Zolinga za Olimpiki Zakanika

PAMENE Baron Pierre de Coubertin anapereka lingaliro lakuti maseŵera a Olimpiki ayambirenso, anatchula zolinga zabwino ndithu. Ndithudi, mfundo ya Olimpiki yamakono yomwe Coubertin ananena, imati: “Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa Maseŵera a Olimpiki ndicho kuchita nawo maseŵerawo osati kupambana . . . Chofunika kwenikweni si ndicho kugonjetsa chinthu koma kumenyana nacho bwino.”

Coubertin ankakhulupirira kuti kuchita mpikisano wabwino kungalimbikitse khalidwe labwino, ndiponso kuganiza bwino. Iye mpaka anatchula za ‘chipembedzo cha maseŵera.’ Ankaganiza kuti maseŵera a Olimpiki angaphunzitse anthu kukhala mwa mtendere.

Koma pofika mu 1937 chaka chimene Coubertin anamwalira, ziyembekezo zonse zamaganizo akewo zinali zitatha. Maseŵeraŵa anali atalepherekapo kale chifukwa cha nkhondo yapadziko lonse, komanso panali ziopsezo za nkhondo inanso yaikulu. Lerolino, zolinga za Olimpiki zakanika. N’chifukwa chiyani izi zili choncho?

Kugwirizana kwa Maseŵera a Olimpiki ndi Mankhwala Oletsedwa

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri mankhwala oletsedwa amangolomera akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oseŵera maseŵera osiyanasiyana n’cholinga chofuna kupambana. Oseŵera Maseŵera a Olimpiki nawonso amachita zomwezi. N’zoonadi kuti tsopano patha zaka 25 chikhazikitsireni njira yopima opikisana imene amafuna kuiichita mosamalitsa zedi kuti agwire anthu ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsedwaŵa. Komabe, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsedwaŵa pakati pa ochita maseŵera a Olimpiki likupitirirabe.

Oseŵera ena amamwa mankhwala otchedwa steroid kuti akhale ndi mwayi wopambana. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ogalamutsa thupi. Mankhwala okhala ndi mahomoni okulitsa n’ngwofala kwambiri kwa anthu othamanga liŵiro la mtondo wadooka ndiponso kwa ena ochita maseŵera ofuna nyonga chifukwa chakuti amawathandiza kukhalanso amphamvu mwamsanga pambuyo pochita maseŵera oyeserera otopetsa zedi komanso amachititsa minofu kukhala yamphamvu. Pakali pano, mankhwala otereŵa okhala ndi mahomoni ochita kupanga a mtundu wa erythropoietin ndiwo akukonda anthu amene amathamanga mtunda wautali, kusambira, ndiponso kuchita maseŵera otchedwa skiing omatsetsereka pamadzi kapena pachipale chofeŵa. Mankhwalaŵa amawakonda chifukwa amawathandiza kukhala olimba mwakusonkhezera kupangika kwa maselo ofiira a magazi.

 Mpake kuti Dr. Robert Voy, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa Komiti ya Olimpiki ya ku United States yopima anthu kuti aone ngati amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsedwaŵa, anatcha oseŵera maseŵera osiyanasiyana kuti “Chipinda choyenda chamankhwala.” Iye anawonjezera kuti: “Oseŵera maseŵera a Olimpiki asanduka zipangizo zoyesererapo za asayansi, akatswiri azamankhwala ndiponso madokotala ophwanya lamulo. Nanga njira ya kupima ija ikuthandiza bwanji? Dr. Donald Catlin, yemwe ndi mkulu wa nyumba yopimiramo anthu ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa ku United States, anati: “Oseŵera amene ali akathyali ndipo amene amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsedwaŵa amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimene sitingathe kupima n’kuzigwira.”

Ziphuphu ndi Chinyengo

Popeza kuti ndi mizinda yochepa yokha imene ingakwanitse kupikisana nawo polimbirana kuti maseŵero a Olimpiki akachitikire kumeneko, mizinda ina imachita zonse zotheka kuti maseŵeroŵa adzachitikireko. Pafupifupi zaka ziŵiri zapitazi, bungwe loyendetsa maseŵeraŵa lotchedwa International Olympic Committee (IOC) linapezeka ndi nkhani yochititsa manyazi. Mphekesera zikuti, mamembala a bungwe la IOC analandira ziphuphu za ndalama zokwana madola 400,000 posankha mzinda wa Salt Lake kuti ndiwo udzachititse Maseŵera a m’Nyengo yozizira a m’chaka cha 2002. Izi zinapangitsa anthu kukayika ngati anthu amene anasankha m’zindawo anali olongosoka.

Kusiyana kwa kuchereza bwino alendo ndi chiphuphu chenicheni nthaŵi zambiri kumavuta kukuzindikira chifukwa chakuti mizinda imene ingachititse maseŵeraŵa kaŵirikaŵiri imapereka mphatso zochuluka kwambiri kwa anthu amene asankhe mzindawo. Mamembala okwana 20 a bungwe la IOC anakhudzidwa ndi nkhani yomvetsa manyaziyi imene inachitika mumzinda wa Salt Lake, mapeto ake, anthu 6 a m’gululi anachotsedwa. Tikati tinene za Maseŵera a chaka cha 2000 ku Australia, tipeza kuti njira zonse zoyesa kutsekereza mphekesera zakuti panali zachinyengo zinakanika pamene pulezidenti wa Komiti ya Olimpiki ya ku Australia anavomereza kuti: “Eetu, sitinapambane [mpikisano wolimbirana mzinda womwe udzachititse maseŵeraŵa] kokha chifukwa cha kukongola kwa mzinda wathu ndiponso zipangizo za maseŵera zomwe tidzapereke.”

Moyo wosakaza ndalama mwachisawawa wa mamembala ena a bungwe la IOC wawonjezera kuti anthu aziwakayikira. Malemu Tommy Keller wa ku Switzerland yemwe anali mkulu wa bungwe la International Rowing Federation, nthaŵi ina ananena  kuti, mmene iye akuganizira, akuluakulu ena azamaseŵera amaona maseŵera a Olimpiki monga njira “yokwaniritsira zikhumbo zawo.” Iye anawonjezera kuti, zikuoneka kuti chomwe chikuchititsa zonsezi ndi “kukonda ndalama ndiponso kufuna kudzisangalatsa.”

Malonda Amphamvu Zedi

Palibe amene angakane zoti maseŵera a Olimpiki amadya ndalama zambiri. Mwachizoloŵezi, maseŵeraŵa amachititsa anthu ambiri kuonera wailesi yakanema komanso kutsatsa malonda opindulitsa. Izi zimachititsa kuti kugula mwayi wotsatsa malonda panthaŵi ya maseŵeraŵa kukhale chida champhamvu kwambiri chogulitsira malonda.

Taganizirani zimene zinachitika pa maseŵera a Olimpiki a 1988, pamene makampani okwana asanu ndi anayi a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana analipira ndalama zoposa madola 100 miliyoni ku bungwe la IOC kuti agule ufulu wotsatsa malonda padziko lonse panthaŵi ya maseŵerawo. Pa Maseŵera a m’Chilimwe ku Atlanta mu 1996, bungweli linapata ndalama zokwana madola 400 miliyoni pankhani yogulitsa ufulu yomweyi. Komatu ndalama zonsezi sizikuphatikizapo zilolezo za mawailesi akanema. Kampani ya Wailesi yakanema ina ku America inalipira ndalama zoposa madola 3.5 biliyoni kuti iloledwe kuonetsa Maseŵera a Olimpiki omwe adzachitike pakati pa chaka cha 2000 ndi 2008. Akuti kwa zaka zopitirira zinayi, makampani 11 ochilikiza maseŵeraŵa padziko lonse ayenera kulipira madola 84 miliyoni aliyense. N’chifukwa chake anthu ena afika ponena kuti, ngakhale kuti Olimpiki kale inali kuimira ubwino wa anthu onse, lero maseŵeroŵa ndi mwayi wopezera ndalama wa anthu aumbombo.

Kodi Chinalakwika N’chiyani?

Akatswiri ena amanena kuti vuto la maseŵera a Olimpiki lingapezeke mwa kupenda zochitika zazikulu ziŵiri zimene zinayamba kumayambiriro a m’ma 1980. Chigamulo choyamba chinali chopatsa mphamvu mabungwe azamaseŵera a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti ndiwo azisankha oseŵera amene ali oyenera kupita ku mpikisano wa Olimpiki. Ngakhale kuti bungwe la IOC nthaŵi ina linanenetsa zoti oseŵera ku Olimpiki ayenera kukhala ophunzira kumene, mabungwe azamaseŵeraŵa anayamba kulola oseŵera omwe ndi akatswiri kumapikisana pa maseŵera osiyanasiyana ku Olimpiki. Akatswiri ameneŵa anabweretsa mzimu wofuna kusonyeza ukatswiri. ‘Kuchita bwino’ pakokha sikutchukitsa munthu mwakuti angafunidwe ndi onenerera malonda amene angam’patse ndalama zambiri kuti amusonyeze  pamalonda awo, ndipo posapita nthaŵi kufuna kupambana kunakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri. N’zosadabwitsa kuti zimenezi zalimbikitsa oseŵera kumagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsedwa amangolomera kuti apambane.

Chochitika chachiŵiri chinabwera mu 1983 pamene bungwe la IOC linayembekezera kupeza phindu pa chinthu chimene katswiri wazamalonda wa bungweli anachitcha kuti, “chizindikiro chamtengo wapatali padziko lonse chimene palibe aliyense amene wapezerapo mwayi n’kuchigwiritsa ntchito.” Chizindikirochi ndicho mbulunga zoimira Olimpiki. Zimenezi zinalimbikitsa mkhalidwe wazamalonda adzaoneni umene maseŵera a Olimpiki adziŵika nawo. Jason Zengerle anaona kuti: “Ngakhale kuti amati maseŵera a Olimpiki amalimbikitsa mtendere ndiponso kuyanjanitsa anthu adziko lonse . . . sakusiyana n’komwe ndi . . . maseŵera ena onse ongofuna kudzionetsera.” Komabe, kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti zolinga zija zimene bungwe la Olimpiki linatchula n’zosatheka?

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ZOONA ZAKE ZA MASEŴERA A OLIMPIKI

→ Chizindikiro cha Olimpiki chili ndi mbulunga zisanu zomwe zimaimira makontinenti a Africa, Asia, Europe ndiponso North ndi South America. Mbulunga zimenezi adazilunzanitsa kusonyeza kuti anthu onse ali paubale wamaseŵero.

→ Mawu ochemerera zolinga za Olimpiki m’Chilatini amati Citius, Altius, Fortius, omwe m’Chicheŵa amatanthauza kuti, “waliŵiro koposa, wapamwamba koposa, wolimba koposa.” Palinso mawu ofanana nawo amene anakonzedwa ndi mphunzitsi wa ku France.

→ Laŵi la moto wa Olimpiki linali kuyatsidwa paguwa la nsembe la Zeu pamaseŵero akale. Lerolino, muuni umayatsidwa ku Olympia ndi mphamvu ya kuŵala kwa dzuŵa ndipo kenako amautumiza kumalo komwe kukuchitikira maseŵeraŵa.

→ Miyambo ya Olimpiki n’njachikale zaka masauzande. Maseŵera a Olimpiki oyamba kulembedwa m’kaundula anachitika m’chaka cha 776 B.C.E., komabe anthu ena ambiri amati maseŵeraŵa anayamba kalekale zaka 500 chisanafike chaka chimenechi.

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AP Photo/Eric Draper

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MALO OCHITIRA OLIMPIKI KU SYDNEY

Chiyambire mu September 1993, pamene mzinda wa Sydney unapambana mpikisano wolimbirana mzinda wodzachititsa Maseŵero a Olimpiki a chaka cha 2000, mzindawo wakhala wotanganidwa kwadzaoneni kukonzekera kulandira alendo zikwi makumi ambiri. Achita kale ntchito yaikulu yoyeretsa malowo, kumanga mabwalo oyenera azamaseŵero, ndiponso kusandutsa malo akalekale otayako zinyalala kukhala malo angapo achinyontho, mapaki ndiponso mitsinje. Zimenezi zatenga malo okwana mahekita 760.

Mudzi wa Olimpiki wa ku Sydney, womwe unamangidwa kuti uzikhala malo ogona kwa oseŵera maseŵero osiyanasiyana ndiponso akuluakulu azamaseŵero, ndiwo mudzi waukulu kwambiri padziko lapansi umene uli ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ochokera kumphamvu ya dzuŵa. Nyumba yoseŵereramo maseŵero osiyanasiyana yaikulu koposa m’Chigawo chonse cha Dziko cha Kumwera yotchedwa SuperDome ili ndi makina oyendera mphamvu zamagetsi ochokera kumphamvu ya dzuŵa amene ali aakulu koposa ena aliwonse ku Australia. Makinaŵa amayendera mphamvu zimene sizitulutsa mpweya uliwonse wowononga chilengedwe.

Mukayang’ana kumwamba mutaima kumbuyo kwa chinyumba chimenechi cha SuperDome mumangoona chidenga cha bwalo lamaseŵero la Olimpiki chomwe n’chazitsulo zokhotakhota ndiponso zokulungizana. Kumanga bwalo limeneli kunadya ndalama zokwana madola 435 miliyoni. M’bwaloli m’maloŵa anthu okwana 110,000 ndipo ndilo bwalo la Olimpiki lalikulu koposa padziko lonse. Ndege zinayi zikuluzikulu za mtundu wa Boeing 747 zitha kuimikidwa mondanda pakhomo pa bwaloli! Pamwamba pake pali matayilosi olangala amene amateteza oonera maseŵero kumphamvu ya dzuŵa. “Kwa miyezi ingapo ndithu m’chaka cha 2000 malo ano adzakhala ofunika kwabasi kuno ku Australia” anatero Alan Patching, yemwe ndi mkulu wa bwalolo. Kenako iye ananeneratu kuti: “Maseŵeroŵa akadzatha malo ano adzakhala otchuka kwambiri, monga ilili nyumba yotchedwa Opera House ija.”

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Baron Pierre de Coubertin

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Culver Pictures

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AP Photo/ACOG, HO