Kodi Ndani Amagwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo?

Yolembedwa Ndi Wolemba Galamukani! Ku South Africa

“ALIYENSE amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.” Mawu okometseraŵa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ponyengerera anthu osazindikira kuti alaŵe mankhwala oletsedwaŵa. Komabe mawuwa angakhalebe oona ndithu malingana ndi tanthauzo limene timadziŵa la “mankhwala osokoneza bongo.”

Mawu akuti “mankhwala osokoneza bongo” amatanthauza “Mankhwala alionse, kaya achilengedwe kapena ochita kupanga, amene munthu angagwiritse ntchito kuti afatse, achangamuke kapena kusintha maganizo m’njira ina.” Limeneli ndilo tanthauzo lofala lofunika kwambiri la mankhwala omwe amawatcha osokoneza bongo, ngakhale kuti sililongosola za mankhwala ena ambiri ochizira matenda.

Malingana ndi tanthauzo limeneli, ndiye kuti mowa nawo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Vuto limabwera ndi kumwa mopitirira muyeso kumenenso kukuoneka kuti kukuchuluka. Atafufuza m’makoleji ndiponso m’mayunivesite a m’mayiko a azungu anapeza kuti “vuto lalikulu kwambiri la mankhwala osokoneza bongo m’masukuluwa n’lakumwa mowa mopapira.” Kufufuzaku kunasonyeza kuti ophunzira 44 mwa 100 alionse amamwa mowa mopapira. *

Monganso mowa, boma sililetsa fodya, ngakhale kuti ali ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri otchedwa chikonga. Bungwe la World Health Organization linati kusuta fodya kumapha anthu pafupifupi 4 miliyoni chaka chilichonse. Komatu akuluakulu ochita malonda a fodya ndi anthu olemera ndiponso olandira ulemu wawo pakati pa anthu. Kusuta fodya kumavuta kwambiri kusiya, mwina kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri osokoneza bongo.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa mayiko ambiri akhwimitsa malamulo a kunenerera fodya ndiponso awonjezera malamulo ena. Komabe anthu ambiri  amaona kusuta fodya monga chinthu chololeka. Okonza mafilimu amaonetsabe anthu akusuta fodya mokhumbirika. A payunivesite ya ku California yomwe ili ku San Francisco atafufuza mafilimu ogulidwa kwambiri kuyambira 1991 mpaka 1996, anapeza kuti anthu 80 mwa 100 omwe anali kutchuka m’mafilimuwo ankawaonetsa akusuta fodya.

Nanga Bwanji za“Mankhwala Abwino Osaletsedwa”?

Mankhwala ochizira matenda athandizadi anthu ambiri, koma angagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwa. Nthaŵi zina madokotala angamulembere munthu mankhwala ena ake mosaganizira, kapena wodwala angawakakamize kuti amulembere mankhwala osayenerana ndi matenda ake. Dokotala wina anavomereza kuti: “Si nthaŵi zonse madokotala amafatsa naye wodwala kuti apeze chimene chayambitsa vuto lake. N’kwapafupi kungomuuza kuti, ‘Muzikamwa mankhwala awa.’ Koma osam’thandiza vuto lake lenileni.”

Ngakhale kumwa molakwa mankhwala osalira kulemberedwa ndi dokotala monga asipulini ndi panado kungadzetse matenda oopsa. Anthu oposa 2,000 padziko lonse amafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa chomwa panado mosayenera.

Malingana ndi tanthauzo lathu loyamba lija, mankhwala otchedwa caffeine opezeka mu tiyi ndi khofi nawonso amawononga thupi, ngakhale kuti sitiganiza choncho tikamamwa kadzutsa wathu yemwe timakonda wa tiyi kapena khofi. Koma n’kusaganiza bwino kuika zakumwa zimenezi, zimene anthu amaziona ngati zabwino m’gulu la mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga chamba. Kumeneko kungakhale chimodzimodzi kuyerekezera kamwana ka mphaka ndi mkango wolusa. Komabe akatswiri ena azaumoyo amati ngati munazoloŵera kumwa khofi opitirira makapu asanu kapena tiyi okwana makapu asanu ndi anayi patsiku, mungapute matenda. Ndiponso ngati mungasiye kumwa kwambiri kamodzi n’kamodzi, mungayambe kuvutika m’thupi monga mmene anachitira munthu wina womwa tiyi amene anayamba kusanza, kumva litsipa, ndiponso amadana n’kuwala.

Nanga Bwanji Zogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo Motsutsana ndi Lamulo?

Nkhani yovuta kwambiri ndiyo ya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa zamaseŵera. Nkhaniyi inaonekera poyera pa mpikisano wopalasa njinga wa padziko lonse wa mu 1998 wa Tour de France pamene opikisana asanu ndi anayi am’timu yotsogola anatulutsidwa mumpikisanowo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amangolomera. Ochita maseŵera opikisana atulukira njira zosiyanasiyana zakuti akawayeza asamadziŵike kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa. Magazini ya Time inanena kuti, “anthu ena mpaka amadziika m’chikhodzodzo chawo mkodzo wa munthu wina umene ulibe mankhwalaŵa, kudzera m’kapaipi. Nthaŵi zambiri zimenezi zimapweteka kwambiri.”

Monse muja sitinanenepo kanthu za kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oletsedwa amene anthu amamwa pofuna “kusangalala.” Ena mwa mankhwalawa ndi chamba ndiponso mankhwala ena ochangamutsa ndi oziziritsa maganizo. Komanso sitingaiwale kutchulapo zinthu zina zochita kununkhiza, monga guluu ndi petulo, zimene zili zotchuka pakati pa achinyamata. Inde, zinthu zochita kunukhizazi si zoletsedwa ndipo sizivuta kupeza.

Anthu ambiri amalakwitsa poganiza kuti munthu wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amakhala wowonda ndipo amangokhalira kudzibaya jekeseni wamankhwalaŵa ali m’nyumba yake yauve. Anthu ambiri ozoloŵera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwira ntchito bwinobwino tsiku lililonse, ngakhale kuti chizoloŵezi  chawochi chimawabwezera m’mbuyo ndithu. Komabe, sitingachepetse kuopsa kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Wolemba wina analongosola kuti anthu ena ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otere “amatha kudzibaya kambirimbiri panthaŵi yochepa chabe, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti matupi awo akhale azilondazilonda zotuluka magazi.”

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsedwawa kunachepa chakumapeto kwa m’ma 1980, koma tsopano kwayambanso kuchuluka padziko lonse. Magazini ya Newsweek inati: “Akuluakulu a boma athedwa nzeru ndi kuchuluka kwa khalidwe lozembetsa mankhwalaŵa, kuchuluka kwa anthu owagwiritsa ntchito ndiponso kuchepa kwa ndalama ndi zoyenera kuti adziŵe kuti alimbane ndi vutoli.” Nyuzipepala ya The Star ya ku Johannesburg, m’dziko la South Africa, inanena kuti malingana ndi mmene boma laŵerengetsera, akuti “munthu mmodzi pa anthu anayi alionse ku South Africa ndi chidakwa kapena sangakhale popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.”

Bungwe la UN Research Institute for Social Development linanena kuti “opanga ndi oyendetsa malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo . . . akupezeka padziko lonse ndipo ndalama zambiri zimene amapindula pamalondawa akuzisungitsa m’mabungwe ena opezeka m’mizinda yolemera amene amalonjeza kuti asunga chinsinsi ndiponso apereka chiwongola dzanja chachikulu. . . . Tsopano anthu akatangale wa mankhwala osokoneza bongoŵa akutha kusintha ndalama zozipeza mwakatangale pozisamutsira m’mayiko ena mwanjira yongolemberana chabe m’makompyuta ndipo mosachita kuvutika n’kulongosola mmene azipezera.”

Zikuoneka kuti anthu ambiri a ku America amagwira mankhwala ena ake osokoneza bongo tsiku lililonse, ngakhale kuti iwo sadziŵa. Nkhani ina m’magazini yotchedwa Discover inalongosola kuti ndalama zambiri zamapepala za ku America zinakhudzanako ndi mankhwalaŵa.

Mfundo n’njakuti anthu ambiri masiku ano akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mankhwala oletsedwa. Amangoona ngati kuti ndi mmene moyo umakhalira. Poganizira mmene kuopsa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwatchukira komanso kuopsa kwa fodya ndi mowa, funso limene likukhalapo n’lakuti, N’chifukwa chiyani anthu amazigwiritsabe ntchito mosayenera? Poganizira funsoli, ndi bwinonso kuti tiganizenso mofatsa mmene ifeyo timaonera zinthu zimenezi.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Kumwa mowa mopapira ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri m’makoleji ambiri

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Anthu ambiri amaona ngati fodya ndiponso mankhwala amene anthu amamwa pofuna “kusangalala” si zinthu zoopsa