Kupotoza Nkhani

“Nkhani zokopa anthu akazigwiritsa ntchito mwaluso ndiponso mosaleka zingachititse anthu kumaona kumwamba monga helo, ndiponso moyo woipitsitsa monga paradaiso.”—Anatero ADOLF HITLER m’buku lotchedwa MEIN KAMPF.

CHIFUKWA cha kuchuluka kwa njira zofalitsira nkhani, monga makina osindikizira, telefoni, wailesi, wailesi yakanema, ndi intaneti, mauthenga okopa afala kwambiri. Kusintha kwa njira zolankhulirana kumeneku kwachititsa kuti pakhale nkhani zochuluka mopambanitsa moti anthu amalandira mauthenga ambirimbiri ochokera kosiyanasiyana, ndipo amawapatsa chintchito. Anthu ambiri amathana ndi vuto limeneli mwa kungolandira mauthengaŵa popanda kuwaganizira mofatsa ndipo amangokhulupirira popanda kukayika kapena kuwapenda bwino.

Anthu aluso lokonza nkhani zokopa amakonda kuganiza kwachiduleku, makamaka kukakhala kosalongosoka. Nkhani zokopa anthu zimalimbikitsa kuganiza kotereku mwa kutenga anthu mtima, kuwapezerera ngati akukayikira, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amene angatanthauze zambiri, ndi kupotoza maganizo. Monga mmene zochitika za m’mbiri zikusonyezera, njira zimenezi zingakopedi anthu kwambiri.

Chiyambi cha Nkhani Zokopa Anthu

Lero mawu a m’Chingelezi otanthauza kuti nkhani zokopa anthu amene ndi “propaganda” ali ndi tanthauzo loipa, losonyeza chinyengo, koma tanthauzo lenileni la mawuŵa silinali limeneli. Liwu lakuti “propaganda” linachokera ku dzina lachilatini la gulu la akadinala a Roma Katolika, lotchedwa Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Mpingo Wofalitsa Chikhulupiriro). Komiti imeneyi inkatchedwa mwachidule kuti Propaganda ndipo inakhazikitsidwa ndi Papa Gregory wa nambala 15 m’chaka cha 1622 kuti iziyang’anira amishonale. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mawu akuti “propaganda” anayamba kutanthauza chinthu chilichonse chochitidwa n’cholinga chofuna kufalitsa chikhulupiriro.

Koma nkhani ya kufalitsa nkhani zokopa siinayambe m’zaka za m’ma 1600. Kuyambira kalekale, anthu agwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zotheka pofuna kufalitsa maganizo awo kapena pofuna kutchuka ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, zojambula zagwiritsidwa ntchito pokopa anthu kuyambira m’masiku a mafumu a ku Igupto otchedwa Farao. Mafumu ameneŵa anali kukonza manda awo mwakuti azionetsa mphamvu yawo ndiponso kukhalitsa. Kamangidwe ka Aroma nakonso kanali n’cholinga chandale, chopatsa boma ulemerero. Liwu lakuti “propaganda” linakhala ndi tanthauzo loipa m’nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse pamene maboma anayamba kulimbikira kutchukitsa nkhani za nkhondoyo zimene zinali kufalitsidwa. M’nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, Adolf Hitler ndi Joseph Goebbels anasonyeza kuti anali akatswiri pofalitsa nkhani zokopa anthu.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, kufalitsa nkhani zokopa anthu kunakhala njira yaikulu yopititsira patsogolo mfundo za boma. Mayiko a Kumadzulo ndiponso Kum’maŵa anali otanganidwa ndi kukopa anthu ambiri opanda mbali kuti akhale mbali yawo. Anagwiritsa ntchito mbali iliyonse ya moyo ndi  mfundo za dziko lawo kuti akope anthu. M’zaka zaposachedwapa kupita patsogolo kwa njira zofalitsira nkhani zokopa anthu kwaonekera m’misonkhano yachisankho yokopa anthu kuti avotere winawake komanso pa kunenerera malonda kumene amachita makampani a fodya. Amene amawatcha akatswiri ndiponso atsogoleri ena alembedwa ntchito yakuti azinamiza anthu kuti aziona fodya ngati chinthu chotsitsimula ndiponso chopatsa thanzi koma osati mmene alilidi pakuti ali chinthu chodwalitsa anthu.

Mabodza Okhaokha!

Mosakayika, njira yothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu okopa ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mabodza amkunkhuniza. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mabodza amene Martin Luther analemba mu 1543 ponamizira Ayuda ku Ulaya. Iye anati: “Aika mankhwala akupha m’zitsime, apha anthu mwachiŵembu, aba ana. . . . Ndi anthu oopsa, anjiru, achidani, okonda kubwezera, ndi njoka zochenjera, achiŵembu, ndiponso ndi ana a mdyerekezi ovulaza ndiponso ochita zoipa.” Nanga amene ankatchedwa kuti Akristu iye anawalimbikitsa kuti achitepo chiyani? “Yatsani masunagoge kapena masukulu awo. . . . Nyumba zawo ziyeneranso kugumulidwa ndi kuwonongedwa.”

Pulofesa wa maphunziro a zaboma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu amene anaphunzira za nyengo imeneyo anati: “Kuda Ayuda sikunayambe chifukwa cha zochita zawo, motero si chifukwa  chakuti amene akuwadawo amalidziŵa khalidwe lawo lenileni Ayudawo.” Iye akunenanso kuti: “Chilichonse cholakwika chinkaonedwa monga chachiyuda, moti anthu akakhala ndi vuto lililonse, nthaŵi yomweyo ankangolingalira kuti Ayuda ndiwo aliyambitsa.”

Kunena kwa ‘Nsomba Ikawola Imodzi’

Njira ina yothandiza kwambiri pofalitsa nkhani zokopa anthu ndiyo kuyankhula kwakuti nsomba ikawola imodzi zawola zonse. Kuyankhula kotereku kumabisa mfundo zenizeni, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amakugwiritsa ntchito poipitsa magulu athunthu a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mawu omveka kaŵirikaŵiri m’mayiko ena ku Ulaya ndi akuti, “Anthu amtundu wa Gypsy [kapena anthu ochokera kunja] ndi mbava.” Koma kodi zimenezi n’zoona?

Wolemba nkhani wina wotchedwa Richardos Someritis, ananena kuti m’dziko lina maganizo otere anayambitsa “kuopa alendo komanso kunyansidwa” ndi anthu akunja. Komabe, pali umboni wosonyeza kuti amene amaphwanya lamulo atha kukhala obadwira m’dzikomo ngakhalenso obadwira kunja. Mwachitsanzo, Someritis akunena kuti kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti ku Greece “milandu 96 mwa 100 iliyonse imachitidwa ndi [Agiriki].” Iye anati: “Zimene zimayambitsa upandu ndizo kutsika kwa chuma ndiponso khalidwe loipa la anthu, ‘osati kusiyana kwa mafuko.’” Iye akudzudzula ofalitsa nkhani “polimbikitsa anthu kuopa alendo ndiponso kusankhana mafuko” mwa kufalitsa nkhani za upandu mokondera.

Mayina Achipongwe

Anthu ena amachitira chipongwe anzawo otsutsana nawo powanyoza kapena kunyoza zolinga zawo m’malo motchula mfundo zenizeni. Mayina achipongwe amayika chizindikiro chosavuta kukumbukira pa munthu, gulu, kapena mfundo yake. Wachipongweyo amafuna kuti chizindikiro chimenechi chisamatuke. Anthu akamapeŵa munthuyu kapena kukana mfundoyo chifukwa cha dzina lachipongwelo m’malo mopenda paokha umboni umene ulipo, ndiye kuti cholinga cha munthu wachipongweyo chatheka.

Mwachitsanzo, m’zaka zaposachedwapa mzimu wodana ndi timagulu tampatuko wafala m’mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi kumadera ena. Zimenezi zapsetsa anthu mitima, zachititsa anthu kuonana monga adani, ndipo zalimbikitsa malingaliro olakwika amene anthu akhala nawo pa magulu aang’ono achipembedzo. Kaŵirikaŵiri, mawu akuti “kagulu kampatuko” ndiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu 1993, Pulofesa wachijeremani wotchedwa Martin Kriele analemba kuti: “Mawu akuti ‘kagulu kampatuko’ n’ngofanana ndi mawu akuti ‘wopanduka,’ ndipo masiku ano ku Germany monga zinalili kale, munthu wopanduka [ayenera kuphedwa]—ndipo ngati saphedwa mwa kuwotchedwa . . . , ndiye kuti amamuwonongera mbiri yake, kum’patula kapena kumuwonongera chuma.”

Bungwe loona zofalitsa nkhani lotchedwa Institute for Propaganda Analysis likuti “mayina achipongwe asintha kwambiri mbiri ya dziko ndiponso moyo wa anthu tonse. Awononga mbiri za anthu, . . . amangitsa [anthu], ndi kukwiyitsa anthu mpaka poti n’kuyamba nkhondo ndiponso kupha anthu anzawo.”

Kudzutsa Maganizo a Anthu N’cholinga

Ngakhale kuti kutengeka maganizo n’kosathandiza pa milandu kapena pokambirana mfundo zogwira mtima, kumathandiza kwambiri pokopa anthu. Ofalitsa nkhani amene ali akatswiri ndiwo amakonza zinthu zofuna kudzutsa maganizo. Iwo amanyanyula maganizo a anthu mwaluso mofanana ndi katswiri woimba limba.

Mwachitsanzo, maganizo a mantha angachititse munthu kusalingalira bwino. Ndipo, mofanana ndi nsanje, mantha angagwiritsidwe ntchito n’cholinga chinachake. Nyuzipepala ya ku Canada yotchedwa The Globe and Mail, ya pa February 15, 1999, inalengeza kuti ku Moscow kunachitika zinthu zotsatirazi: “Pamene atsikana atatu a ku Moscow anadzipha sabata yatha, nthaŵi yomweyo ofalitsa nkhani a ku Russia anangoti iwo anali a Mboni za Yehova aliuma.” Taonani kuti anatchula mawu akuti “aliuma.” Kaŵirikaŵiri, anthu amachita nalo mantha gulu lachipembedzo laliuma limene  limasonkhezera achinyamata kudzipha. Kodi n’zoona kuti atsikana okumana ndi tsoka ameneŵa anali ogwirizana ndi Mboni za Yehova m’njira inayake?

Nyuzipepala yomweyo inapitiriza mwa kunena kuti: “Pambuyo pake apolisi anavomereza kuti atsikanawo sanali ogwirizana ndi [Mboni za Yehova] m’njira iliyonse. Koma panthaŵiyi n’kuti wailesi ya kanema ina ku Moscow itayamba kale kunena zinthu zinanso zonyoza gululi. Inali kuwauza anthu oonera kuti Mboni za Yehova zidagwirizana ndi Adolf Hitler pamene chipani cha Nazi chinkalamulira dziko la Germany. Ngakhale inatero, pali umboni wolembedwa m’mbiri wosonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a m’gululi anaphedwa m’makampu a chipani cha Nazi ophera anthu.” Anthu amene anauzidwa zonamazi amene mwinanso anali amantha, m’maganizo mwawo ankangoti Mboni za Yehova ndi gulu losonkhezera anthu kudzipha kapena logwirizana ndi chipani cha Nazi!

Maganizo a chidani ndi maganizo amphamvu omwe okopa anthu amawagwiritsa ntchito. Mawu okuluwika ndiwo kwenikweni amachiyambitsadi. Zikuoneka kuti pali mawu otukwana ambiri zedi amene amalimbikitsa mafuko, mitundu, kapenanso magulu achipembedzo kudana.

Anthu ena okopa amagwiritsa ntchito kunyada. Nthaŵi zambiri tingathe kutulukira njira zolimbikitsira kunyada zimenezi pofufuza mawu oonetsa mfundo yaikulu monga akuti: “Munthu aliyense wanzeru amadziŵa kuti . . .” kapena, “Munthu wophunzira ngati inuyo sangalephere kuzindikira kuti . . .” Mawu otikweza amatichititsa kuopa kuoneka ngati opusa. Akatswiri okopa anthu akudziŵa zimenezi bwinobwino.

Mawu Osonkhezera Anthu Ndiponso Zizindikiro

Mawu osonkhezera anthu ali mawu opanda tanthauzo lenileni amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza maganizo a munthuwe ndiponso zolinga zako. Chifukwa chakuti sakhala ndi tanthauzo lenileni n’ngosavuta kukhulupirira.

Mwachitsanzo, panthaŵi imene dziko lili pamavuto kapena pankhondo, atsogoleri abodza angagwiritse ntchito mawu monga akuti “Dziko langa ndi dziko langa basi, kaya lilakwe kaya lisalakwe,” “Dziko Lathu, Chipembedzo, Achibale,” kapena “Ufulu Apo Ayi Imfa.” Koma kodi anthu ambiri amapenda bwino nkhani zenizeni zimene zikubweretsa mavutowo kapena nkhondozo? Kapena kodi amangovomereza zimene auzidwa?

Polemba za nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, Winston Churchill anati: “Anthu osauka ndiponso ogwira ntchito ambirimbiriŵa amene ali okonda bata amangofuna kuwapsepsezera pang’ono basi kuti amenyane koopsa ndi kukhadzulana.” Iye ananenanso kuti anthu ambiri akauzidwa chochita amangotsatira popanda kuchiganizira kaye.

Wokopa anthu naye amakhala ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zimene amagwiritsa ntchito popereka uthenga wake. Zinthu monga kuwomba mfuti nthaŵi 21 posonyeza ulemu, suluti yaulemu ya asilikali, ndi mbendera. Angathenso kugwiritsa ntchito chikondi cha munthu pa makolo ake. Motero, mawu ophiphiritsa onga akuti dziko la makolo, kapena tchalitchi cha makolo n’ngothandiza kwambiri kwa katswiri wokopa anthu.

Choncho luso lokopa anthu lingathe kugodomalitsa maganizo, kulepheretsa munthu kuganiza zanzeru ndi kupenda zinthu bwino, ndiponso lingasinthe anthu kuti azichita zinthu m’chigulugulu. Kodi mungadziteteze bwanji?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 16]

Luso lokopa anthu lingathe kugodomalitsa maganizo ndi kulepheretsa munthu kuganiza zanzeru

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 12]

KODI NTCHITO YA MBONI ZA YEHOVA N’NJONGOKOPA ANTHU?

Anthu ena otsutsa Mboni za Yehova azidzudzulapo kuti zimafalitsa nkhani zandale za Ayuda omenyera boma la Israel. Ena, adandaula kuti ntchito ya Mboni imalimbikitsa ndale za Chikomyunizimu. Ena anenabe kuti ntchito ya Mboni za Yehova imalimbikitsa mfundo ndiponso zolinga za “utsamunda wa Amereka.” Ndiye pali ena amene amanena motsindika kuti a Mboni n’ngopandukira boma ndipo amalimbikitsa chisokonezo n’cholinga chosintha kakhalidwe ka anthu, chuma, ndale ndiponso malamulo a boma. Mwachionekere, zinenezo zonse zotsutsana zimenezi sizingakhale zoona.

Mfundo yomveka n’njakuti Mboni za Yehova sizichita ngakhale chimodzi mwa zinthu zatchulidwazi. Ntchito ya Mboni imachitidwa chifukwa chomvera mokhulupirika lamulo la Yesu Kristu kwa ophunzira ake lakuti: “Mudzakhala mboni zanga . . . kufikira malekezero ake a dziko.” (Machitidwe 1:8) Ntchito yawo n’njokhudza kokha uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu wakumwamba. Ufumuwu ndiyo njira imene Mulungu adzabweretsere mtendere padziko lonse.—Mateyu 6:10; 24:14.

Anthu oonetsetsa zochita za Mboni za Yehova sanapeze umboni uliwonse wakuti gulu lachikristu limeneli linayamba lasokonezapo bata m’dziko lina.

Atolankhani, oweruza, ndi anthu ena ambiri ayamikira ntchito zabwino zimene Mboni za Yehova zachita m’madera amene zikukhala. Tiyeni tione zitsanzo zina. Mtolankhani wina wa kumwera kwa Ulaya anapita ku msonkhano wachigawo wa Mboni za Yehova ndipo pambuyo pake anati: “Anthu aŵa ali ndi mabanja ogwirizana, amaphunzitsidwa chikondi ndiponso kutsatira chikumbumtima chawo kuti asalakwire ena.”

Mtolankhani wina, amene poyamba ankadana ndi Mboni, anati: “Iwo ndi anthu opereka chitsanzo chabwino. Sachita zinthu zophwanya mfundo za makhalidwe abwino.” Katswiri wa maphunziro a zandale anatsirira ndemanga yofanana ponena za Mboni kuti: “Amakomera mtima anthu ena, kuwakonda, ndiponso kuwachitira chifundo.”

Mboni za Yehova zimaphunzitsa kuti kumvera boma n’kolondola. Monga nzika zotsatira lamulo, amatsatira miyezo ya Baibulo ya kuona mtima, kunena zoona, ndi kukhala mwaukhondo. Amakhazikitsa makhalidwe abwino m’mabanja awo, ndipo amathandiza ena kuphunzira mmene angachitire chimodzimodzi. Amakhala mwamtendere ndi anthu onse, ndipo saloŵerera m’zionetsero zosokoneza kapena zofuna kusintha ndale. Mboni za Yehova zimafuna kupereka chitsanzo potsatira malamulo a maulamuliro aakulu a anthu, pamene akudikirira mosatopa Wolamulira Wamkulu Koposa, Ambuye Mfumu Yehova, kuti adzakhazikitse mtendere weniweni ndiponso boma lolungama padziko lapansi lino.

Kuphatikizanso apo, ntchito ya Mboni n’njophunzitsa. Pogwiritsa ntchito Baibulo monga maziko, iwo amaphunzitsa anthu padziko lonse kuganizira mfundo zachikhalidwe za m’Baibulo kuti potero akhale ndi miyezo yoyenera ya khalidwe ndi kukhulupirika. Amalimbikitsa makhalidwe amene amakonza moyo wabanja ndi kuthandiza achinyamata kuthana ndi mavuto amene amawakhudza. Amathandizanso anthu kupeza mphamvu zothetsera zizoloŵezi zoipa komanso kukhala ndi luso logwirizana ndi ena. Ntchito yotero siingatchedwe m’pang’ono pomwe kuti n’njokopa anthu. Monga mmene inanenera The World Book Encyclopedia, pamene anthu akugawana maganizo momasuka, “nkhani zokopa zimasiyana ndi nkhani zophunzitsa.”

[Zithunzi]

Zofalitsa za Mboni za Yehova zimalimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino m’banja ndiponso miyezo yapamwamba ya makhalidwe

[Zithunzi patsamba 13]

Nkhani zokopa zolimbikitsa nkhondo ndiponso kusuta zachititsa imfa zambiri