Nzimbe—Udzu Waukulu Koposa

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU AUSTRALIA

KODI tingachitenji kutakhala kuti kulibe shuga? Kungangokhala kukokomeza chabe kunena kuti dziko lingaleke kugwira ntchito—koma mwachionekere pangafunikire kusintha zakudya zambiri ngati shuga atati asoŵe mwadzidzidzi. Inde, lerolino m’mbali zochuluka za dzikoli, kudya chakudya cha shuga kwangokhala chizoloŵezi m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zachititsa ntchito yaikulu yopanga shuga kukhala ya padziko lonse.

Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, kuchokera ku Cuba mpaka ku India ndi kuchokera ku Brazil mpaka ku Africa, amalima ndi kudula nzimbe. Kwenikweni, panthaŵi inayake kupanga shuga kunafala kwambiri kotero kuti inali ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ndi yopindulitsa kwabasi padziko lonse lapansi. Tingatero kuti pali mbewu zoŵerengeka chabe zimene zasintha miyoyo ya anthu padziko monga momwe nzimbe yachitira.

Kodi mungakonde kudziŵa zochuluka za mbewu yochititsa chidwi imeneyi? Ngati ndi choncho, tiyeni tikhale limodzi paulendo wathu woyendera dera linalake m’boma la Queensland, ku Australia, kumene amalima nzimbe. Ngakhale kuti dera limeneli n’laling’ono, ulimi wapamwamba ndi njira zamakono zopangira shuga zachititsa kuti dera limeneli likhale limodzi mwa madera otsogola kwambiri padziko lonse omwe amagulitsa shuga wawo kumayiko ena.

Ulendo wa Kudziko la Nzimbe

Mpweya wa kuno n’ngwotentha ndiponso wachinyontho. Dzuŵa lotentha likuwomba m’munda wa nzimbe zokhwima. Makina aakulu ofanana ndi amene amadula tirigu akuyenda pang’onopang’ono mu nzimbe zitalizitalizo, akusenga nzimbezo ndi kuzidula m’mphindi ndiyeno akuponya mphindi zodulidwazo m’ngolo imene thalakitala ina yomwe ikuyenda chapafupi pomwepo motsatira makinawo ikukoka. Posakhalitsa madzi a nzimbe akukha kuchokera m’nzimbe zodulidwazo, ndipo kafungo kake kokomako, n’kosasoŵa mu mpweya umenewu. Madzi otsekemera a mtengo wapatali otengedwa mu udzu wochititsa chidwi umenewu ayamba ulendo wochokera kudimba ndi kupita m’chosungiramo shuga chanu pa thebulo lanu.

Si kale kwambiri pamene kuno ku Australia, ntchito ya kalavula gaga yodula nzimbe inali kugwiridwa pamanja monga mmene akuchitira pakali pano m’mayiko ambiri kumene amadula nzimbe. Tangolingalirani mmene zimakhalira. Ogwira ntchito akutchetcha nzimbezo ndi manja. Mzera wa anthu odula nzimbe omwe ali thukuta kamukamu, ukuloŵerera pang’onopang’ono m’katikati mwa dimba la nzimbelo. Pogwira ntchito ngati asilikali, antchitowo akuphatikiza pamodzi phata lathunthu la nzimbe zingapo ndi mkono umodzi ndiyeno mwamphamvu akuliweramitsira mbali imodzi kuti aone masinde a nzimbezo. Khaaa! Khaaa! Antchitowo akutukula zikwanje zawo mwanyonga ndi kutchetcha nzimbezo chapatsinde penipeni. Akuunjika nzimbezo chauko mumzera wosanja bwino, ndiyeno akupita kukagwira phata  lina la nzimbe. Padziko lonse, kagwiridwe kantchito ka mtunduwu kakusintha pang’ono ndi pang’ono, popeza kuti mayiko ambiri tsopano akuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina.

Chigawo chomwe amalimako nzimbe ku Australia, kwenikweni ndi kamtunda kakang’ono ka mphepete mwa nyanja koma kakatali pafupifupi makilomita 2,100, mwakuti mbali yaikulu ili m’mphepete mwa mtandadza waukulu wa chitunda cham’madzi chotchuka kwambiri chotchedwa Great Barrier Reef. (Onani nkhani yakuti “A Visit to the Great Barrier Reef,” mu Galamukani! wachingelezi wa June 8, 1991.) Nyengo yakuno yofunda, ndi ya mnyontho ya chaka chonse n’njogwirizana kwambiri ndi ulimi wa nzimbe, ndipo alimi pafupifupi 6,500 kwenikweni amakhala m’minda yawo ing’onoing’ono yomwe ili kholophethe ponseponse m’mphepete mwa nyanjayo ngati maphava a mphesa pamtengo wake.

Titayenda kamtunda kakatali ndithu pagalimoto, chapatali tinaona mzinda wotchedwa Bundaberg kumene amapangako shuga, m’mphepete mwa nyanja, chapakatikati pa boma la Queensland. Pamene tikutsika phiri laling’ono, tikuona chigwa chochititsa kaso zedi—tikuona dimba la nzimbe lalikulu kwakuti maso athu sakutha kuona pomwe lathera ndipo zili kugwedera ndi mphepo! Ndipotu n’zamitundu yosiyanasiyana! Nzimbe zimenezo m’madimba ambiri zikukula mosiyanasiyana, choncho mindayo ikuoneka yokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nzimbezo. Ikuoneka yobiriŵira ndi yagolidi, yokhala ndi mathothomathotho ang’onoang’ono odera m’malo momwe simunalimidwe chaka chino kapena momwe mwangoswedwa mphanje kumene.

July ndi mwezi womwe umazizira kwambiri pa chaka, ndipo nyengo yosenga ndi kufinya nzimbezo yangoyamba kumene. Nyengo imeneyi ipitirizabe mpaka mu December pamene nzimbezo zikukhwima nthaŵi zolekanalekana. Tsopano tikufunitsitsa kupita ku fakitale ya shuga kuti tikaone zomwe zimachitikira nzimbe yodulidwayo. Koma akuti tisanachite zimenezo, tiphunzire kaye zinazake zokhudza nzimbezo. Choncho taganiza kuti choyamba tiime pa malo omwe amachitira kafukufuku wa shuga amene ali m’dera lomweli. Panopo asayansi amapanga mtundu watsopano wa nzimbe ndipo amachita kafukufuku kuti apititse patsogolo ulimi wa nzimbe ndi kuzichulukitsa.

Komwe Zinachokera ndi Kalimidwe Kake

Kumalo ochitira kafukufuku wa nzimbe kuno, katswiri wa zaulimi wokonda kuthandiza ena, n’ngwokondwa kutiphunzitsa zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi nzimbe ndi kutilongosolera mmene amaidzalira. Nzimbe, zomwe kwenikweni zinachokera ku nkhalango zamvula za Kumwera cha kumadzulo kwa Asia ndi ku New Guinea, ndi udzu ukuluukulu womwe uli m’gulu limodzi la udzu winanso wosiyanasiyana monga kapinga, mapira, ndi nsungwi. Mbewu zonsezi zimapanga shuga m’masamba awo pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuŵa m’njira ija imene m’chingerezi amati photosynthesis. Komabe nzimbe n’zosiyana chifukwa chakuti zimapanga shuga wochuluka zedi ndiyeno zimam’sunga monga madzi otsekemera kwambiri m’mapesi ake.

Ulimi wa nzimbe unali wodziŵika kwambiri ku India kalekale. Kumeneko, m’chaka cha 327 B.C.E., alembi a m’magulu ankhondo a Alesandro Wamkulu omwe anali atalanda dzikolo anaona kuti anthu akumeneko “ankatafuna bango lodabwitsa, lomwe linali kutuluka uchi koma popanda njuchi.” Pamene kuyendera dziko lonse ndi chitukuko zinali kupita patsogolo m’zaka za m’ma 1400, ulimi wa nzimbe unafalikira ngati moto wolusa. Lerolino pali mitundu ya nzimbe mazanamazana, ndipo mayiko oposa 80 onse pamodzi amalima nzimbe pafupifupi matani biliyoni chaka chilichonse.

M’madera ochuluka padziko lapansi, kudzala ndi ntchito yaikulu yofuna ndalama zochuluka. Nzimbe zokhwima zimadulidwa mphindi zotalika pafupifupi masentimita 40 ndipo zimadzalidwa m’tingalande ting’onoting’ono totalikirana pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka. Mphindi iliyonse, kapena phata lililonse pamatuluka mphukira za nzimbe pafupifupi 8 mpaka 12, zomwe zimakula ndi kukhwima pa nyengo yoposa pakati pa miyezi 12 ndi 16. Kuyenda m’dimba la nzimbe zokhwima zothinana kungakhale kochititsa mantha zedi. Nzimbe  ndi masamba ake owirira zimatalika mpaka kufika mamita 4. Kodi phothyophothyo ameneyu cha apo ingangokhala mphepo chabe, kapena mwinamwake ndi njoka kapena ntchenzi? Poti tsoka sasimba, tiyeni tsopano tithaŵire kumalo osawirira komwe tingatetezeke!

Kufufuza kukuchitika kuti apeze njira zothetsera tizilombo komanso matenda owononga nzimbe. Zambiri mwa zoyesayesa zimenezi zayenda bwino, ngakhale kuti si zonse. Mwachitsanzo, m’chaka cha 1935, poyesayesa kuthetsa akafadala a m’nzimbe ovuta kwambiri owononga nzimbe, akuluakulu a boma anaika achule a m’nzimbe a ku Hawaii m’minda yakumpoto kwa Queensland. Mwatsoka, achule a m’nzimbewo ankakonda kwambiri zakudya zamtundu wina zomwe zinali zochuluka poyerekezera ndi akafadala owononga nzimbewo, ndipo anaswana kwambiri, kotero kuti nawonso angosanduka tizilombo towononga kudera lonse la kumpoto cha kum’maŵa kwa Australia.

Kodi M’matentha Musanadule?

Pambuyo pake, kutada, tinaona modabwa kwambiri pamene mlimi wakomweko anali kutentha dimba lake la nzimbe zokhwima. Kwa kanthaŵi kochepa kwambiri dimba laling’onolo linayaka chimoto chadzaoneni, ndipo malaŵi ake anali kupita m’mwamba kwambiri usiku umenewo. Kutentha nzimbe kumathandiza kuchotsa masamba osafunikira ndi zinthu zinanso zomwe zingadzetse mavuto podula nzimbe ndi pa ntchito ya kufakitale. Komabe, masiku ano, anthu ambiri ayamba kudula nzimbe zawo asanaziyatse chimoto chosangalatsa kuchioneracho. Njira imeneyi amaitcha kudula nzimbe zaziŵisi. Kuchita zimenezi si kuti kumangothandiza kupeza shuga wambiri kokha, komanso kumathandiza kuti nthaka ikhale yolimba ndi yotetezeka, kotero kuti zimenezi zimathandiza kuteteza kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi kulepheretsa thengo losafunika kumera.

Ngakhale kuti m’mayiko ambiri kumene nzimbe zikulimidwa lerolino amadula nzimbe zawozo ndi manja, mayiko ochuluka tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito makina akuluakulu odulira nzimbe. Makina amphamvu ameneŵa amadutsa mu nzimbe zitalizitali, amadula nsonga zake ndi kuchotsa masamba osafunikira pa nzimbezo, ndiyeno nthaŵi yomweyo amaidula mfundo zifupizifupi, kukonzekera kukazigaya kufakitale. Ngakhale kuti munthu wodula nzimbe ndi manja angagwire ntchito yakalavula gagayo ndi kudula nzimbe pa avareji ya matani 5 patsiku, koma makina odulira nzimbewo amatha kudula matani okwana 300 patsiku mosavutikira n’komwe. Nzimbe zingadulidwe m’madimbaŵa chaka chilichonse kwa zaka zingapo, shuga asanayambe kutsika zomwe zingachititse kuti mbewu imeneyo izulidwe n’kudzalanso nzimbe zina zatsopano.

 Nzimbe zikangodulidwa, pamafunika kuzigwiritsa ntchito mofulumira ndithu, chifukwa chakuti shuga amachepa mofulumira kwambiri m’nzimbe zodulidwazo. Pofuna kuti nzimbe azipititse kumafakitale mofulumira, kuli njanje ya makilomita pafupifupi 4,100 yomwe imathandiza kwambiri m’madera momwe nzimbe zimalimidwa ku Queensland. Sitima zing’onozing’ono zokongola zomwe zimayenda m’njanje zimenezi zimasangalatsa kwambiri kuziona zikuyenda m’madera akumidzi, zikukoka mabogi ambirimbiri odzaza ndi nzimbe.

Kuyendera Fakitale

Kuyendera fakitale ya shuga n’kochititsa chidwi kwabasi. Choyambirira chenicheni kuchiona ndicho mzera wa mabogi odzaza ndi nzimbe kuyembekezera kuti zitsitsidwe. Makina aakulu osasantha ndi kupsipsintha nzimbe, amatekedza ndi kuchotsa madzi a shuga m’zipsipsi za nzimbezo. Zipsipsi zotsalazo, amaziumitsa ndipo amazigwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni poyendetsa makina pafakitalepo. Zina zotsalazo amazigulitsa ku makampani opanga mapepala ndi zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa zomangamanga kuti nawonso akapangire zinthu zawo.

Kenako zitsotso zopezeka m’madzi anzimbewo zimachotsedwa n’nkutsala ndi madzi okhaokha opanda zitsotso. Zotsalira akasefa madzi a shuga aja zimene amazitcha matope, amazigwiritsa ntchito popanga feteleza. Zotsalira zina, zokhala ngati uchi, amadyetsera ziŵeto kapena kuzigwiritsa ntchito potcheza kachasu ndi moŵa wa m’mabotolo wophikidwa m’makampani akuluakulu. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nzimbe m’njira zosiyanasiyana komanso kuyenda bwino kwa ntchito yogaya ndithudi kumachititsa chidwi.

Ndiyeno madzi abwinowo amaŵawiritsa kufikira atachita chiphalaphala, pambuyo pake amathiramo timibulu ta shuga kuti chiphalacho chisanduke shuga. Mibulu imeneyi imakula kufikira itafika pa saizi yofunikayo. Ndipo kenako amaichotsa mu msanganizowo ndi kuiwumitsa. Zikatere shuga wake amakhala wofiira. Kuwonjezeranso zina ndi zina ku shuga ameneyu kumam’panga kukhala shuga wabwino woyera yemwe anthu ambiri amam’dziŵa ndi kum’peza m’mathebulo awo panthaŵi ya chakudya.

Mwinamwake pobwerera kuulendo wosangalatsa ndi wodziŵitsa zambiri ngati umenewu wa ku dziko la nzimbe, muyamba kumumva tiyi kapena khofi wanu kutsekemera kwambiri. Koma ngati m’madwala matenda a shuga, muyenera kupeŵa kudya shuga ndipo mwinamwake mungagwiritse ntchito zinthu zopanda shuga.

Ndithudi, tachita chidwi ndi ntchito komanso maluso a Amene anapanga ndiyeno n’kumeretsa mbewu zambiri za mtundu wochititsa chidwi umenewu, wotchedwa nzimbe—ndithudi uli udzu waukulu koposa!

[Bokosi patsamba 28]

Kodi ndi Beet Kapena Nzimbe?

Shuga amapangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu ziŵiri zofunika padziko lapansi. Nzimbe zimalimidwa kwambiri m’madera otentha ndipo pafupifupi 65 peresenti ya shuga padziko lonse amapangidwa kuchokera ku nzimbe. Koma 35 peresenti yotsalayo ndi ya shuga amene amapangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu ina yotchedwa Sugar beet, yomwe imalimidwa m’madera ozizira kwambiri monga ku Eastern ndi Western Europe komanso ku North America. Koma palibe kusiyana kulikonse kwa zimene zimakhala m’shuga ameneyu.

[Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Makina odulira nzimbe. Thalakitala ikukoka ngolo

[Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Nzimbe zikutenthedwa asanayambe kuzidula

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Zithunzi zonse m’masamba 27-30: Queensland Sugar Corporation