Kulimbana ndi Vuto la Uchigaŵenga

CHAKUMAPETO kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, uchigaŵenga unaoneka kuti ukuchepa. Komano, pali mtundu watsopano wa uchigaŵenga. Kwakukulukulu, uchigaŵenga wa masiku ano ukuchitidwa ndi anthu osafuna kumva za ena omwe akhazikitsa njira zawozawo zopezera ndalama, mwa kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kukhala ndi mabizinesi awoawo, kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chawo, mabungwe othandiza anthu, ndi kupeza chithandizo cha ndalama kwa anthu a m’madera awo. Ndipo sasiya kukakala moyo kwawo.

Kuchita za uchigaŵenga mwachisawawa kwakula kwambiri m’zaka zapitazi. Bomba linaphulika pa nyumba za World Trade Center ku New York City, anthu 6 anafa ndipo ena okwana 1,000 anavulala. Gulu lina la mpatuko linapopera utsi woopsa kwambiri wa sarin m’njanje yapansi pa nthaka ku Tokyo ndi kupha anthu 12 ndipo oposa 5,000 anavulala. Chigaŵenga china chinaphulitsa nyumba ya boma ku Oklahoma City ndi bomba lomwe chinalibisa m’galimoto, ndi kupha anthu 168 ndiponso kuvulaza ena mazanamazana. Malinga ndi mmene tchati cha pa masamba 4 ndi 5 chikusonyezera, uchigaŵenga wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ukupitirizabe mpaka tsopano lino.

Kwakukulukulu, zigaŵenga zikuoneka kuti n’zokakala moyo kusiyana ndi mmene zinalili m’mbuyomo. Mkaidi yemwe anatchera mabomba panyumba ya boma ku Oklahoma City mu 1995 anati ankafuna “kupha anthu ambiri” kuti zofuna zake  ziganiziridwe. Mtsogoleri wa gulu lomwe linaphulitsa mabomba panyumba za World Trade Center ku New York City mu 1993 ankafuna kuti akawombera nyumba imodzi mwa ziŵirizo, nyumbayo igwere inzake ndi kupha aliyense m’nyumbazo.

Chinthu chinanso chachilendo ndicho mitundu ya zida zomwe zigaŵenga zimagwiritsa ntchito. Louis R. Mizell, Jr. yemwe ndi katswiri wofufuza za uchigaŵenga, anati: “Tikukhala m’nyengo ya udani komanso ya zida zankhondo zoopsa: za nyukiliya, za mankhwala oopsa, ndiponso zofalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.” Zigaŵenga zomwe zikufuna kutchuka zikugwiritsa ntchito zida zoopsa kwambiri zimene zakhalapo chifukwa cha umisiri wapamwamba kwambiri.

Uchigaŵenga Wogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Uchigaŵenga umene amautcha kuti wapakompyuta umaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri wamakono. Chida chimodzi ndicho mapulogalamu apakompyuta omwe amawononga makompyuta ena kapena kuwalepheretsa kugwira ntchito bwinobwino. Palinso mapulogalamu otchedwa “logic bombs” omwe amapusitsa makompyuta n’cholinga choti achite zinthu zomwe sangachite, ndi kuwalepheretsa kugwira ntchito bwinobwino. Popeza kuti nkhani za chuma ndi zachitetezo cha mayiko zikudalira kwambiri makompyuta, ambiri akuganiza kuti anthu ndi osatetezeka ku uchigaŵenga woterowo. Ndipo ngakhale kuti asilikali ambiri ali ndi njira zopitirizira kulankhulana ngakhale m’kati mwa nkhondo ya nyukiliya, ntchito zokhudza anthu wamba—zamagetsi, zamtengatenga, ndiponso za misika ya ndalama—zingakhale zosavuta kuzisokoneza.

Posachedwapa, ngati chigaŵenga chikanafuna kuti chizimitse magetsi, tiyerekeze kuti ku Berlin, chinayenera kupeza ntchito yokonza magetsi kumeneko kuti chithe kusokoneza magetsiwo. Koma tsopano ena akuti n’zotheka kuti kadaulo wa makompyuta wofuna kuchita zauchigaŵenga athe kuzimitsa magetsi mu mzinda wonse wa Berlin iye ali m’nyumba mwake kudziko lina kutali kwambiri ndi mzindawu.

Posachedwapa, kadaulo wina wa makompyuta ku Sweden analoŵerera makompyuta a ku Florida ndi kusokoneza kwa ola limodzi pulogalamu yochenjeza za ngozi, zomwe zinaimitsa ntchito za apolisi, ozimitsa moto, ndiponso zonyamula odwala.

“Kunena zoona, ifeyo tapanga mudzi wa dziko lonse wopanda apolisi,” anatero Frank J. Cilluffo, mkulu wa bungwe la Information Warfare Task Force of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) ku United States. Ndipo Robert Kupperman, mlangizi wamkulu wa bungwe la CSIS, ananena m’chaka cha 1997 kuti ngati zigaŵenga zasankha kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri wapamwamba kwambiri, “pakali pano palibe bungwe la boma lomwe lingalimbane ndi zotsatira zake za uchigaŵenga wawo.”

Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti zigaŵenga zogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta zili ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa zipangizo zilizonse zachitetezo zomwe asilikali angapange. “Mdani yemwe angathe kuika pakompyuta vairasi yomwe akufuna kapena kupeza njira yoloŵera m’kompyuta  imene akufuna angathe kusakaza zinthu zambiri,” anatero George Tenet, mkulu wa bungwe la U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.

Uchigaŵenga wa Mankhwala Oopsa ndi wa Tizilombo Toyambitsa Matenda

Anthu akudanso nkhaŵa chifukwa cha mankhwala oopsa kwambiri limodzi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimene akugwiritsa ntchito. Dziko lonse linadabwa chakumayambiriro kwa 1995 kumva za chiwembu chogwiritsa ntchito utsi wapoizoni m’njanje ya sitima ya pansi pa nthaka ku Tokyo. Mlandu wa chiwembuchi unagwera gulu lina lolengeza za tsiku la chiwonongeko.

“Uchigaŵenga wasintha,” anatero Brad Roberts wa pa Institute for Defense Analyses. “Zigaŵenga zachikale zinkafuna ufulu pankhani zandale. Koma tsopano, magulu ena amati cholinga chawo chachikulu ndicho kupha anthu miyandamiyanda. Zimenezo zikuchititsa kuti zigaŵenga zikonde zida zofalitsa tizilombo topereka matenda.” Kodi zida zoterozo n’zovuta kuzipeza? Magazini ya Scientific American inati: “Munthu angachititse mabakiteriya mabiliyoni miyandamiyanda kuswana popanda ngozi iliyonse mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zachabechabe monga zopunthikira chimera cha moŵa ndiponso kuwaika pamalo oyenerera kuti akule bwino, atavala zakumaso zomuteteza ku mpweya wapoizoni ndiponso zovala za pulasitiki.” Tizilomboto tikangokonzeka, kutitumiza kwake n’kosavuta kwenikweni. Anthu okhala m’dera lomwe apoperako tizilomboti sangadziŵe n’komwe zimene zachitika mpaka patatha tsiku limodzi kapena aŵiri. Ndipo panthaŵiyo zinthu zingakhale zitaipa kwambiri.

Anthu amati tizilombo ta matenda a anthrax ndito amatikonda kwambiri monga chida chofalitsira matenda. Dzina la matendaŵa lachokera ku mawu a malasha m’Chigiriki—chifukwa cha nkhanambo zakuda zimene zimapangika pa zilonda za pakhungu la anthu omwe akhudza chiŵeto chodwala anthrax. Akatswiri a zachitetezo akuda nkhaŵa kwambiri chifukwa cha matenda a m’mapapu omwe amadza chifukwa chopuma mpweya wa tizilombo ta anthrax. Anthu akadwala matenda a anthrax, ambiri amafa.

Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani anthrax ali chida champhamvu kwambiri chofalitsira matenda? Mabakiteriyaŵa ndi osavuta kuwasunga kuti aswane ndipo  ndi ovuta kuwagonjetsa. Pangatenge masiku angapo kuti anthu odwala matendaŵa aone zizindikiro zake zoyambirira, kuphwanya m’thupi kokhala ngati wadwala chimfine ndiponso kufooka kwambiri. Ndiyeno amatsokomola ndiponso pamtima munthu samva bwino. Ndiyeno amapuma movutikira kwambiri, n’kufookeratu, ndipo amamwalira m’maola ochepa chabe.

Kodi Zigaŵenga Zili ndi Zida za Nyukiliya?

Boma la Soviet Union litatha, ena akhala ndi nkhaŵa kuti mwina pangapezeke munthu akugulitsa chida cha nyukiliya chakuba. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amakayikira zoti zimenezi zidzachitika. Robert Kupperman, yemwe tam’tchula kale uja, ananena kuti “palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti gulu lina la zigaŵenga layesapo kufunafuna zipangizo za nyukiliya.”

Zodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri ndizo zinthu zina zoopsa zofanana ndi bomba la nyukiliya zimene zimatulutsa mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Zimenezi siziphulika. Sipakhala phokoso kapenanso kupsa kwa zinthu. M’malo mwake, zimatulutsa mphamvu inayake imene imapha maselo. Maselo a mafuta a m’fupa ndiwo amawonongeka msanga. Kufa kwa maselo amenewo kumayambitsa mavuto ambirimbiri, kuphatikizapo kuchucha magazi ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu ya m’thupi yoteteza munthu ku matenda. Mosiyana ndi zida za mankhwala oopsa, zomwe mankhwala ake amatha mphamvu akasakanikirana ndi mpweya wa oxygen kapena zikakhala pachinyontho, zinthu zimenezi zimasakazabe zinthu zina kwa zaka zambiri.

Zomwe zinachitika mwangozi ku Goiânia, mzinda wa kumwera chapakati ku Brazil, zimasonyeza mmene mphamvu yakeyo ingapululire miyoyo ya anthu. Mu 1987 mkulu wina mosazindikira anatsegula kachitini komwe kanali pa chipangizo china chakalekale cha kuchipatala. Kachitiniko kanali ndi mwala wa cesium-137. Pochita kaso ndi kunyezimira kwa mwalawo kwamtundu wabluu, mkuluyo anasonyezakonso anzake. Mlungu umodzi usanathe anthu oyambirira omwe anadwala chifukwa cha mwalawo anayamba kufika kuchipatala. Anthu zikwizikwi anawapima pofuna kudziŵa ngati mphamvu ya mwalawo inawakhudza. Anthu pafupifupi zana limodzi mu mzindawo anadwala. Anthu makumi asanu anawagoneka m’chipatala, ndipo anayi anamwalira. Akatswiri olimbana ndi zauchigaŵenga amada nkhaŵa kwambiri akaganiza za zomwe zikanachitika ngati cesium ameneyo akanafalitsidwa mwadala.

Mavuto Odza ndi Uchigaŵenga

Zodziŵikiratu n’zakuti uchigaŵenga umaphetsa anthu ambirimbiri. Komanso uli ndi mavuto ena aakulu. Uchigaŵenga ungasokoneze kapena kuchedwetsa zokambirana zodzetsa mtendere m’madera omwe muli nkhondo. Umabutsa, kukulitsa, kapena kulimbikitsa mikangano, ndipo umapangitsa kuti ziwawa zizingopitirizabe.

Uchigaŵenga ungakhudzenso kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha dziko. Maboma akakamizika kuwononga nthaŵi ndi ndalama zochuluka pofuna kuuthetsa. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States kokha, anasunga ndalama zoposa madola mabiliyoni khumi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi uchigaŵenga m’chaka cha 2000.

Kaya tikudziŵa kapena ayi, uchigaŵenga umakhudza tonsefe. Umakhudza maulendo athu ndiponso zinthu zomwe timasankha tikakhala paulendo. Umakakamiza mayiko padziko lonse kuti awononge ndalama zochuluka za misonkho pofuna kuteteza akuluakulu a boma, malo a zipangizo zofunika kwambiri, ndiponso nzika zawo.

Ndiyeno funso n’lakuti, Kodi pali njira yoti ingathetseretu mliri wa uchigaŵenga? Zimenezi zifotokozedwa m’nkhani yotsatirayi.

[Bokosi patsamba 15]

Uchigaŵenga Wonamizira Zachilengedwe

Mtundu wachilendo wa uchigaŵenga ukuchitika mwa “kutentha katundu, kuphulitsa mabomba ndi kuwononga zinthu ponamizira kupulumutsa malo ndiponso zolengedwa zake,” inatero nyuzipepala ya Oregonian. Kuwononga zinthu koteroko kumatchedwa kuti uchigaŵenga wonamizira zachilengedwe. Uchigaŵenga wamtunduwu wakhala ukuchitika kumadzulo kwa dziko la United States maulendo osachepera 100 kuyambira m’chaka cha 1980, ndipo wawonongetsa katundu wa ndalama zokwana madola 42.8 miliyoni. Cholinga chenicheni cha umbanda woterowo ndicho kusokoneza ntchito zocheka matabwa, kugwiritsa ntchito madera a nkhalango monga malo osangalalirako, kapena kuŵeta nyama n’cholinga chofuna ubweya wake, kuziŵeta monga chakudya, kapena kufuna kuziphunzira.

Mchitidwewu ndi uchigaŵenga chifukwa choti amachitanso ziwawa pofuna kusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mabungwe kapena kusintha malamulo a boma. Zigaŵenga zonamizira zachilengedwe zimasokoneza ntchito ya ofufuza milandu yake mwa kuphwasula malo akutali kwambiri, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimachita zimenezi usiku, ndipo sizisiya umboni wina uliwonse koma phulusa lokhalokha. M’mbuyomu, umbanda wonamizira kuteteza zachilengedwe sunkadetsa nkhaŵa kwa anthu okhala m’madera omwe mwachitikira zimenezi ndipo sankaulabadira kwenikweni. Koma madera omwe akuwawononga achuluka kwambiri m’zaka zochepa zapitazi. “Cholinga cha anthu ameneŵa n’choti anthu adziŵe zimene iwo akufuna kuti zinthu zisinthe,” inatero nthumwi yapadera, James N. Damitio, yemwe kwanthaŵi yaitali wakhala akuchita kafukufuku mu U.S. Forest Service. “Ndipo amayesa njira ina akaona kuti anthu sakulabadira.”

[Bokosi patsamba 18]

Mmene Kufalitsa Nkhani Kumakhudzira Uchigaŵenga

“Kukopa chidwi cha anthu ndiko cholinga ndiponso chida chachikulu cha zigaŵenga poopseza anthu osalakwa n’cholinga chomveketsa zofuna zawo zandale kapena kungofuna kuyambitsa zipolowe,” anatero Terry Anderson, mtolankhani yemwe zigaŵenga zinam’gwira ndi kum’sunga kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri ku Lebanon. “Nkhani yakuti anthu awaba pazifukwa zandale, kuti munthu wina amupha kapena kuti kwaphulika bomba ndipo ambiri afa akangoilengeza, zigaŵenga zimaona kuti zapambana. Nkhanza zoterezi zingakhale zopanda phindu ngati dziko lapansi lilibe nazo chidwi.”

[Zithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

1. Munthu wopha adani mwa kudzipha yekha ndi bomba ataphulitsa bomba ku Jerusalem, Israel

2. Zigaŵenga zodana ndi mafuko ena zinaphulitsa banki ku Colombo, Sri Lanka

3. Bomba la m’galimoto liphulika ku Nairobi, Kenya

4. Banja la ovulala pa kuphulika kwa bomba ku Moscow, Russia

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Heidi Levine/Sipa Press

A. Lokuhapuarachchi/Sipa Press

AP Photo/Sayyid Azim

Izvestia/Sipa Press