Kodi Madzi Onse Aja Amka Kuti?

Tauni ya Cherrapunji ku India, ili m’gulu la malo achinyontho kwambiri padziko lonse. M’nyengo yamvula, mvula imagwa yambiri mpaka kufika mamilimita 9,000 ndipo zitunda zakumeneko zimene zili m’tsinde mwa mapiri a Himalaya zimakhathamira kwambiri. Komabe, n’zovuta kukhulupirira kuti nakonso ku Cherrapunji kumasoŵa madzi.

POPEZA kuti zomera zomwe zimasunga madzi zatsalako zochepa, madziwo amakokoloka msanga mvula ikangogwa. Pakapita miyezi iŵiri mvulayo italeka, madzi amasoŵa. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, Robin Clarke anafotokoza m’buku lake lonena za kusoŵa kwa madzi lakuti Water: The International Crisis kuti Cherrapunji ndi “chipululu cha chinyontho kwambiri padziko lonse.” *

Kumunsi koma osati kutali kwambiri komwe madzi ochokera ku Cherrapunji amapita kuli dziko la Bangladesh lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri. Dzikolo limawonongedwa kwambiri ndi madzi a mvula omwe amatsetsereka kuchokera m’mapiri opanda tchire a ku India ndi ku Nepal. Zaka zina madzi amasefukira mbali yaikulu ya ku Bangladesh. Koma madziwo akangophwa, mtsinje wa Ganges umauma pang’onopang’ono, ndiponso nthaka imauma. Chaka ndi chaka, anthu oposa mamiliyoni 100 omwe ali ku Bangladesh amakumana ndi vuto limeneli la kusefukira kwa madzi ndiponso chilala. Koma kuwonjezera pa vutolo, madzi a m’zitsime kumeneko aipitsidwa ndi mankhwala otchedwa arsenic, omwe mwina adwalitsa kale anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

Mzinda wa Nukus m’dziko la Uzbekistan womwe suli kutali ndi nyanja yotchedwa Aral Sea, uli ndi vuto la mchere osati la arsenic. Mchere wa mbuu umakuta mbewu zathonje ndipo mbewuzo zimalephera kukula bwino. Mcherewu umatumphuka kuchokera m’dothi lonyowa kwambiri. Vutoli si lachilendo ayi. Zaka 4,000 zapitazo, ku Mesopotamiya, ulimi unatha chifukwa cha vuto lomwelo. Kuthirira kwambiri komanso kuchepa kwa njira zoyendamo madzi kumapangitsa kuti mchere wa m’nthaka uunjikane pamwamba. Choncho kuti munthu akolole mokwanira, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino ambiri. Komabe, pamapeto pake nthakayo imaguga kukhala yosathandizanso kwa mibadwo yam’tsogolo.

Kodi Madzi Onsewo Amamka Kuti?

Tsoka ilo, mvula yambiri imagwa mwamphamvu kwambiri. Zikatero, zimachititsa kuti madzi asefukire ndiponso kuti madziwo asaloŵe pansi koma ayende msanga kupita ku nyanja. Ndipo mvula imagwa yambiri m’madera ena, pamene m’madera ena imagwa yochepa. Akuti nthaŵi ina ku Cherrapunji mvula imagwa mpaka mamilimita 26,000 m’miyezi 12, pamene ku  chipululu cha Atacama kumpoto kwa dziko la Chile kumatha kukhala zaka zambiri kusanagwe mvula yokwanira.

Komanso, anthu ambiri padziko lathuli akukhala ku madera kumene kulibe madzi ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ndi anthu ochepa okha amene akukhala m’madera otentha mu Africa ndi ku South America mmene mvula imagwa yambiri. Mwa madzi onse omwe amakathirira m’nyanja ya Atlantic pa chaka, madzi ambiri ndithu okwana 15 peresenti amachokera mu mtsinje waukulu zedi wa Amazon. Komabe chifukwa chakuti anthu m’dera limenelo si ochuluka, amafunika madzi ochepa chabe. Komano pafupifupi anthu 60 miliyoni amakhala ku Egypt komwe mvula imagwa yochepa kwambiri ndipo akafuna madzi, nthaŵi zonse amangodalira madzi ochepa am’mtsinje wa Nile.

Kusiyana kwa kapezedwe ka madzi kotereku sikunabweretse mavuto aakulu zaka za m’mbuyomu. Ofufuza ena anapezeka kuti mu 1950 panalibe kwina kulikonse padziko komwe kunali vuto losoŵeratu madzi. Koma nthaŵi yokhala ndi madzi ambiriyi inapita. M’madera a kumpoto kwa Africa ndi a pakati pa Asia komwe mvula siigwa yambiri, madzi omwe munthu mmodzi angapeze achepa moŵirikiza kakhumi poyerekezera ndi mmene zinalili mu 1950.

Madzi ayamba kufunika kwambiri pazifukwa zinanso osati kokha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndiponso kuchepa kwa mvula m’madera amene ali ndi anthu ambiri. M’dzikoli masiku ano, kuti pakhale chitukuko ndiye kutinso payenera kupezeka madzi nthaŵi zonse.

Madzi Akufunikabe Ambiri

Ngati mumakhala m’dziko mmene muli mafakitale ambiri, mosakayikira mwaona kuti mafakitale amaunjikana pafupi ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu. Chifukwa chake n’chosachita kufunsa. Mafakitale amafuna madzi kuti apange pafupifupi chilichonse, kungoyambira zinthu monga makompyuta mpaka timawaya togwirira mapepala pamodzi. Pokonza zakudya, madzi ambiri zedi amagwiranso ntchito. Malikulu opangira magetsi amafuna madzi ambiri nthaŵi zonse, choncho amawaika m’mphepete mwa nyanja kapena mitsinje.

Kufunika kwa madzi pa zaulimi ndiye n’kosaneneka. Mvula m’madera ambiri imakhala yochepa kwambiri kapena yosadalirika mwakuti anthu sakolola bwino, choncho ulimi wothirira ndiwo umakhala ngati njira yabwino yothandizira dziko lanjalali. Ndiye chifukwa chodalira ulimi wothirira, ulimi ndiwo walanda mbali yaikulu ya madzi abwino padzikoli.

Komanso, madzi ogwiritsa ntchito panyumba amafunika ambiri kuposa kale. Cha m’ma 1990, anthu ambiri zedi okhala m’mizinda ofika  mpaka mamiliyoni 900 anafunikira kukhala mwaukhondo ndiponso kukhala ndi madzi abwino. Komwe kumapezeka madzi nthaŵi zonse, monga kumitsinje ndi kuzitsime, si kukupezekanso madzi okwanira mizinda ikuluikulu. Mwachitsanzo, masiku ano ku mzinda wotchedwa Mexico City, madzi amapezeka kudzera m’mapaipi ochokera mtunda wa makilomita 125 ndipo amawapopa kudutsa mapiri otalika mamita 1,200 kuchokera mumzindawo. Malinga ndi mfundo imene Dieter Kraemer ananena m’lipoti lake lakuti Water: The Life-Giving Source (Madzi: Amapatsa Moyo), tingayerekeze zimenezi ndi mtengo umene mizu yake yatuluka mu mzindawo kuti ikapeze madzi.

Choncho, mafakitale, alimi, ndiponso madera a m’tauni, akhala akulilira madzi owonjezereka. Ndipo pakalipano, zofuna zawo zambiri zatheka potunga madzi amene amasungika pansi panthaka ya dzikoli. Madzi ena amene akuthandiza kwambiri padzikoli amachokera pansi panthaka. Koma sikuti sangathe. Madzi oterowo ali ngati ndalama zomwe zili ku banki. Simungamangotenga ndalamazo ngati ziliko zochepa. Tsiku linalake mudzazindikira zinthu zitathina.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Madzi a Pansi Panthaka Mosamala ndi Mosasamala

Madzi a pansi panthaka ndiwo madzi omwe timawapeza tikakumba chitsime. Bungwe la United Nations Children’s Fund linanena m’lipoti lake lakuti Groundwater: The Invisible and Endangered Resource kuti linapeza kuti theka la madzi omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito pakhomo ndiponso kuthirira mbewu amachokera pansi panthaka. Popeza kuti madzi a pansi panthaka kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala osaipitsidwa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi madzi apamtunda, ndiwonso timadalira kwambiri monga madzi akumwa, m’matauni ndi kumidzi komwe. Kukanakhala koti madzi a pansi panthaka sagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyezo, bwenzi madziwo akumapezekabe popeza kuti akanakhala akumabwezeretsedwa ndi madzi a mvula omwe amaloŵa pansi pang’onopang’ono. Koma kwa zaka zambiri anthu akhala akupopa madzi ambiri kuposa madzi amene amabwezeretsedwa mwachilengedwe.

Mapeto ake amakhala oti madzi a pansi panthakawo amaloŵa pansi kwambiri, ndipo kuyesa kuwakumbabe kungadye ndalama zambiri ndiponso sikungathandize. Chitsime chikauma, pamakhala vuto lazachuma ndipo anthu amavutika. Mavuto oterowo ayamba kale kuchitika ku India. Anthu okwana biliyoni amene amakhala kuzidikha zapakati pa mayiko a China ndi India ali ndi mantha popeza kuti amadalira madzi  a pansi panthaka kuti apeze zakudya.

Kuwonjezera pa vuto la kuchepa kwa madzi a pansi panthaka, madziwo akuipitsidwanso. Feteleza, ndoŵe za nyama ndi anthu, ndiponso mankhwala ogwiritsa ntchito m’mafakitale, zonsezo zimakaloŵa m’madzi pansi panthaka. Lipoti lofalitsidwa ndi bungwe lotchedwa World Meteorological Organization linati, “Madzi a pansi panthaka akaipitsidwa, zimatenga nthaŵi yaitali kuti awayeretse ndipo zimadya ndalama zambiri, mwinanso sizitheka n’komwe. Akuti kuloŵerera pang’onopang’ono kwa zinthu zoipitsazo kungathe kuwononga tsogolo la anthu.”

Chosautsa kwambiri n’chakuti madzi opopedwa pansi panthaka amakawononga nthaka yomweyo yomwe amathirira. Mbali yaikulu yomwe imathiriridwa kumadera ouma kapena kumayiko komwe mvula imagwa yochepa tsopano ili ndi vuto la kuchuluka kwa mchere. Ku India ndi United States n’kumene amalima zakudya zambiri padziko lonse. Kumeneko gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a minda yomwe amachitako ulimi wothirira, lawonongeka kale kwambiri.

Osamala Savutika

Ngakhale pali mavuto otere, mavutoŵa sakanafika poipiratu chonchi kukanakhala kuti madzi, amene ali ofunika kwambiri padzikoli akugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwambiri. Nthaŵi zambiri kuthirira m’njira zosalongosoka bwino kumatayitsa madzi oposa theka asanafike n’komwe kumene kuli mbewuzo. Kuthirira m’njira yolongosoka pogwiritsa ntchito umisiri umene ulipo kungachepetse ndi theka madzi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito m’mafakitale. Ndiponso matauni angagwiritse ntchito madzi ocheperapo ndi 30 peresenti ngati mapaipi owonongeka atawakonza msanga.

Kuti madzi asamalidwe, anthu ayenera kufunitsitsa kusamala madziwo, komanso payenera kukhala njira zosamalira madziwo. Kodi pali china chilichonse chomwe chikuchitika kuti tikhulupirire zoti madzi omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri m’dziko lathuli akusamalidwa kuti adzathandize mibadwo yam’tsogolo? Nkhani yathu yomaliza iyankha funso limeneli.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 23]

MADZI NDIWO MOYO

Pafupifupi ntchito zonse zam’mafakitale zimawononga madzi ambiri.

▪ Matani 280 a madzi angawonongedwe popanga zitsulo zolemera tani imodzi.

▪ Popanga kilogalamu imodzi yamapepala, pangafunike madzi olemera mpaka makilogalamu 700 (ngati fakitaleyo siigwiritsa ntchito madzi mobwereza).

▪ Popanga galimoto amagwiritsa ntchito madzi olemera ka 50 kuposa mmene galimotoyo imalemerera.

Ulimi umafunanso madzi ambiri, makamaka ngati mukuŵeta ziŵeto m’madera mmene mvula siigwa yokwanira.

▪ Pokonza nyama yopanda mafupa yolemera kilogalamu imodzi ya ng’ombe za ku California, amawononga madzi okwana mpaka malita 20,500.

▪ Kukonza nkhuku imodzi ndi kuiumitsa m’firiji, pamafunika madzi osachepera malita 26.

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

KODI MADZI AMAGWIRITSIDWA NTCHITO KUTI?

Ulimi 65 peresenti

Pakhomo 10 peresenti

M’mafakitale 25 peresenti

[Zithunzi patsamba 25]

Madzi ambiri zedi akuwonongeka chifukwa chosakonza mapaipi akuluakulu ndi mipope yamadzi zimene zimangotaya madzi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AP Photo/Richard Drew