Kodi Zakale Zingatiphunzitsenji?

“Kwa olemba mbiri, palibe chinthu chofunika kwambiri ngati kupenda ndi kulemba za zochitika ndi zifukwa zake.”—Gerald Schlabach, Wachiŵiri Kwa Pulofesa Wa Mbiri.

NTHAŴI zambiri olemba mbiri amafunsa kuti, Zinthuzo zinachitika bwanji ndipo chifukwa chiyani? Mwachitsanzo, umboni umasonyeza kuti Ufumu wa Aroma unalephera. Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani unalephera? Kodi chinali chifukwa cha ukatangale kapena kukonda zosangalatsa? Kodi ufumuwo unakhala wovuta kuuyang’anira kapena kodi asilikali ake anafunika ndalama zambiri kuwasamalira? Kodi adani a Roma anali kungochulukirachulukira ndi kukhala amphamvu kwambiri?

Posachedwapa, chikomyunizimu m’mayiko a kum’maŵa kwa Ulaya, chimene chinkaopseza mayiko a kumadzulo, chinatheratu nthaŵi yochepa chabe m’mayikowo motsatizana. Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani? Ndipo kodi tingaphunzirepo zotani? Ameneŵa ndiwo mafunso amene olemba mbiri amayesa kuwayankha. Koma poyankha, kodi amakhala olondola? Kodi zimene akudziŵapo kale pankhaniyo zimakhudza motani maganizo awo polemba mbiriyo?

Kodi Mbiri Yakale Tingaikhulupirire?

Mosiyana ndi asayansi, olemba mbiri ali ngati atekitivi. Amakayikira, kufufuza, ndi kutsutsa zolemba zakale. Amafuna zoona zenizeni, koma nthaŵi zambiri cholinga chawo sichidziŵika bwinobwino. Chifukwa china n’chakuti ntchito ya olemba mbiri kwakukulukulu imakhudza anthu, pamene iwo sangadziŵe maganizo a anthu—makamaka maganizo a anthu akufa. Olemba mbiri angakhalenso ataganiziratu zinazake. Pachifukwachi, nthaŵi zina zimene tingati zolemba zabwino zimangokhala zija zimene wolembayo anafotokoza malinga ndi mmene amaonera zinthu.

Inde, wolemba mbiri akalemba maganizo ake si ndiye kuti basi zimene walemba n’zosalondola. Nkhani za m’Baibulo za Samueli, Mafumu, ndi Mbiri, zili ndi mbali zofanana zimene zinalembedwa ndi anthu asanu, koma pali umboni wakuti sizitsutsana konse ndipo n’zolondola. Chimodzimodzinso Mauthenga Abwino anayi. Olemba Baibulo ambiri analemba ngakhale zolakwa zawo  ndi zopusa zomwe—zimene sizingachitike mokulira ndi olemba mbiri wamba.—Numeri 20:9-12; Deuteronomo 32:48-52.

Kupatulapo maganizo amene angakhale nawo, mfundo ina yofunika kuiganizira poŵerenga mbiri ndiyo zolinga za wolembayo. “Zochitika zilizonse m’mbiri zimene olamulira, kapena ofuna ulamuliro, kapena anzawo angasimbe, n’zoyenera kuzikayikira kwambiri,” anatero Michael Stanford m’buku la A Companion to the Study of History. Zolinga zokayikitsa zimaonekanso pamene mabuku onena za mbiri yakale alimbikitsa kukonda dziko lako basi ndi utundu. N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti nthaŵi zina zimenezi zimapezeka m’mabuku akusukulu. M’dziko lina, lamulo la boma linanena mosabisa mawu kuti cholinga chophunzitsa mbiri “n’kulimbikitsa maganizo a utundu ndi kukonda dziko m’mitima ya anthu . . . chifukwa kudziŵa mbiri ya mtundu wanu ndi zina mwa zinthu zolimbikitsa kwambiri kukonda dziko lako.”

Kulemba Mbiri Yakale mwa Kusintha Zina ndi Zina

Nthaŵi zina sikuti mbiri imangokhala yokondera basi; koma amachita kuikonza mwa kusintha zina ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo, Soviet Union wakale “anachotseratu dzina la Trotsky m’mabuku kuchitira kuti ndunayo isadziŵike kuti inakhalako,” limatero buku la Truth in History. (Zoonadi za M’mbiri) Kodi Trotsky anali ndani? Anali mtsogoleri wa gulu la Russian Bolshevik Revolution ndipo analipo yekha wachiŵiri kwa Lenin. Lenin atamwalira, Trotsky anayambana ndi Stalin, anachotsedwa m’chipani cha Komyunizimu, kenaka anaphedwa. Dzina lake analichotsa ngakhale m’mainsaikulopediya a Soviet Union. Kusokoneza mbiri kotereku, ngakhale kufika powotcha mabuku otsutsa, kwakhala chizoloŵezi cha maulamuliro ambiri opondereza.

Komabe kukonza mbiri mwa kusintha zina ndi zina n’kwachikale, mwina n’kwa m’nthaŵi ya Igupto ndi Asuri. Pokhala onyada ndi odzikuza, afarao, mafumu, ndi mafumu aakulu anaonetsetsa kuti mbiri yawo imene anasiya inali yodzikometsa. Choncho zimene anachita bwino anali kuzikokomeza, pamene zonse zochititsa manyazi kapena zonyozetsa, ngati kugonja pankhondo, anali kuzichepetsa, kuzichotseratu kapenanso kusazitchula n’komwe. Mosiyana kwambiri ndi zimenezo, mbiri ya Israyeli yolembedwa m’Baibulo imatchula za kulephera kwa mafumu ndi ulemerero wawo, chimodzimodzinso za anthu awo.

Kodi olemba mbiri amaona bwanji kulondola kwa zinthu zimene zinalembedwa kale? Amaziyerekeza ndi zinthu ngati zolembapo zakale za msonkho, malamulo, zotsatsa malonda a  akapolo, makalata antchito ndi aumwini komanso kaundula, malemba ozokota pamapale, mapepala ofotokoza maulendo a sitima za pamadzi, ndi zinthu zopezeka kumanda. Nthaŵi zambiri, zonsezi zimapereka umboni wowonjezera kapena wosonyeza mbali zina za zolembazo. Ngati sakudziŵa bwinobwino zinazake kapena sakutsimikizabe, olemba mbiri okhulupirika amanena nthaŵi zambiri kuti zilidi choncho, ngakhale kuti angalembe maganizo awo polumikiza bwino nkhani yawoyo. Muli monsemo, oŵerenga anzeru amapeza umboni wina m’mabuku enanso kuti amvetse bwinobwino.

Ngakhale wolemba mbiri atakumana ndi mavuto otani, zolemba zake zingathandize kwambiri. Buku lina la mbiri limafotokoza kuti: “Ngakhale kuli kovuta kuilemba, . . . mbiri ya dziko lonse n’njofunika kwambiri kwa ife.” Kupatula kungodziŵa zakale, mbiri ingatithandize kumvetsanso chifukwa chake zinthu zakhala mmene zililimu lerolino. Mwachitsanzo, tingaone msanga kuti anthu akale anali ndi makhalidwe omwe anthu amasiku ano ali nawo. Makhalidwe ameneŵa akhudza mbiri pamlingo waukulu, mwina kufika poyambitsa kalankhulidwe kakuti mbiri yakale imadzachitikanso. Koma kodi zimenezo n’zomveka?

Kodi Mbiri Yakale Imadzachitikanso?

Kodi tingalondole kuneneratu za m’tsogolo poona zakale? Zinthu zina zimachitikanso. Mwachitsanzo, nduna yakale yoona nkhani zakunja ya dziko la United States, Henry Kissinger anati: “Chitukuko china chilichonse chimene chinachitikapo chatheratu.” Ananenanso kuti: “Mbiri ndiyo nkhani yonena zimene zinalephereka, nkhani yonena zolinga zosakwaniritsika. . . . Choncho ngati wolemba mbiri, munthu ayenera kudziŵa kuti tsoka n’losapeŵeka.”

Maufumu aŵiri sangathe mofanana. Babulo anagwa m’manja mwa Amedi ndi Aperisi usiku mu 539 B.C.E. Girisi anagaŵikana kukhala maufumu angapo Alesandro Wamkulu atamwalira, mapeto ake unakhala Ufumu wa Roma. Komabe, kutha kwa ufumu wa Roma sikukudziŵikabe bwinobwino. Wolemba mbiri dzina lake Gerald Schlabach anafunsa kuti: “Kodi ufumu wa Roma unatha liti? Kodi ufumuwo unathadi? Zinthu zina zinasintha kumayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya pakati pa 400 CE ndi 600 CE. Koma zambiri zinapitirizabe.” * N’zoonekeratu kuti zinthu zina za m’mbiri yakale zimachitikanso, ndipo zina sizichitikanso.

Mfundo ina yosasintha imene mbiri yatiphunzitsa n’njakuti ulamuliro wa anthu walephera. M’mibadwo yonse ulamuliro wabwino walephereka chifukwa chodzikonda, kusaganizira za m’tsogolo, dyera, ukatangale, kukondera achibale, ndipo makamaka chikhumbokhumbo chofuna mpando ndi kukhalapo mpaka kalekale. Choncho, mbiri yangodzaza ndi mpikisano wa zida, mapangano osawakwaniritsa, nkhondo, chipwirikiti ndi chiŵaŵa, kugaŵa chuma mokondera, ndi kusakaza chuma cha dziko.

Mwachitsanzo, onani zimene buku la The Columbia History of the World linanena zimene chitukuko cha Azungu chachita m’madera onse a dziko. Linati: “Columbus ndi Cortes atadziŵitsa anthu akumadzulo kwa Ulaya mwayi umene unalipo, chilakolako chawo chinakula chotembenuza anthu mitima, kufuna phindu, ndi kutchuka ndipo chikhalidwe cha Azungu chinayambika pafupifupi padziko lonse, makamaka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Polimbikira kufutukuka ndipo pokhala ndi zida zapamwamba, ogonjetsawo analanda magawo onse a dziko kuti akhale madera a maboma amphamvu a ku Ulaya. . . . Kunena mwachidule, anthu a m’makontinenti aŵa [Africa, Asia, ndi America] anavutika ndi nkhanza ndi kuwapondereza.” Mawu a m’Baibulo a pa Mlaliki 8:9 akuti “wina apweteka mnzake pom’lamulira,” ali oona ndithu!

Mwina mbiri yomvetsa chisoni imeneyi ndiyo inachititsa wafilosofi wina wa ku Germany kunena kuti mfundo yokha imene mbiri yakale imatiphunzitsa n’njakuti anthu saphunzirapo kalikonse pa zochitika za m’mbiri. Yeremiya 10:23 amati: “Njira ya munthu sili mwa iye mwini, sikuli kwa munthu woyenda kulongosola mapazi ake.” Nkhani ya kusakhoza kwathu kulongosola mapazi athu ndi yomwe ifeyo makamaka tiyenera  kuiona bwinobwino masiku ano. Chifukwa chiyani zili choncho? Chifukwa chakuti tili ndi mavuto ambiri amene sanachitikepo. Ndiye tingathane nawo bwanji mavuto ameneŵa?

Mavuto Amene Sanachitikepo

M’mbiri yonse ya anthu, mavuto osiyanasiyana a kutha kwa mitengo, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuuma kwa nthaka, kutheratu kwa mitundu ina ya mbewu ndi nyama zina, kuchepa kwa mpweya wa ozoni, kuipitsa madzi ndi mpweya, kutentha kwa dziko, kutha kwa zamoyo m’nyanja, ndi kukwera kwambiri kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, sizinachitikepo n’kale lonse.

“Vuto lina limene anthu amakono akukumana nalo n’kusinthiratu kwa zinthu mofulumira,” limatero buku lakuti A Green History of the World. Mkonzi wa magazini a World Watch, dzina lake Ed Ayres analemba kuti: “Zimene tikuona ndi zinthu zimene sitingathe kuzimvetsetsa, ngakhale patakhala umboni woonekeratu. Kwa ifeyo, ‘zinthu’ zimenezo ndi kusintha kosakaza kwa zamoyo ndi zinthu zina m’dzikoli zimene zimatichirikiza.”

Poona zimenezi ndi mavuto ena ofanana nawo, wolemba mbiri wina dzina lake Pardon E. Tillinghast analemba kuti: “Kumene anthu akupita sikukudziŵika n’komwe, ndipo ambirife zothetsa nzeru zimenezi zikutiopsa kwambiri. Kodi ndi malangizo otani amene akatswiri olemba mbiri angauze anthu osokonezeka panopo? Zikuoneka kuti si malangizo ambiri.”

Akatswiri olemba mbiri angadodome kuti achita chiyani kapena kuti alangiza chiyani, komatu Mlengi wathu sangatero ayi. Kwenikweni iye ananeneratu m’Baibulo kuti masiku otsiriza dziko lonse lidzakhala ndi “nthaŵi zoŵaŵitsa.” (2 Timoteo 3:1-5) Ndipo Mulungu wafotokoza zambiri ndipo wachita zina zimene olemba mbiri sangakhoze kuchita. Iye wasonyeza mmene tingachitire, zimene tidzaona m’nkhani yotsatira.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 5]

“Zochitika zilizonse m’mbiri zimene olamulira . . . angasimbe n’zoyenera kuzikayikira kwambiri.”—MICHAEL STANFORD, WOLEMBA MBIRI

[Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Nero Mfumu Yaikulu

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Roma, Musei Capitolini

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

M’mibadwo yonse “wina apweteka mnzake pom’lamulira”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

“The Conquerors,” ojambulidwa ndi Pierre Fritel. Pali (kuyambira kulamanzere kupita kulamanja): Ramses II, Attila, Hannibal, Tamerlane, Julius Caesar (pakati), Napoléon I, Alesandro Wamkulu, Nebukadinezara, ndi Charlemagne. Kuchokera m’buku la The Library of Historic Characters and Famous Events, Vol. III, 1895; ndegezo: Chithunzi cha USAF