Zimene Diso Palokha Silingaone

TIZIDUTSWA tating’ono tafumbi timangouluka m’mwambamu koma osaoneka. Koma kuŵala kwa dzuŵa kukangoloŵa m’nyumbamo kudzera pazenera, basi fumbi losaoneka lija limaoneka bwinobwino. Kuwala kwa dzuŵako n’komwe kumavumbula tizidutswato kuti maso athe kutiona.

Taganizani mozama za kuwala kooneka ndi maso paokha, kumene kumaoneka ngati koyera kapena ngati kopanda mtundu. Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani ngati kuwala kwa dzuŵa kukupyola madontho amadzi? Madzi aja amakhala ngati galasi logaŵa cheza ndiye timaona utawaleza wokongola!

Kwenikweni, zinthu zimene timaziona zimabweza mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za kuwala zimene maso athu amaona kuti ndi mtundu. Mwachitsanzo, udzu wobiriŵira paokha sutulutsa mtundu wobiriŵira koma kwenikweni umaphimba mitundu yonse yakuwala kupatulako wobiriŵirawo. Udzuwo umabweza kuwala kobiriŵira kuja kukupititsa ku maso athu. Motero, m’maso athu umaoneka ngati wobiriŵira.

Kuthandizidwa ndi Zida Zopangidwa ndi Anthu

M’zaka zaposachedwapa zinthu zosaoneka ndi maso athu zaonedwa chifukwa cha zida zatsopano. Dontho la madzi looneka ngati lilibe kanthu kamoyo, tingaliyang’ane pa maikulosikopu wamba, ndi kuzindikira kuti ndi lodzaza ndi tinthu tamoyo tamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo tsitsi limodzi, looneka ngati losalala ndiponso la see, limaoneka kuti n’lokhakhala ndiponso lokanda. Ma maikulosikopu amphamvu zedi angathe kukuza zinthu kuŵirikiza miliyoni imodzi, kumene kuli kofanana ndi kukuza sitampu yotumizira kalata kuti ikhale ngati dziko laling’ono!

Tsopano, pogwiritsa ntchito ma maikolosikopu amphamvu koposa apa, ofufuza akutha kuona mpangidwe wa maatomu omwe ali pachinthu chinachake. Zimenezi zimawatheketsa kuona zinthu zimene mpaka posachedwapa zakhala zosaoneka ndi maso a anthu.

Komanso, tingaone kumwamba usiku ndi kuona nyenyezi. Kodi tingaone nyenyezi zingati? Mwakungoyang’ana ndi maso okha sitingaone nyenyezi zikwizikwi. Koma atatulukira telesikopu zaka pafupifupi 400 zapitazo, anthu anayamba kuona nyenyezi zambiri. Kenako m’ma 1920 makina a telesikopu amphamvu omwe ali pa nyumba ya pa phiri yoonerapo zinthu yotchedwa Mount Wilson Obsevatory inasonyeza kuti pali milalang’amba yoposa wathuwu ndiponso kuti yambiri ili ndi nyenyezi zosaŵerengeka. Lerolino, pofufuza zakuthambo mogwiritsa ntchito makina apamwamba kwambiri opangidwa ndi anthu, asayansi amati mwina pali milalang’amba mabiliyoni makumi ambiri, ndipo yambiri m’gulu limeneli imakhalanso ndi mabiliyoni mazana ambiri a nyenyezi!

Zimene matelesikopu asonyeza n’zodabwitsa zedi. Matelesikopuwa asonyeza kuti nyenyezi miyandamiyanda, za mu mlalang’amba wotchedwa Milky Way zimene zimaoneka mbuu chifukwa zimakhala ngati n’zoyandikana kwambiri, kwenikweni n’zotalikirana pa mitunda yaitali yosatheka kuitchula. M’njira yomweyi, ma maikulosikopu amphamvu athandiza maso athu kuona kuti zinthu zimene zimaoneka za gwaa kwenikweni n’zopangidwa ndi ma atomu amene m’kati mwake muli mbali yaikulu yopanda kanthu.

Tinthu Tating’ono Mapeto

Kanthu kakang’ono kwambiri kamene kangaoneke pa maikulosikopu wamba kamakhala ndi ma atomu oposa  mabiliyoni khumi! Komatu mu 1897 anatulukira kuti atomu ili ndi tizigawo ting’onoting’ono toizungulira m’kati mwake totchedwa ma elekitiloni. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi phata la atomu lotchedwa nyukiliyasi, limene ma elekitiloni aja amalizungulira linapezeka kuti lili ndi zigawo zazikulu zotchedwa ma nyutuloni ndi ma pulotoni. Mitundu 88 yosiyanasiyana ya ma atomu kapena elementi, imene imapezeka mwachilengedwe padziko lapansi kwenikweni n’njofanana kukula kwake, koma imasiyana kulemera kwake chifukwa atomu iliyonse imakhala ndi chiŵerengero chochulukirapo cha zinthu zofunika zitatu zimenezi.

Elekitiloni yangati imene imakhala mu atomu ya mpweya wa hayidilojeni, imazungulira phata la atomu lija kwa nthaŵi mabiliyoni ambiri sekondi isanakwane, ndipo potero imachititsa atomuyo kukhala yooneka komanso kuti ioneke ngati chinthu chimodzi chopanda zigawo. Kuti ma elekitiloni afanane kulemera ndi pulotoni kapena nyutuloni imodzi angafunike kukhalapo 1,840. Pulotoni ndiponso nyutuloni ndi tinthu tochepa kwambiri mwakuti tingaloŵe mu atomu yonseyo pafupifupi nthaŵi 100,000!

Kuti mumvetse kukula kwa malo opanda kanthu amene ali mu atomu, tangoganizirani mmene phata la atomu ya hayidilojeni limaonekera ma elekitiloni a mu atomuyo akamalizungulira. Ngati phatalo, limene limakhala ndi pulotoni imodzi, likadakhala lalikulu ngati kampira koseŵerera thenisi, ndiye kuti elekitiloni imene imazungulira phatalo ingakhale pa mtunda wa pafupifupi makilomita atatu!

Lipoti lokondwerera kuti patha zaka 100 kuchokera pamene anapeza elekitiloni linati: “Ndi anthu ochepa chabe amene amakayikira kuti n’koyenera kukondwerera chinthu chimene palibe munthu amene anachiona, chimene n’chosadziŵika kukula kwake koma chomwe kulemera kwake kungayesedwe, chomwenso chili ndi mphamvu ya magetsi—ndipo chimazungulira ngati nguli. . . . Lerolino palibe amene amatsutsa kuti zinthu zimene sitingazione zilikodi.”

Tinthu Tating’ono Koposa Apa

Makina ophwanyira ma atomu, okhonzanso kumwaza tizidutswa ta zinthu, tsopano atheketsa asayansi kuona m’kati mwa phata la atomu. Motero, palembedwa zinthu zambiri zokhudza tinthu ting’onoting’ono tokhala ndi mayina odabwitsa ndiponso achilendo. Mayinawa ndi monga ma positron, photon, meson, quark ndi gluon, kungotchulako ochepa chabe. Tonseti n’ntosaoneka, ngakhale atagwiritsa ntchito ma maikulosikopu amphamvu kwambiri. Koma pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoonera tinthu timeneti monga ma cloud chamber ndi ma bubble chamber komanso ma scintillation counter, pamaoneka zizindikiro zakuti tizigawo timeneti tilipodi.

Ofufuza tsopano akuona zinthu zimene kale zinali zosaoneka. Potero, akumvetsa kuti zinthu zimene iwo amazitcha kuti mphamvu zinayi zikuluzikulu, zili zofunika. Mphamvuzi n’zotchedwa gravity (mphamvu yokoka yangati yadziko lapansi), electromagnetic force (mphamvu yokoka yaginito yochokera ku nyesi za magetsi), ndi mphamvu zina ziŵiri zochepa kuposa za mu phata la atomu zotchedwa “mphamvu zofooka” ndiponso “mphamvu zochuluka.” Asayansi ena amatanganidwa ndi kufufuza zinthu zomwe amati zimakhudza “chiphunzitso cha zonse,” chomwe amayembekezera kuti chidzafotokoza tsatanetsatane wa chilengedwe chonse, kuyambira pa zinthu zooneka ndi maso okha mpaka kufika pa zomwe zingaoneke kokha mwakugwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu.

Kodi kuona zinthu zomwe maso athu pawokha sangathe kuona kungatiphunzitse chiyani? Ndipo mogwirizana ndi zomwe aphunzirazo, kodi anthu ambiri apeza mfundo zotani? Nkhani zotsatirazi zili ndi mayankho a mafunso ameneŵa.

[Zithunzi patsamba 3]

Zithunzi za ma atomu otchedwa nickel (pamwamba) ndi ma atomu a platinum

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mwachilolezo cha IBM Corporation, Research Division, Almaden Research Center