Mgwirizano wa Ulaya—N’chifukwa Chiyani Ungakhale Wofunika?

KUNALIDI kumwa vinyo walaŵilaŵi. Timabomba tophulitsa pachisangalalo tinali kung’anima m’mwamba. Kodi chimenechi chinali chikondwerero chanji? Kodi kunali kukondwerera zaka chikwi zatsopano? Ayi, chikondwererochi chinali chofunika kwambiri koposa kungosintha chabe manambala pa makalendala apadziko lonse. Panali pa January 1, 1999. Ndalama yatsopano imodzi yokha ya Bungwe la European Union (EU) yotchedwa yuro inakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo patsikuli.

Anthu ambiri a ku Ulaya akuona kukhazikitsa ndalama imodzi monga kuyamba kwa mbiri yamgwirizano wa Ulaya umene akhala akuulakalaka kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Nyuzipepala ya ku Netherlands yotchedwa De Telegraaf inalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa yuro monga “chinthu chaulemu choperekedwa ku mgwirizano wa Ulaya.” Ndithudi, pambuyo pa zaka makumi angapo za kulakalaka, kukambirana, ndiponso kukumana ndi zopinga, mgwirizano wa Ulaya tsopano ukuoneka kuti uli pafupi kwambiri koposa n’kale lonse.

N’zoonadi kuti, anthu okhala kunja kwa Ulaya angadabwe kuti chisangalalo chonsechi n’chachiyani. Kubwera kwa ndalama ya yuro ndiponso zotsatira za kugwirizana kwa Ulaya zingaoneke kukhala zopanda ntchito pa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe, kugwirizana kwa Ulaya kungadzetse mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri wazamalonda padziko lonse. Chotero mgwirizano wa Ulaya udzakhala wovuta kuupeŵa mosasamala kanthu za komwe munthu akukhala.

Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa wachiŵiri kwa nduna yoona za mgwirizano wa dziko la United States ndi mayiko ena, Marc Grossman, anauza anthu a ku North America kuti: “Timadalira Ulaya pa chitukuko chathu.” N’chifukwa chiyani ananena zimenezi? Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe anatchula n’chakuti “munthu mmodzi mwa anthu 12 alionse amene amagwira ntchito m’mafakitale ku United States amagwira ntchitoyo mu imodzi mwa mafakitale 4,000 a ku Ulaya amene ali ku United States.” Komanso akuti, ndalama ya ku Ulaya yatsopanoyi mwina ingachititse kusintha kwa mitengo yakatundu ochokera kunja, ndiponso ngakhale mitengo ya lendi yanyumba m’mayiko akutali ndi Ulaya.

Mayiko amene akutukuka kumene angapindule. Kodi angapindule motani? Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti: “Kuloŵedwa m’malo kwa ndalama zosiyanasiyana za mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ndalama imodzi ya yuro kudzachititsa mayiko amene akutukuka kumene kukhala ndi mgwirizano wazamalonda mosavuta ndi bungwe la EU.” Komanso, ena anena kuti makampani a ku Japan ndi a ku United States amene akuchita malonda ku Ulaya adzapindula. Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa yuro, kusinthasintha kwa mitengo yosinthira ndalama pakati pamayiko a ku Ulaya sikudzakhalaponso. Kuchita malonda ku Ulaya chingadzakhale chinthu chosawonongetsa ndalama zambiri.

Ngati mukukonzekera kupita ku Ulaya, ndiye kuti mungathenso kupindula ndi mgwirizano wa Ulaya. Posachedwapa mudzatha kugula katundu kapena kuthandizidwa m’mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama yamtundu umodzi, ya yuro, imene ili ndi mphamvu pafupifupi zofanana ndi dola ya ku United States. Zinthu ngati kuzunguzika kwa alendo oyendera malo ndi ndalama za mayiko ena monga ndalama za ku Netherlands zotchedwa gulden, za ku France zotchedwa franc, za ku Italy zotchedwa lire, za ku Germany zotchedwa deustche mark, ndiponso kuyenda ndi tizipangizo toŵerengera ndalama m’thumba, zidzatha.

Komabe, zimene achita ku Ulaya kuti kontinenti yonse igwirizane, zikupereka chiyembekezo chopatsadi chidwi kwambiri. Tangoganizani, zaka makumi angapo zapitazi Ulaya anali atadzazidwa ndi nkhondo. Poganizira zimenezi, mgwirizano wa Ulaya ndi chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri. Anthu padziko lonse lapansi akuyang’anitsitsa chochitikachi mwachidwi.

Anthu ambiri akukayikirabe ngati mgwirizano wadziko lonse angauyembekezere. Ndithudi chimenechi ndi chiyembekezo chosangalatsa kwambiri! Kodi zimene zachitika ku Ulaya zofuna kubweretsa mgwirizano zidzabweretsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu a padziko lonse? Tisanayankhe funso limeneli, tiyenera kufufuza mosamalitsa mgwirizano wa Ulaya umenewu. Kodi n’zopinga ziti zimene zilipobe zoyenera kuchotsedwa panjira yopita ku mgwirizanowu?

 [Bokosi/Tchati patsamba 12]

KODI KUKUBWERA MGWIRIZANO?

Maganizo a mgwirizano wa Ulaya sikuti ndi achilendo n’komwe ayi. Anayesapo kugwirizana m’nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa Ufumu wa Roma, kenako muulamuliro wa Charlemagne, ndiponso nthaŵi ina mu ulamuliro wa Napoléon I. Mgwirizano m’nthaŵi ngati zimenezi unali wozikidwa pa nkhondo ndiponso kugonjetsa. Komabe, nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itangotha, mayiko ambiri amene anawonongedwa ndi nkhondoyi anaona kufunika kwa mgwirizano womachitira zinthu pamodzi. Mayikoŵa anali kuyembekeza kuti mgwirizano woterowo udzachititsa osati kokha kuyendanso bwino kwa chuma chawo komanso kuletsa nkhondo. Nayi mbiri ya zochitika zina zimene zachititsa kuti zinthu zifike pamene zafikapa tsopano:

• 1948 Atsogoleri azandale a ku Ulaya mazanamazana anasonkhana mumzinda wa Hague ku Netherlands, ndipo analumbira kuti: “Sitidzamenyanso nkhondo pakati pathu.”

• 1950 Mayiko a France ndi Germany anayamba kugwirizana kuti ateteze malonda awo a malasha ndi zitsulo. Mayiko ena ambiri anagwirizana nawo ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti bungwe lotchedwa European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) lipangidwe. Bungwe la ECSC linayamba kugwira ntchito yake mu 1952 ndipo munali mayiko a Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, ndiponso West Germany.

• 1957 Mayiko a m’bungwe la ECSC anapanga mabungwe ena aŵiri otchedwa: European Economic Community (EEC) ndiponso European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).

• 1967 Mabungwe a EEC, ECSC, ndiponso Euratom anaphatikizana kupanga bungwe limodzi lotchedwa European Community (EC).

• 1973 Bungwe la EC linavomereza mayiko a Denmark, Ireland, ndiponso United Kingdom kulowa nawo m’bungweli.

• 1981 Dziko la Greece linaloŵa nawo m’bungwe la EC.

• 1986 Mayiko a Portugal ndi Spain analowa nawo m’bungwe la EC.

• 1990 Bungwe la EC likukulabe pamene mayiko a West ndi East Germany aphatikizana, kuchititsa dziko lomwe kale linali East Germany kuloŵa nawo m’bungweli.

• 1993 Zoyesayesa zofuna mgwirizano wokulirapo wazamalonda ndi wazandale pakati pa mayiko a m’bungwe la EC kunachititsa kuti bungwe lotchedwa European Union (EU) lipangidwe.

• 2000 Bungwe la EU likhala ndi mamembala okwana 15 amene ali mayiko a Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, ndi United Kingdom.

[Chithunzi patsamba 11]

Ndalama ya yuro idzaloŵa m’malo mwa ndalama zambiri za ku Ulaya

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 11]

Ndalama za Yuro ndi zizindikiro zake patsamba 11, 13-14, ndiponso 16: © European Monetary Institute