe.

Zaka za ma 1900—Posinthira Zinthu

Olemba mbiri Jarrick ndi Sōderberg anaona kuti: “Cha m’ma 1930 kuphana kunali kochuluka, ndipo zachisoni kuti, kuyambira pamenepo zimenezi zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka zoposa 50.”

Malinga ndi zomwe othirira ndemanga ambiri akunena, akuti makhalidwe abwino analoŵa pansi kwambiri mu zaka za m’ma 1900. Nkhani yonena za filosofe yamakhalidwe imati: “Wina angaone bwinobwino kuti mmene anthu amaonera nkhani zakugonana ndi zimene zili zoyenera pa makhalidwe abwino zasintha kwambiri m’zaka 30 ndi 40 zapitazi. Kale anthu anali kuchita zinthu zimene  zinali zabwino pachikhalidwe, mwakukhala ndi malamulo okhwima, koma lerolino anthu ndi aufulu kuchita zimene akufuna.”

Izi zikutanthauza kuti khalidwe la kugonana ndiponso mbali zina za makhalidwe n’zinthu zimene anthu ambiri tsopano akuona kuti angasankhe okha zochita. Pomveketsa bwino zimenezi, nkhaniyo ikupereka ziŵerengero zosonyeza kuti mu 1960, ku United States, 5.3 peresenti yokha ya chiŵerengero cha ana onse ndiwo anali apathengo. Mu 1990 chiŵerengerocho chinali 28 peresenti.

Paphunziro lina pa Yunivesite ya Notre Dame, U.S., Joe Lieberman yemwe ndi phungu wa m’nyumba ya malamulo anatchula makhalidwe a nthaŵi yathu ino monga “olowa pansi, . . . kumene mwambo wa makhalidwe abwino ndi oipa pang’ono ndi pang’ono akuzimiririka.” Malinga ndi zomwe ananena Lieberman, vuto limeneli “lakhalapo kwakukulukulu m’mibadwo iŵiri.”

Chikunja

Kodi olemba mbiri ndi ofufuza ena akuti n’chifukwa chiyani panachitika kusintha kwapadera chomwechi m’zaka za m’ma 1900? Buku lotchedwa Mānniskovārdet och makten likuti “chapangitsa zinthu kusintha kwambiri m’zaka mazana aŵiri apitawa ndi chikunja.” Chikunja chinkatanthauza kuti “anthu apatsidwa mwayi wodzisankhira okha chochita pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Lingaliro limeneli . . . linayamba m’zaka za m’ma 1700, ndi anthu afilosofi a m’nyengo ya chidziŵitso yotchedwa Enlightement, omwe anali oyamba . . . kukana Baibulo monga magwero okha a choonadi.” Chotero, zipembedzo, makamaka zimene zili m’Gawo la Matchalitchi Achikristu, sizikuperekanso chitsogozo cha makhalidwe abwino monga kale.

Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani filosofi imeneyi yoyamba m’zaka za m’ma 1700 inatenga zaka zoposa 200 kuti ifale? “Malingaliro ameneŵa sanali kufalikira mofulumira kwa anthu,” likutero buku limene latchulidwa pamwambali. “Kuyamba chikunja kunali kwapang’onopang’ono.”

Ngakhale kuti gawo lalikulu la zaka 200 zapitazo, vuto losiya miyezo ya mwambo wa makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe achikristu linapitirira ndithu, vutoli linawonjezeka kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 1900. Izi zakhala choncho kwa zaka makumi angapo apitawa. Chifukwa chiyani zakhala motero?

Kudzikonda Komanso Dyera

Chimene chikuthandizira kwambiri zimenezi ndiko kupita patsogolo mowonjezereka kwa sayansi ndi kutukuka kwa anthu m’zachuma m’zaka za m’ma 1900. Nkhani ina m’magazini ya ku Germany yotchedwa The Time inanena kuti tikukhala “mu nthaŵi ya zinthu zosinthasintha, osati monga m’zaka mazana apitawo, m’dziko losasintha.” Nkhaniyo inafotokozanso kuti izi zapangitsa m’chitidwe wogulitsa zimene ukufuna, mongofuna kupikisana ndiponso mosonkhezeredwa ndi kudzikonda.

Nkhaniyo ikupitiriza kunena kuti, “kudzikonda  kumeneku sikungathetsedwe ndi china chilichonse.” Zotsatira zake ndi kuwonjezereka kwa nkhanza m’moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, komanso kulandira ziphuphu, kumene m’mayiko ambiri kukuchitika ngakhale m’boma. Anthu amangoganiza za iwo okha ndiponso kukhutiritsa kwambiri zikhumbo zawo.”

Katswiri wa zamakhalidwe Robert Wuthnow, wa ku Yunivesite ya Princeton, mwa kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane anapeza kuti anthu a ku America lerolino maganizo awo onse ali pandalama poyerekeza ndi mbadwo wapitawo. Malinga ndi kufufuzako, “anthu a ku America ambiri akuda nkhaŵa kuti kukonda ndalama kwaloŵetsa pansi makhalidwe ena monga kulemekezana, kuona mtima pantchito ndiponso kugwira ntchito yachitukuko.”

Dyera lakula kwambiri m’dziko chifukwa mabwana ambiri amakhala ndi malipiro ochuluka ndiponso ndalama zambiri zimene amapatsidwa akapuma pantchito pamene antchito awo akulandira ndalama zochepa. “Vuto lofuna phindu la atsogoleri a zamalonda n’lakuti anthu ena amatsanzira makhalidwe awo ndipo amaloŵetsa pansi makhalidwe a anthu onse,” akutero Kjell Ove Nilsson, yemwe ndi wachiŵiri kwa katswiri wa zamakhalidwe ndiponso mkulu pa maphunziro a zaubusa pa Christian Council ku Sweden. “Ndithudi, izi zimaononga kwambiri makhalidwe abwino, m’dziko komanso kwa aliyense payekha.

Chikhalidwe cha Ofalitsa Nkhani

China chimene chathandizira kwambiri kuti anthu apondereze kwambiri makhalidwe abwino m’theka la zaka zakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1900 ndi chikhalidwe cha ofalitsa nkhani. Phungu Lieberman ananena kuti, “ofalitsa makhalidwe atsopano ndi anthu amene amakonza mapulogalamu apawailesi yakanema, anthu otchuka apakanema, onenerera zinthu zimene zili m’fashoni, magulu oimba nyimbo za rap, ndiponso anthu ena ambiri osonkhezera opezeka m’gulu lofalitsa nkhani zachikhalidwe pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi. Anthu oyambitsa vuto limeneli amayesetsa kwambiri kusonkhezera chikhalidwe chathu makamaka kwa ana athu, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amaona kapena saona n’komwe kuti iwo ndi amene ali ndi mlandu wa makhalidwe oipa amene akufalitsawo.”

Mwachitsanzo, Lieberman ananenapo za nyimbo imene anaimba a gulu loimba nyimbo za heavy-metal lotchedwa Cannibal Corpse.  Oyimba amafotokoza tsatanetsatane wakugwirira mkazi pomuopseza ndi mpeni. Iye ndi mnzake anapempha opeka nyimboyo kuti aichotse. Koma monga momwe Lieberman ananenera, zimenezi sizinaphule kanthu.

Makolo odalirika lerolino ali pampikisano waukulu ndi chikhalidwe cha ofalitsa nkhani ponena za amene asonkhezere komanso kulera ana awo. Bwanji nanga za mabanja amene makolo sasamala za makhalidwe abwino? Lieberman anati, “m’zochitika ngati zimenezi, chikhalidwe cha anthu ofalitsa nkhani ndithudi chimakhala chabwino monga oika miyezo, ndipo malingaliro a mwana pa zabwino ndi zoipa ndiponso zimene amaika patsogolo m’moyo zidzadalira kwenikweni pa zimene amaphunzira pa wailesi yakanema, vidiyo ndi m’nyimbo za pawailesi zapamwamba zokhala m’ma CD.” Ndipo posachedwapa, Intaneti ingakhalenso pa m’ndandanda womwewu.

Tibwerere ku “Makhalidwe a M’Nyengo ya Stone Age”

Chifukwa chiyani zisonkhezero zoipa zimenezi zikuonekera kwambiri mwa achinyamata? Choyamba n’chakuti, m’zaka zaposachedwapa ana ndi achinyamata ambiri achita zipolowe zankhanza kwa ana anzawo komanso kwa achikulire.

Ku Sweden mu 1998 kunachitika nkhani yomvetsa chisoni. Ana aamuna aŵiri, azaka 5 ndi 7, anafinya pakhosi mnzawo wazaka zinayi mpaka kufa! Ambiri anafunsa kuti: Kodi ana mwachibadwa alibe chinthu chimene chimawaletsa kusiya pamene akuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso? Katswiri wa zamaganizo a ana anapereka ndemanga yanzeru yakuti: “Chowaletsa pamene akuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso ndi chinthu chimene afunikira kuphunzira. Izi zimadalira pa . . . amene anawo amatsanzira ndiponso zimene amaphunzira kwa achikulire amene amakhala nawo.”

Vuto lofananalo tingalione mwa zigaŵenga zachipolowe. Malinga ndi zomwe ananena Sten Levander, katswiri wa nthenda zamaganizo ku Sweden, akuti pakati pa 15 ndi 20 peresenti ya anthu onse amene ali m’ndende lerolino, ndi osokonezeka maganizo, anthu amene ali odzikonda kwambiri, opanda chifundo, ndipo saatha kapena safuna kumvetsa lingaliro la chabwino ndi choipa. Ngakhale ana ndi anyamata amene amaoneka ngati abwinobwino, ofufuza aona kuti alibe makhalidwe abwino. “Tabwerera m’makhalidwe a m’nyengo ya Stone Age,” anatero Christina Hoff Sommers, pulofesa wa filosofi. Iye anaona kuti ophunzira ake achinyamata pamene afunsidwa chimene chili chabwino ndi chimene chili choipa, ambiri amakhala okayikira kwambiri. Ndiyeno amayankha kuti palibe chinthu chabwino kapena choipa. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti munthu aliyense ayenera kuona chimene chili chabwino kwa iye.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, ophunzira ake ambiri akana mfundo yachikhalidwe ya ulemu weniweni ndi kufunika kwa moyo wa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene anafunsidwa chimene angachite atati asankhe pakati pa kupulumutsa moyo wa mphaka wawo kapena moyo wa munthu amene sam’dziŵa, ambiri anati angapulumutse nyamayo.

Pulofesa Sommers anati, “vuto silakuti anyamatawa ndi osazindikira, osadalirika, ankhanza, kapena osakhulupirika. Kunena mwatchutchutchu, alibe malingaliro abwino kapena oipa.” Iye akuti achinyamata ambiri lerolino amakayikira ngati pali chabwino kapena choipa, ndipo akuona kuti maganizo ameneŵa amakhala ovulaza kwambiri kwa anthu.

Chotero, kupondereza makhalidwe abwino m’nthaŵi yathu kulipodi. Anthu ambiri amada nkhaŵa kuti zimenezi zidzetsa mavuto ambiri. Nkhani ya m’nyuzipepala ya The Time imene yatchulidwa poyambapo imati kuchita malonda alionse amene ungafune lerolino mwaufulu, “kudzichepa pang’ono ndi pang’ono ndipo mwina tsiku lina kudzatheratu monga lachitira dongosolo la makhalidwe a anthu posachedwapa.”

Kodi zonsezi zikutanthauzanji kwenikweni? Ndipo kodi tiyenera kuyembekezera m’tsogolo motani?

[Zithunzi pamasamba 6, 7]

“Ofalitsa makhalidwe atsopano ndi anthu amene amakonza mapulogalamu apawailesi yakanena, anthu otchuka apakanena, onenerera zinthu zimene zili m’fashoni, magulu oimba nyimbo za “rap” . . . ”