Kodi Padzikoli Madzi Akutha?

“Kukhala ndi kotunga madzi kodalirika, ndiponso kokhala madzi abwino okwanira n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu onse akhale ndi moyo, akhale osangalala ndiponso kuti atukuke. Komano, timachitabe zinthu ngati kuti madzi abwino sangathe ngakhale zitavuta bwanji. Komatu si zoona zimenezo,” anatero KOFI ANNAN, MLEMBI WAMKULU WA UNITED NATIONS.

ZAKA 1,000 zapitazi, Lachinayi lililonse dzuŵa lili pamutu, bwalo la milandu lapadera lakhala likugwira ntchito ku Spain mumzinda wotchedwa Valencia. Ntchito yake n’kuthetsa mikangano yokanganira madzi.

Alimi olima m’zidikha zachonde za ku Valencia amadalira ulimi wothirira, ndipo kuthirira kumalira madzi ochuluka kwabasi. Komabe dera la ku Spain limeneli silinakhalepo ndi madzi okwanira. Nthaŵi zonse alimiwo akaona kuti akuperewedwa madzi amakadandaula kubwalo lamilandu yamadzi. Si zachilendo kukangana chifukwa cha madzi, koma kuthetsa mikangano mwachilungamo ngati mmene ankachitira ku Valencia sikuonekaoneka.

Pafupifupi zaka 4000 zapitazo, mkangano woopsa wokanganirana chitsime chamadzi chomwe chinali pafupi ndi Beereseba unabuka pakati pa abusa. (Genesis 21:25) Ndipo kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo ku Middle East kwakhala mavuto aakulu a kusoŵa madzi. Choncho atsogoleri aŵiri otchuka kumeneko ananena kuti nkhani ya madzi ndiyo ingawachititse kuti ayambe nkhondo ndi dziko loyandikana nalo.

M’mayiko mmene mvula imagwa yochepa kwambiri padziko lonse, vuto la madzi lanyanyula mitima ya anthu kwabasi. Chifukwa chake n’chosachita kufunsa, pakuti madzi ndi ofunika kwambiri m’moyo. Monga mmene Kofi Annan ananenera, “madzi ndi ofunika kwambiri, sitingakhale ndi moyo ngati atasoŵa. Palibe chomwe chingalowe m’malo mwa madzi. Ndipo amawonongeka msanga: zochita za anthu ndizo zimatha kuchepetsa madzi ndiponso kuwaipitsa.”

Masiku ano kuposa kale lonse, zikukayikitsa  ngati madzi akhalebe okwanira ndiponso abwino. Tisanyengeke tikaona mayiko ena amwayi padzikoli ali ndi madzi ambiri.

Madzi Akumka Nachepa

Elizabeth Dowdeswell, yemwe ndi wachiŵiri kwa mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations, anati: “Chodabwitsa kwambiri pakati pa anthu n’chakuti timaona kufunika kwa zinthu pokhapokha zikayamba kusoŵa. Chitsime chamadzi chikaphwa m’pamene timaona kufunika kwa madzi. Ndipo si kuti zitsime zamadzi zikungophwa m’madera okha amene m’masoŵasoŵa madzi, komanso ngakhale m’madera amene madzi sasoŵasoŵa.”

Amene amasoŵa madzi tsiku lililonse amamvetsetsa kwambiri za vuto losoŵa madzi. Munthu wina dzina lake Asokan yemwe amagwira ntchito ya muofesi mumzinda wa Madras, ku India, masiku onse amalaŵirira mbandakucha. Amayenda mtunda wa mphindi zisanu atanyamula ndowa zisanu kukatunga madzi pampope umene anthu onse amatungapo madzi. Chifukwa chakuti madzi amatuluka pampopewo kuyambira 4 koloko mpaka 6 koloko mmaŵa, iye amalaŵirira kuti akakhale pamzere. Madzi amene amatunga m’ndowa zake amam’thandiza tsiku lonse. Anthu ambiri a ku India pamodzi ndi anthu ena biliyoni imodzi padziko lonse alibe mwayi umenewo. Sakhala pafupi ndi mpope, mtsinje, kapena chitsime chamadzi.

Wina wa anthu amenewo ndi Abdullah, mnyamata yemwe amakhala m’dera lina louma la mu Africa lotchedwa Sahel. Chikwangwani cha mumsewu chonena za mudzi wawo chimati kumudziko n’kokhako kumene kumapezeka madzi m’deralo, chikhalirecho madziwo anatha kalekale, ndipo mwina simungaoneko mtengo ngakhale umodzi. Abdullah amakhala ndi ntchito yokatunga madzi a kunyumba kwawo kuchitsime chomwe chili pamtunda wautali ndithu wokwana kilomita imodzi.

Padziko lonse, m’madera ena madzi abwino amene anthu akufuna ayamba kale kupereŵera. Chifukwa chake n’chachidziŵikire; anthu ambiri akukhala ku madera osoŵa madzi kapena kuti madera amene mvula imagwa yochepa ndipo madzi anasoŵako kalekale. (Onani mapu patsamba 19.) Malinga ndi mmene bungwe lotchedwa Stockholm Environment Institute linanenera, akuti anthu pafupifupi theka padziko lonse, panopo akukhala kumadera osoŵa madzi okwanira mwinanso osoŵeratu madzi. Ndipo anthu achuluka moŵirikiza kuposa madzi amene anthuwo amafuna.

Komano madziwo sakuwonjezeka. Kukumba zitsime zakuya  ndiponso kumanga malo atsopano osungira madzi kumangothandiza kwa nthaŵi yochepa. Koma mvula yomwe imagwa padzikoli ndiponso madzi omwe ali pansi panthaka, sawonjezeka. Choncho, akatswiri odziŵa zanyengo aŵerengetsa kuti mwina zaka 25 zisanathe, munthu aliyense padziko pano azidzagwiritsa ntchito theka lokha la madzi omwe anali kugwiritsa ntchito poyamba.

Mmene Madzi Amakhudzira Thanzi ndi Chakudya

Kodi madzi akasoŵa anthu amakhudzidwa bwanji? Choyamba n’chakuti thanzi lawo limawonongeka. Si kuti angafe chifukwa cha ludzu. Koma madzi oipa ophikira ndi kumwa angawadwalitse. Elizabeth Dowdeswell ananena kuti “m’mayiko osatukuka, madzi oipa ndiwo amayambitsa matenda ochuluka ndiponso kuti anthu osafika theka la omwe amamwalira, amamwalira chifukwa cha madziwo.” Ku mayiko osatukuka, komwenso kumagwa mvula yochepa, nthaŵi zambiri madzi amaipitsidwa ndi ndoŵe zanyama kapena anthu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza, kapena mankhwala a kumafakitale. Banja limene lili losauka silingachitire mwina kuposa kungogwiritsa ntchito madzi oipa omwewo.

Kuti matupi athu achotse zoipa m’thupi pamafunika madzi, chonchonso anthu amafuna madzi ochuluka kuti akhale paukhondo, koma anthu ambiri sakupeza madzi. Mu 1990 anthu amene sankakhala mwaukhondo anapitirira mabiliyoni aŵiri ndi theka ndipo podzafika mu 1997 anawonjezeka n’kutsala pang’ono kufika mabiliyoni atatu. Ameneŵa ndi anthu okwana pafupifupi theka la anthu padziko lonse. Ndipotu ukhondo n’ngofunika kwambiri m’moyo. Akuluakulu a United Nations, Carol Bellamy ndi Nitin Desai, mogwirizana anachenjeza kuti: “Ana akasoŵa madzi oyenera kumwa ndiponso a ukhondo, amadwaladwala ndiponso amakula mokwinimbira.”

Kukhala ndi zakudya kumalira madzi. Inde mvula ndiyo imathirira mbewu zambiri, koma m’zaka zaposachedwapa ulimi wothirira ndiwo ukudyetsa anthu omwe akuchulukirachulukira padzikoli. Pafupifupi 36 peresenti ya zinthu zonse zimene amakolola masiku ano padziko lonse zimapezeka chifukwa cha ulimi wothirira. Koma mayiko amene amachita ulimi wothirira anachuluka kuposa kale lonse pafupifupi zaka 20 zapitazo, komabe kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo akhala akucheperachepera.

Ngati m’nyumba mwathu muli mipope yotulutsa madzi ambiri ndipo ngati tili ndi chimbudzi chaukhondo chamadzi chimene chimachotsa zonyansa bwinobwino, zingakhale zovuta kukhulupirira kuti padzikoli palibe madzi okwanira. Komatu tisaiwale kuti ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri padziko amene ali ndi zinthu zimenezo. Amayi ambiri mu Africa amathera maola  mpaka asanu ndi limodzi pa tsiku akutunga madzi, ndipotu nthaŵi zambiri madziwo amakhala oipa. Amayi ameneŵa amamvetsadi kwambiri kuti n’zoonadi kuti: Madzi abwino akusoŵa, ndipo akusoŵerasoŵera.

Kodi zaumisiri zingathetse vuto limeneli? Kodi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito madzi mosamala kungathandize? Kodi madzi onse aja amka kuti? Tiyesa kuyankha mafunso ameneŵa m’nkhani zotsatira.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 20]

KUMENE KULI MADZI ABWINO

Madzi ambiri zedi okwana maperesenti 97 ali m’nyanja zikuluzikulu ndipo sangamwedwe, sangagwiritsidwe ntchito paulimi ngakhalenso popangira zinthu m’mafakitale chifukwa choti amaŵaŵa mchere kwambiri.

Madzi ochepa kwambiri okwana maperesenti atatu okha padzikoli ndiwo abwino. Komano, madzi ambiri pamenepa n’ngovuta kupeza, monga chitsanzo chili pansipa chikusonyezera.

[Chithunzi]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Madzi oundana 68.7 peresenti

Madzi opezeka pansi panthaka 30.1 peresenti

Madzi oundana apansi panthaka 0.9 peresenti

Nyanja, mitsinje, ndi madambo 0.3 peresenti

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

VUTO LA MADZI

▪ KUIPITSIDWA Ku Poland, madzi ochepa kwambiri okwana maperesenti 5 ndiwo abwino kumwa, ndipo madzi ambiri okwana maperesenti 75 ndi oipitsidwa kwambiri moti sawagwiritsa ntchito ngakhale m’mafakitale.

▪ MADZI A M’MATAUNI Mumzinda wa Mexico, mzinda wachiŵiri waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse, madzi ochokera pansi omwe ali ambiri kwabasi mu mzinda wonsewo akunka naphwera. Madzi amene amapopa amaposa madzi omwe amabwereramo ndi theka. Nakonso ku Beijing, mzinda waukulu wa ku China kuli vuto ngati lomwelo. Chaka ndi chaka, kasupe wawo wamadzi wakhala akuphwa kuposa mita imodzi, ndipo chimodzi mwa zitsime zitatu zilizonse kumeneko chaphwereratu.

▪ KUTHIRIRA Madzi a m’kasupe wamkulu wam’dera la Ogallala ku United States aphwereratu moti dera lalikulu ndithu limene limadalira ulimi wothirira kumpoto cha kumadzulo kwa Texas silikulimidwanso chifukwa chosoŵa madzi. Mayiko aŵiri a China ndi India, omwe ali pa nambala 2 ndiponso nambala 3 pa ulimi wa zakudya, akukumana ndi mavuto ofananawo. Ku Tamil Nadu, komwe ndi kumwera kwa India, ulimi wothirira wachititsa kuti madzi apansi panthaka atsike pansi kuposa mamita 23 patatha zaka khumi.

▪ MITSINJE YAKUPHWA Nyengo yotentha, mtsinje waukulu wa Ganges sufikanso kunyanja popeza kuti madzi a mu mtsinjewo amawapatutsa m’njira. N’zimene zimachitikiranso mtsinje wa Corolado wa ku North America.

[Mapu patsamba 19]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

KUMENE KULI MADZI OPEREŴERA

Kumadera Kumene Madzi Akusoŵa