Uchigaŵenga Ukusintha
Uchigaŵenga Ukusintha
Ulendo watha pamene magazini ino inasonyeza nkhani ya uchigaŵenga pachikuto chake, panali chithunzi chodziŵika bwino—cha zigaŵenga zovala zinthu zobisa nkhope zili ndi mfuti kumanja ndipo kumbuyo kwawo kukuphulika zinthu mochititsa mantha. Koma zinthu sizilinso choncho masiku ano.
MADZULO kutachita kamdima ndithu, magalimoto amtundu wa lole akundondozana kudutsa mwakachetechete m’dera linalake. Magalimotowo akuima pafupi ndi sukulu. Mwamsangamsanga, gulu la amuna ophunzitsidwa bwino ovala zakumaso zowateteza ku mpweya wapoizoni ndiponso zovala zoteteza thupi lonse ku mankhwala oopsa akuthamanga kudutsa m’zitsamba. Zimene iwo akudziŵa n’zoti pamaseŵero m’bwalo la pasukulupo, panaphulika bomba laling’ono lomwe latulutsa utsi umene wadwalitsa anthu ambiri oonerera maseŵerowo. Mogwirizana ndi anthu oona za ngozi m’deralo, amuna anayi akuloŵera chakomwe kunaphulikira bombalo mosamala kwambiri kuti akafufuze chomwe chachitika. Kodi utsi wa bombalo unali ndi chiyani? Tizilombo ta anthrax? Mpweya wapoizoni?
Anthuwo akuyenda pang’onopang’ono kuloŵera chakubwalolo, atatenga zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zopimira mankhwala. Akufika m’kachipinda kakang’ono momwe akupezamo zidutswa za bombalo. Ntchito yawo ndi yofunika kusamala kwambiri, yofuna kugwira zipangizo zing’onozing’ono zofufuzira ndiponso kusuntha zinthu zolemera kwambiri.
Posapita nthaŵi yaitali, m’kati mwa zovala zawo zakumaso mukuchita nkhungu. Ntchitoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kwa anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino. Komabe, m’mphindi zosaposa khumi, iwo akuzindikira zomwe bombalo latulutsa. “Bombali linalidi ndi anthrax,” akutsimikiza motero katswiri wa sayansi ya mankhwala yemwe wabwera nawo paulendowu.
Kusintha kwa Uchigaŵenga
Zimenezi sizinali zoopsa ngati mmene zikumvekeramu. Anali maseŵera oyesezera mmene gululo lingachitire ngati zigaŵenga zitagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wapoizoni m’dera lina chakumpoto kwa New York. Gululo ndi limodzi mwa magulu omwe angowakhazikitsa kumene otchedwa Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams. Magulu otereŵa amawatuma kukafufuza kukula ndi kuopsa kwa mtundu watsopano wa uchigaŵenga mwa kupima zinthu zomwe akuganiza kuti zingakhale tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala oopsa, kapena zinthu zotulutsa poizoni.
Gululi ndi limodzi mwa magulu ambiri padziko lonse omwe awakhazikitsa chifukwa choda nkhaŵa ndi kusintha kwa vuto la uchigaŵenga. * Zimene zachitika m’zaka zaposachedwapa zikusonyeza kuti uchigaŵenga umene amachita magulu ogalukira kapena munthu mmodzi wolimbikitsa chiwawa pofuna kusintha zinthu ukuchuluka. Ngakhale kuti zigaŵenga zambiri zikufunabe kuphwasula malo a asilikali kapena nyumba za akazembe, zigaŵenga zina zikufunanso malo omwe amati ndi osatetezeka, monga zoyendera za anthu onse, kumaseŵero, m’madera a m’tauni momwe anthu amakhala ali piringupiringu, mahotela, ndiponso malo okopa alendo.
Povomereza za kusintha kwa zochita za zigaŵenga, Porter Goss, wapampando wa bungwe la U.S. House Intelligence Committee, anati: “Tsopano tifunikira kulingalira za uchigaŵenga wamakono ndi kuiŵala za uchigaŵenga wakale umene maboma ena ankalimbikitsa. Uchigaŵenga umene ukuchulukawu ndi wa anthu okhala ndi zolinga zawozawo.”
Kusintha kwa uchigaŵengaku kukuphatikizapo zochitika ndiponso njira zomwe zingakhale zovuta kuzipeŵa kapena kuthana nazo. Zigaŵenga zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri wamakono ndiponso kudzipezera zokha ndalama. Magazini ya USA Today inati: “Umisiri wamakono wa makompyuta ndi wa zamauthenga ndiponso kugwirizana ndi magulu ochita zaumbanda zimapangitsa uchigaŵenga kukhala wovuta koopsa kuugonjetsa.” Uchigaŵenga watsopanowu ukuyang’ananso mbali zina, zomwe zakakamiza atolankhani kupeza mawu monga “uchigaŵenga wa pakompyuta,” “uchigaŵenga wogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda,” ndi “uchigaŵenga wonamizira zachilengedwe.”
Kodi uchigaŵenga wamakonowu ndi woopsa motani? Kodi ndinu wotetezeka bwinobwino? Kodi pali njira yothetsera uchigaŵenga umenewu womwe wavuta padziko lonse? Nkhani zotsatirazi ziyankha mafunso ameneŵa.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
^ ndime 8 Malingaliro a anthu pankhani ya uchigaŵenga ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m’mayiko ogaŵikana ndi nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni, ziwawa zochitidwa ndi gulu lina polimbana ndi gulu linzake anthu angazione ngati nkhondo yoyenera kapena monga uchigaŵenga, malinga ndi gulu lomwe lafunsidwalo. M’nkhani zino, mawu oti “uchigaŵenga” kwakukulukulu akunena za kuchita ziwawa n’cholinga choumiriza kuti pachitike chinachake.
[Bokosi/Mapu pamasamba 13, 14]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
Zaka Khumi za UCHIGAŴENGA
1. Buenos Aires, Argentina
March 17, 1992
Bomba la m’galimoto linaphwasula ofesi ya kazembe wa dziko la Israel. Ophedwa: 29. Ovulala: 242
2. Algiers, Algeria
August 26, 1992
Bomba linaphulika pabwalo lalikulu la ndege. Ophedwa: 12. Ovulala: anthu osachepera 128
3. New York City, United States
February 26, 1993
Gulu la zachipembedzo losafuna kumva za ena linaphulitsa bomba lalikulu m’munsi mwa nyumba za World Trade Center. Ophedwa: 6. Ovulala: pafupifupi 1,000
4. Matsumoto, Japan
June 27, 1994
Mamembala a gulu la Aum Shinrikyo anapopera utsi wa sarin m’dera loyandikana ndi kwawo. Ophedwa: 7. Ovulala: 270
5. Tokyo, Japan
March 20, 1995
Mamembala a Aum Shinrikyo anakwera sitima za pansi pa nthaka mu Tokyo ali ndi matini asanu ndi limodzi a utsi woopsa kwambiri wa sarin, umene anautsegulira m’sitimazo. Ophedwa: 12. Ovulala: oposa 5,000
6. Oklahoma City, United States
April 19, 1995
Bomba la m’galimoto yaikulu linaphulika panyumba ya boma. Anthu amati gulu lina logalukira boma ndilo linatchera bombalo. Ophedwa: 168. Ovulala: oposa 500
7. Colombo, Sri Lanka
January 31, 1996
Zigaŵenga zodana ndi mafuko ena zinatenga galimoto yodzala mabomba ndi kukawomba nayo banki. Ophedwa: 90. Ovulala: oposa 1,400
8. London, England
February 9, 1996
Zigaŵenga zachiairishi zinaphulitsa bomba pamalo oimika magalimoto. Ophedwa: 2. Ovulala: oposa 100
9. Jerusalem, Israel
February 25, 1996
Munthu wopha adani mwa kudzipha yekha ndi bomba anaphulitsa basi. Anthu amaganizira kuti gulu la chipembedzo logalukira boma ndilo linakonza chiwembuchi. Ophedwa: 26. Ovulala: enanso pafupifupi 80
10. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
June 25, 1996
Galimoto yonyamula mafuta yomwe inanyamula bomba inaphulika kunja kwa nyumba za asilikali a dziko la United States. Ophedwa: 19. Ovulala: 515
11. Phnom Penh, Cambodia
March 30, 1997
Anthu ambanda anaponya mabomba anayi m’khamu la ochita zionetsero. Ophedwa: okwana 16. Ovulala: oposa 100
12. Coimbatore, India
February 14, 1998
Gulu la chipembedzo lochita zaumbanda linaphulitsa mabomba. Ophedwa: 43. Ovulala: 200
13. Nairobi, Kenya, ndi Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
August 7, 1998
Maofesi a akazembe a dziko la United States anaphulitsidwa. Ophedwa: 250. Ovulala: oposa 5,500
14. Colombia
October 18 ndi November 3, 1998
Chiwembu china anagwiritsa ntchito mabomba wamba ndipo china anagwiritsa ntchito mabomba a misayelo. Pachiwembu choyamba anaphulitsa paipi ya mafuta. Ophedwa: 209. Ovulala: oposa 130
15. Moscow, Russia
September 9 ndi 13, 1999
Mabomba aŵiri akuluakulu anaphwasula nyumba ziŵiri zomwe mumakhala anthu. Ophedwa: 212. Ovulala: oposa 300
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Source: The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
Victor Grubicy/Sipa Press
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 14]
Uchigaŵenga wa Pakompyuta
March 1999: Malipoti akusonyeza kuti “magulu a zigaŵenga” akuloŵerera makompyuta a ku likulu la asilikali la Pentagon ku United States. Makompyuta a Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku United States amaloŵereredwa ndi akatswiri a makompyuta maulendo 60 mpaka 80 tsiku lililonse.
M’katikati mwa 1999: Akatswiri a makompyuta omwe sagwirizana ndi boma anatha kuloŵa mozembera m’danga la pakompyuta la nyumba ya malamulo ya U.S. Senate, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Army, nyumba ya boma ya White House, ndiponso a maunduna angapo a m’dziko la United States. Akatswiriwo anachita zimenezi m’miyezi itatu.
January 2000: Akuti padziko lonse abizinesi anawononga ndalama zokwana madola 12.1 biliyoni m’chaka cha 1999 polimbana ndi “uchigaŵenga wa zachuma” wogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a pakompyuta owononga makompyuta ena.
August 2000: Katswiri wa makompyuta analoŵerera makompyuta a bungwe lina la boma ndi a akuluakulu a boma ku United Kingdom.