Kodi N’Chifukwa Chiyani Mizinda Ili M’mavuto?

“Tiyeni, timange mudzi [“mzinda,” NW] ndi nsanja pamutu pake pafikire kumwamba, . . . kuti tisabalalike pa dziko lonse lapansi.”—Genesis 11:4.

MAWU amenewa anawalankhula zaka zoposa 4000 zapitazo polengeza zomanga mzinda waukulu wa Babele.

Mzinda wa Babele, umene kenaka anadzautcha Babulo, unali ku zidikha zimene zinali zachonde m’dera la Shina ku Mesopotamiya. Koma sunali mzinda woyamba kuulemba m’Baibulo ngati mmene ambiri amaganizira. Kwenikweni mizinda inayambika Chigumula cha m’masiku a Nowa chisanachitike. Kaini wakuphayo anamanga mzinda woyamba umene anaulemba m’Baibulo. (Genesis 4:17) N’kutheka kuti mzinda umenewu wotchedwa Enoke unali chabe mudzi wokhala mumpanda. Koma Babele unali mzinda waukulu ndipo linali likulu la kulambira konyenga lokhala ndi chinsanja chadzaoneni cholambirira. Komabe, Babele ndiponso nsanja yake yotchukayo anazimanga motsutsana ndi zimene Mulungu ananena. (Genesis 9:7) Ndiye malinga n’kunena kwa Baibulo, Mulungu analoŵererapo n’kusokoneza chinenero cha omangawo, n’kuwalepheretseratu kupembedza mmene ankafunira. Genesis 11:5-9 amati Mulungu “anabalalitsa iwo pa dziko lonse lapansi.”

N’zosadabwitsa kuti kubalalika kwa anthuku kunayambitsanso kufala kwa mizinda. Ndiponsotu mizinda inkatetezera anthu kwa adani awo. Mizinda inali ndi malo amene alimi ankasunga ndi kugaŵa zokolola zawo. Kuyambika kwa misika kunachititsanso anthu okhala mu mzinda kupeza njira zina zopezera ndalama mmalo mwa ulimi. Buku lakuti The Rise of Cities limati: “Umphaŵi ukangowachepera, anthu okhala m’tauni ankayamba kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana: zoluka madengu, kuumba ziwiya zadothi, kuŵedza, kuluka, kupanga zinthu zachikopa, ukalipentala, zomangamanga, tingoti ntchito ina iliyonse imene ikanawabweretsera ndalama.”

Mizinda inakhala malo abwino kwambiri ogulitsira zinthu zoterozo. Taganizani za nkhani ya m’Baibulo yokhudza chilala choopsa cha ku Igupto. Nduna yaikulu, Yosefe, inaona kuti kunali bwino kusamutsira anthu m’mizinda. Chifukwa chiyani? N’zoonekeratu kuti kuteroko kunachititsa kuti kugaŵa zakudya zimene zinatsala kusavute kwambiri.—Genesis 47:21.

Mizinda inathandiziranso polankhulana ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu panthaŵi imene mayendedwe anali ochedwa ndiponso ovuta. Kenaka zimenezi zinasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Mizinda inakhala malo oyambitsira zinthu zatsopano ndipo inali kulimbikitsa umisiri. Anthu atayamba kugaŵana nzeru zatsopano, anatulukira  njira zokhudza sayansi, chipembedzo, ndiponso filosofi.

Kulemba M’madzi

Masiku ano, mizinda ikupitiriza kuchita zinthu zambiri ngati zomwezo. Choncho, n’zosadabwitsa kwenikweni kuti mizinda ikupitirizabe kukopa anthu ambiri, makamaka m’mayiko amene moyo wakumidzi wafika poipiratu. Komabe, zimene anthu ambiri amaganiza posamukira kutauni n’kulemba m’madzi. Buku lakuti Vital Signs 1998 limati: “Bungwe lotchedwa Population Council litafufuza posachedwapa, linapeza kuti masiku ano moyo wa m’matauni ambiri m’mayiko osatukuka n’ngosauka kuposa wa kumidzi.” N’chifukwa chiyani zili choncho?

Henry G. Cisneros analemba m’buku la The Human Face of the Urban Environment kuti: “Ngati anthu osauka atayamba kuchuluka kwambiri m’madera enaake, mavuto awo amakulirakulira . . . . Kuchuluka kwa anthu osauka, makamaka amene ali m’gulu la anthu otsalira kwabweretsa ulova waukulu, kwachulukitsa anthu odalira chithandizo cha boma, kwachulukitsanso matenda osiyanasiyana, ndiponso chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri, kwachulukitsa umbanda.” Buku lakuti Mega-city Growth and the Future limanena chimodzimodzi kuti: “Kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira kutauni nthaŵi zambiri kumabweretsa ulova wadzaoneni ndiponso kumachulukitsa ntchito zaganyu chifukwa chakuti sipakhala ntchito zoti n’kukwanira anthu onse ofuna kulembedwa.”

Kuchuluka kwa ana ongokhala m’misewu ndi umboni womvetsa chisoni wa umphaŵi wosasimbika umene uli m’mizinda ya m’mayiko otukuka. Ena akuti mongoganizira pali ana ongokhala m’misewu ochuluka kufika mamiliyoni 30 padziko lonse! Buku lakuti Mega-city Growth and the Future limati: “Chifukwa cha umphaŵi ndi mavuto ena, mabanja amaleka kugwirizana moti nthaŵi zambiri ana ameneŵa amakakamizika kudziyang’anira okha.” Ana ongokhala m’misewu amavutika kwambiri chifukwa amangokhalira kutolatola zakudya, kupemphapempha, kapena kuchita ganyu m’misika.

Zinthu Zina Zosautsa

Umphaŵi ungayambitse umbanda. Mu mzinda wina wa ku South America, wodziŵika chifukwa cha nyumba zamakono, umbanda wafala kwambiri moti mawindo ndiponso mipanda ya nyumba zambiri ili ndi zitsulo zotetezera mbava. Anthu olemera kwambiri ngakhalenso osauka kwambiri, akumanga mipanda yazitsulo poopa kuberedwa ndiponso kusokonezedwa pochita zinthu. Choncho, tingati anthuwo amakhala ngati atsekeredwa. Ena amaika zitsulozo ngakhale asanamalize kumanga nyumba yawo.

Kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu kumachititsanso kuti zinthu zofunika monga madzi ndiponso  zinthu zothandiza paukhondo zizivuta kupeza m’tauni. Akuti zimbudzi pafupifupi 500,000 zikufunika mumzinda wina wa ku Asia. Koma atafufuza posachedwapa panapezeka kuti n’zimbudzi 200 zokha basi zimene zimagwira ntchito!

Komanso china chofunika kuchiganizira ndicho mmene kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu kumawonongera malo. Mzinda ukamakula malo olima a pafupi amatha. Mkulu wakale wa bungwe la United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], Federico Mayor anati, “Mizinda imawononga kwambiri magetsi, madzi, ndiponso zakudya ndi zinthu zina zambiri. .   . . Malowo amawonongeka chifukwa saperekanso thandizo kapena kuchirikiza zimene amapanga.”

Mavuto Opezeka M’mizinda Ikuluikulu ya M’mayiko a Azungu

Ku mayiko a azungu mwina mavuto ake angakhale ochepa, komanso kumeneko mavuto a m’matauni aliko. Mwachitsanzo, buku lakuti The Crisis of America’s Cities limati: “Masiku ano mizinda ya ku America ndi yachiŵaŵa m’madera ochuluka zedi. . . . M’mizinda ya ku America chiŵaŵa chili ponseponse moti a zachipatala anayamba kukhala ndi malo okhudza za chiŵaŵacho monga nkhani zamatenda ena aakulu a anthu a masiku athuwa.” Inde, chiŵaŵa chafala kwambiri m’mizinda yambiri ikuluikulu padziko lonse.

Chifukwa china chimene mizinda yambiri yakhalira yosakopa anthu olemba ena ntchito n’chakuti moyo wam’mizindayi n’ngovuta. Buku lakuti The Human Face of the Urban Environment limati: “Azamalonda amasamukira kunja kwa mizinda kapena kunja kwa dziko, ndipo amatseka makampani awo, n’kusiya ‘malo atawonongeka’. Amasiyanso nyumba zopanda kanthu pamalo amene anawawonongawo, ndipo amasiyapo zinthu za poizoni atazikwirira pansi, moti malowo sayenera n’komwe kumangapo nyumba.” Mapeto ake, m’mizinda yambiri anthu osauka amangopezeka akukhala m’madera “amene anthu saganizira n’komwe mavuto a pamalo amene akukhala. M’madera ameneŵa masuweji n’ngowonongeka, madzi abwino n’ngochepa, tizilombo toopsa monga nthata timapezeka paliponse pali zinyalala ndiponso timaloŵa m’nyumba, ana aang’ono amadya penti ya poizoni yoyoyoka m’zipupa za nyumba zimene zikuwonongeka . . . ndipo aliyense amaoneka kuti sizikum’khudza.” Zinthu zikafika potere, umbanda, chiŵaŵa, ndi kusoŵa chochita zimachuluka.

Komanso, m’mizinda ya ku mayiko a azungu zinthu zina zofunika kwa anthu sizikupezeka. Kale mu 1981, anthu ena olemba mabuku, Pat Choate ndi Susan Walter analemba buku la mutu wosangalatsa wakuti America in Ruins—The Decaying Infrastructure. M’bukulo analembamo kuti: “Ku America zinthu zambiri zimene anthu onse am’dzikolo amagwiritsa ntchito zikuwonongeka mwamsanga kuposa zimene akuzikonzanso.” Olembawo ananena kuti zikuwaopsa kwambiri akaganizira za kuchuluka kwa milatho yopita kwakutha, misewu imene ikukumbikakumbika, ndi masuweji amene akuwonongeka m’mizinda ikuluikulu.

Tsopano patha zaka makumi aŵiri, koma mizinda ina monga wa New York City idakali m’mavuto a zachuma. Nkhani ina m’magazini a New York Magazine inafotokoza za ntchito yaikulu yoika chipaipi cha madzi yotchedwa Third Water Tunnel. Ntchitoyo yatenga zaka 30 tsopano, ndipo akuitcha ntchito imodzi yaikulu kwabasi imene yawonongetsa chuma m’mayiko onse a ku Chigawo Chakumadzulo Kwadziko. Ntchitoyo n’njowononga madola 5 biliyoni. Ntchitoyo ikatha, chipaipicho chizidzapititsa magaloni okwana biliyoni imodzi amadzi abwino tsiku lililonse ku New York City. Wolembayo anati, “Koma chintchito chokumba chonsechi, akuti cholinga chake n’chongofuna kuwonjezera mapaipi amadzi kuti athe kukonza mapaipi akale kwanthaŵi yoyamba chiwaikireni kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1900.” Nkhani ya mu nyuzipepala ya The New York Times inati kukonzanso zinthu zina zonse zowonongeka m’mzindawo, monga njanji zodutsa pansi panthaka, mapaipi akuluakulu amadzi, misewu, ndiponso milatho, akuti kungawononge ndalama zokwana madola 90 biliyoni.

Mzinda wa New York si ndiwo wokha umene uli ndi vuto losowa zinthu zofunika. Kwenikweni mizinda yambiri ikuluikulu yavutika chifukwa cha zinthu zowonongeka pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mu February 1998, mzinda wa Auckland ku New Zealand, unavutika kwa milungu yoposa iŵiri chifukwa kunalibiretu magetsi. Anthu a mumzinda wa Melbourne ku Australia, anasoŵa madzi otentha kwa masiku 13 gasi atasiya kupezeka chifukwa cha ngozi ya ku fakitale yopangirako gasiyo.

 Ndiyeno pali vuto limene likupezeka pafupifupi m’mizinda yonse; vuto la kuchedwa kwa magalimoto pamsewu chifukwa chochuluka. Moshe Safdie yemwe ndi wolemba mapulani anati: “Pamakhala vuto lalikulu chifukwa mizinda imachepa poyerekezera ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amene amayendamo. . . . Mizinda yakale yakulitsa madera ake a malonda chifukwa magalimoto achuluka kwambiri kuposa mmene ankaganizira panthaŵi imene ankamanga mizindayi.” M’mizinda ngati Cairo, Bangkok, ndi São Paulo, akuti magalimoto “nthaŵi zonse amachedwa chifukwa chochulukana mumsewu,” ikutero The New York Times. Ngakhale pali mavuto onseŵa, zikuoneka kuti anthu sakulekabe kusamukira kutauni.

Nkhani ina m’magazini ya The UNESCO Courier inati, “zimaoneka kuti kaya ndi mwachilungamo kaya ndi mwautambwali, anthu akakhala m’tauni amatukuka ndiponso amakhala moyo wofeŵa, amakhalanso ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zinazake mosavuta ndipo n’chifukwa chake anthu ambiri amanyengeka ndi mizinda.” Koma kodi n’chiyani kwenikweni chidzachitikire mizinda ikuluikulu ya padziko lonse? Kodi pali njira zenizeni zothetsera mavuto ake?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 5]

“Kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira kutauni nthaŵi zambiri kumabweretsa ulova wadzaoneni ndiponso kumachulukitsa ntchito zaganyu”

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Mizinda yambiri ikuvutika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto mumsewu

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Ana ambirimbiri okhala m’misewu amadziyang’anira okha

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Zimene anthu ambiri okhala mu mzinda amalakalaka, sizitheka