Zida Zazing’ono Koma Mavuto Aakulu

KWA zaka makumi ambiri, nkhani zoletsa kufala kwa zida zinkakhudza zida za nyukiliya. Zimenezi sizodabwitsa ayi chifukwa bomba limodzi lokha la nyukiliya lingathe kuwonongeratu mzinda wathunthu. Koma mosiyana ndi zida zazing’ono anthu sanamenyanepo ndi zida zoopsa kwambiri zimenezi kwa zaka 50.

Wolemba mbiri wina wotchuka wotchedwa John Keegan analemba kuti: “Kuchokera pa 9 August 1945 zida za nyukiliya sizinaphepo munthu aliyense. Ambiri mwa anthu 50,000,000 amene afa pankhondo kuchokera nthaŵiyi aphedwa ndi zida zotsika mtengo zopangidwa mosavuta ndiponso ndi zipolopolo zazing’ono. Mtengo wa zipolopolozi n’ngokwera pang’ono poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa timawailesi tam’manja ndi wa mabatire zimenenso zafala padziko lonse m’nyengo yomweyi. Chifukwa chakuti mayiko olemera sakuvutitsidwa kwenikweni ndi zida zotsika mtengozi, anthu ambiri a m’mayikowa, kupatulako amene akukhala m’madera oopsa chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi uchigaŵenga wa andale, sanalabadire mwamsanga nkhani ya mavuto oopsa amene zida zimenezi zabweretsa.”

Palibe amene akudziŵa bwinobwino chiŵerengero cha zida zazing’ono zimene zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma akatswiri akuti mwina pali zida zankhondo za asilikali zokwana mamiliyoni 500. Kuphatikiza pamenepo, pali zida mamiliyoni ambiri zimene anthu omwe si asilikali ali nazo. Ndiponso, akupangabe zida zatsopano ndi kuzigulitsa chaka chilichonse.

Zida Zimene Akuzikonda

N’chifukwa chiyani zida zazing’ono azikonda kwambiri pa nkhondo zaposachedwapa? Chifukwa china n’chokhudza kugwirizana kwa nkhondo ndi umphaŵi. Nkhondo zambiri zimene zakhalapo m’ma 1990 zachitikira m’mayiko osauka, amene ali osauka kwambiri mwakuti sangathe kugula zida zapamwamba kwambiri. Zida zazing’ono ndiponso zonyamulika n’zotsika mtengo. Mwachitsanzo ndalama zogulira ndege ya nkhondo imodzi ya jeti ndi pafupifupi madola 50 miliyoni, koma gulu la nkhondo lingagule mfuti zokwana 200,000 ndi ndalama zimenezi.

Nthaŵi zina zida zazing’onozi ndiponso zida zonyamulika zimakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa pamenepa. Magulu a nkhondo amene akufuna kuchepetsa asilikali ake ndiwo amangopereka  zida zosaŵerengeka zoterezi, kapena amakazigwiritsanso ntchito pankhondo zinanso. M’mayiko ena muli zida zochuluka kwambiri zoterezi mwakuti amazigulitsa motsika zedi mwina madola sikisi okha basi kapena kungozisinthanitsa ndi mbuzi, nkhuku, ngakhalenso thumba la kaunjika.

Koma, pali zifukwa zina zochititsa kutchuka kwa zida zazing’ono kupatulapo kutsika mtengo ndi kusavuta kuzipeza. Zida zimenezi zimapha. Mfuti imodzi yokha yotulutsa zipolopolo motsatizana ingaphulitse zipolopolozo ka 300 mphindi imodzi yokha. Chinanso n’chakuti si zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamalira. Mwana wa zaka khumi angathe kuphunzitsidwa kufwamphula ndi kutchera mfuti zoterezi. Mwana angathenso kuphunzira mwamsanga kulunjika ndi kuombera gulu la anthu.

Chifukwa china chimene mfuti zilili zofala n’chakuti n’zolimba ndipo zimagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. Mfuti monga zamtundu wa AK 47 ndi M16, zimene asilikali ankagwiritsa ntchito kalekale pankhondo ya ku Vietnam akuzigwiritsabe ntchito pankhondo zamasiku ano. Mfuti zina zimene akuzigwiritsa ntchito mu Africa zinalipo pankhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Chinanso n’chakuti mfuti angathe kuzinyamula ndi kuzibisa mosavuta. Kavalo mmodzi yekha anganyamule mfuti khumi ndi ziŵiri zokapereka ku gulu la asilikali lobisala m’nkhalango yoŵirira kapena m’phiri lakutali. Akavalo ochepa chabe anganyamule mfuti zokwanira gulu lankhondo lonse ngati lili laling’ono.

Mfuti, Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, ndi Miyala ya Diamondi

Nkhani ya malonda a padziko lonse ozembetsa mfuti n’njovuta zedi. Mfuti zambiri zimaloŵa m’mayiko osiyanasiyana mwalamulo. Mkangano wa mayiko a United States ndi Russia utatha, magulu ankhondo a m’mayiko a Kum’maŵa ndi Kumadzulo anawachepetsa, ndipo mayiko ambiri anagulitsa zida zotsalapo ku mayiko ogwirizana nawo. Wolemba nkhani wina wa m’bungwe lina  lofufuza lotchedwa Peace Research Institute ku Oslo, m’dziko la Norway, anati kuyambira chaka cha 1995 dziko la United States lokha lapereka mfuti zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mabomba zoposa 300,000. Akuti kungopereka zida n’kotsikapo mtengo kuposa kuziphwasula kapena kuzisunga ndi kumazilondera. Ofufuza ena akuti mwina zida zazing’ono ndi zida zonyamulika zokwana pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni atatu amazitumiza kumayiko ena mwalamulo chaka chilichonse.

Komabe, payenera kukhala zida zambiri zochita kuzembetsedwa. Nthaŵi zambiri zida zakatangale amazigulitsa. Pankhondo zina za mu Africa, magulu a nkhondo ena akhala akugula zida zazing’ono ndi zonyamulika zokwana madola mamiliyoni mazanamazana, mosagwiritsa ntchito ndalama, koma miyala yamtengo wapatali ya diamondi yomwe amalanda kumadera a migodi ya diamondi. Nyuzipepala ya The New York Times inanena kuti: “Kumene kuli maboma akatangale, zigaŵenga zimakhala zankhanza ndipo mayikowo savuta kuloŵamo . . . Miyala yonyezimirayi yabweretsa thangata, uchigaŵenga, kudula anthu manja kapena miyendo, vuto lalikulu la kusoŵa nyumba zogona ndi kuwononga chuma chambiri.” N’zosautsa zedi poganizira kuti mwala wamtengo wapataliwu womwe amausinthanitsa ndi mfuti zophera anthu amakaugulitsa ku mashopu apamwamba ogulitsirako zodzikongoletsera monga chinthu chosonyeza chikondi.

Zida zimakhudzananso ndi katangale wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Sizodabwitsa kuona magulu a zigaŵenga akugula ndiponso kugulitsa mwakatangale mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiponso mfuti kudzera m’njira imodzimodziyo. Motero zida zangokhala ngati ndalama zomwe, zosinthanitsira mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kodi Mfuti Zimatani Nkhondo Ikatha?

Nthaŵi zambiri nkhondo zikatha, mfuti zimene amamenyeranazo zimakapezeka ndi achifwamba. Taganizirani zimene zinachitika m’dziko lina la kumwera kwa Africa limene kunachitika uchifwamba pambuyo polimbana pa zandale. Kulimbanako kunaphetsa anthu 10,000 m’zaka zitatu zokha ndipo zimenezi zitangotha, uchifwamba unabuka. Chifukwa chopikisana, oyendetsa matakisi anayamba “nkhondo,” imene anachita kugula achifwamba kuti awombere okwera ndi oyendetsa amene anapikisana nawo. Mfuti zimene zinatchuka pobera ndiponso kuchitira umbanda n’zankhondo. Chaka china chaposachedwapa, anthu ophedwa anafika 11,000. Limeneli ndi dziko lachiŵiri pa mayiko opanda nkhondo limene lili ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu padziko lonse cha anthu ophedwa ndi mfuti.

Kudziŵa kuti anthu ambanda amakhala ndi  mfuti ndiponso n’ngoopsa kumachititsa mantha. M’mayiko ambiri amene akutukuka, anthu olemera tingati amakhala m’malinga okhala ndi mawaya amagetsi komanso alonda masana ndi usiku womwe. Okhala m’mayiko olemera amakhalanso mosamala. Zilinso choncho ngakhale m’madera amene simunakhaleko nkhondo zapachiweniweni.

Motero, m’mayiko ankhondo ndi “amtendere” omwe, mfuti zimasoŵetsa anthu mtendere. Palibe munthu amene angafotokoze kukula kwa mavuto onse amene mfuti zingabweretse; ndipo sitingathe kundandalika anthu akufa, ovulala, ofedwa ndi amene moyo wawo wasokonezeka. Koma tikudziŵa kuti dziko lonse lili ndi zida zochuluka kwambiri ndipo zikumka zichulukabe. Anthu ochuluka akudandaula pofuna kuti ena akonze zinthu. Koma kodi angatani? Nanga adzatani m’tsogolo muno? Awa ndi mafunso amene tiyankhe m’nkhani yotsatira.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Wina Yemwe Kale Anali Wankhondo Adzimvera “Chisoni Kwambiri”

Msilikali wina wachinyamata amene anamenya nawo nkhondo imene anthu amene tawatchula m’nkhani yoyamba ija anathaŵa, anangozindikira kuti ali paulova ndipo alibe ndalama mumzinda umene iye analanda nawo pankhondoyo. Analankhula mowawidwa mtima poona mwana wa mtsogoleri wa gulu lake lija akungoyendayenda m’deralo ali pachinjinga chamoto chamtengo wapatali ndiponso akuluakulu ena ankhondo akulimbirana maudindo ndi ulemu. “Ndikamaganiza za zaka zisanu zimene ndakhala m’tchire, kupha anthu ndiponso kuomberedwa, ndimadzimvera chisoni kwambiri,” anatero msilikaliyo. “Tinkapereka moyo wathu kwa anthu amene pamaŵa sangatikumbuke zinthu zikawayendera bwino.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Msilikali wachinyamata: Nanzer/Sipa Press

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 16]

“Palibe Poti Ungabisale”

Mfuti zamasiku ano ngakhale kuti n’zoopsa, zili ndi malire ake. Zimangoombera zipolopolo basi. Sizingaphe anthu amene abisala kuseli kwa makoma olimba kapena kuseli kwa zinthu zina zobisalako. M’kati mwankhondo, msilikali sangathe kuombera molunjika chifukwa maganizo ake sakhazikika. Mfuti ikakhala m’manja, ngakhale patapanda chosokoneza chilichonse singaombere molunjika ndendende pamtunda wopitirira mamita 460.

Gulu lankhondo la United States lapeza njira yothetsera “mavuto” ameneŵa popanga mfuti yatsopano yapamwamba kwambiri, yogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana imene akuitcha Objective Individual Combat Weapon (OICW). Ndi yopepuka mwakuti msilikali mmodzi yekha angathe kuinyamula, ndipo mfuti imeneyi ingaombere zipolopolo ndiponso mabomba okula mamilimita 20. Chinthu chinanso chimene mfuti yokhayi ndiyo ingachite n’chakuti ingaphe adani amene amabisala kuseli kwazinthu. Msilikaliyo amangofunikira kulunjikitsa mfutiyo pamwamba kapena m’mphepete mwachinthucho. Mfutiyo imaŵerengetsera yokha mtunda wofika pamalopo ndipo imatchera bomba kuti liphulike likangofika pamalopo, ndipo likatero limalasa mdaniyo ndi tizitsulo totha kupyola m’chovala chankhondo. Munthu wina woimira kampani imene ikukonza chida chimenechi ananena kuti: “Zimene mfutiyi imachita zidzatheketsa gulu lankhondo la United States kuti lizitha kuombera adani ngakhale atakhala seri lina lakhoma.” Mfutiyi ingathe kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ngakhale mumdima chifukwa ili ndi chida chounikira.

Opanga mfutiyi ananena modzithemba kuti ndi mfuti imeneyi “palibe poti ungabisale,” ndipo anatinso n’njoopsa kuŵirikiza kasanu poyerekezera ndi mfuti ya M16 ndi bomba la M203 ndipo imaphulitsa malo akutali moŵirikiza kaŵiri. Asilikali oigwiritsa ntchito sayenera kudera nkhaŵa zolunjika mwachifatse, ayenera kungoyang’ana pagalasi loonera limene lili pamfutiyo n’kufwamphula kuti iyambe kumwaza zipolopolo ndi mabomba. Ngati zinthu zitawayendera bwino monga mmene analinganizira, gulu loyamba la asilikali lidzakhala ndi mfuti za OICW m’chaka cha 2007.

Komabe anthu amene sakugwirizana nazo akufunsa kuti: Kodi asilikali angadzagwiritse bwanji ntchito mfuti zimenezi akamayendera madera okhala anthu ambiri ndipo ngati akulimbana ndi adani amene nthaŵi zambiri amakhala m’kati mwa anthu wamba osalakwa? Kodi mfuti zimenezi akadzazigulitsa kwa asilikali a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse zinthu zidzakhala bwanji ngati atayamba kuphera anthu awo omwe? Ndipo kodi zigaŵenga ndi ambanda akadzapeza mfutizi zinthu zidzatha bwanji?

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Alliant Techsystems

[Zithunzi patsamba 14]

Mfuti zazing’ono ndi zonyamulika nthaŵi zambiri amazigulitsa pozisinthanitsa ndi diamondi ndiponso mankhwala osokoneza bongo