Pamene Panayambira Udani

UDANI unayamba kalekale anthu atangokhalapo. Nkhani ya m’Baibulo pa Genesis 4:8 imati: “Pamene anali kumunda, Kaini anamuukira Abele mphwake, namupha.” “Ndipo anamupha iye chifukwa ninji?” anafunsa choncho wolemba Baibulo wina, Yohane. “Popeza ntchito zake zinali zoipa, ndi za mbale wake zolungama.” (1 Yohane 3:12) Abele anaphedwa chifukwa cha nsanje, ndipo ichi n’chifukwa china chofala kwambiri choyambitsa udani. “Nsanje ndiyo ukali wa mwamuna,” Miyambo 6:34 imatero. Masiku ano, kuchitirana nsanje chifukwa cha ulemerero, chuma, maluso, ndi zinthu zina zokhumbirika, kukudanitsabe anthu.

Kusadziŵa Ndiponso Mantha

Komatu zoyambitsa udani n’zambiri osati nsanje yokha. Nthaŵi zambiri, udani umakula chifukwa cha kusadziŵa ndiponso mantha. “Ndisanaphunzire kudana nawo ndinayamba kuphunzira kaye kuchita nawo mantha,” anatero mnyamata wina amene ali m’gulu lochita zachiwawa lodana ndi mafuko ena. Nthaŵi zambiri chimayambitsa mantha otere n’kusadziŵa. Malingana ndi buku la The World Book Encyclopedia, anthu atsankhu amangokhulupirira zinthu “popanda umboni umene ulipo. . . . Anthu atsankhu amakonda kuwonjezera nkhani, kusinjirira, kapena kunyalanyaza mfundo iliyonse imene ikutsutsana ndi zimene anatsimikiza kale mumtima mwawo.”

Kodi maganizo otere amawatenga kuti? Buku lina la pa intaneti linati: “Zochitika za m’mbiri ndizo zimapangitsa kuti mitundu ya anthu ambiri ikhale ndi chikhalidwe chimene ili nacho, koma zimene zimatichitikira ifeyo patokha ndizo  zimatipangitsa kukonda kapena kudana ndi zinthu zinazake.”

Mwachitsanzo, ku United States ukapolo unasiya udani pakati pa azungu ndi anthu akuda ambiri umene udakalipo mpaka pano. Nthaŵi zambiri, makolo ndiwo amaphunzitsa ana awo kudana ndi anthu amafuko ena. Mzungu wina amene sakana kuti ndi watsankhu anavomereza kuti anayamba tsankhu lakelo “asanakumane ngakhale pang’ono ndi anthu akuda.”

Ndiye palinso anthu ena amene amakhulupirira kuti anthu amene ali osiyana ndi iwowo n’ngachabechabe. Iwo angakhale ndi maganizo otereŵa chifukwa cha zoipa zimene munthu wa fuko kapena mtundu wina anawachitira panthaŵi ina yake. Ndiye chifukwa cha zimenezo, amangoti basi ndiye kuti aliyense wa fuko kapena wa mtundu umenewo ali ndi vuto.

Khalidwe loona ena ngati n’ngoipa n’lonyansa palokha, koma likafalikira mtundu kapena fuko lonse, lingaphetse anthu. Kukhulupirira kuti dziko limene munthu amachokera, khungu, chikhalidwe, kapena chilankhulo chinachake chima’mpangitsa munthu kukhala wapamwamba kwambiri kungayambitse khalidwe loona ena ngati oipa ndiponso lonyoza anthu ochoka kwina. M’zaka zoyambira m’ma 1900, khalidweli nthaŵi zambiri linkaonekera m’njira zachiwawa.

N’zochititsa chidwi kuti udani ndiponso khalidwe lodziona ngati woposa ena si kuti zimayamba chifukwa chongosiyana khungu kapena mtundu. Wofufuza wina dzina lake Clark McCauley wa ku Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania analemba kuti “kungogaŵa anthu mwachisawawa, ngakhale pozunguliza khobidi n’kuwagaŵa malingana ndi mbali imene khobidilo lagwera, kungachititse anthu kuyamba kukondera gulu limene apezekamo.” Mphunzitsi wina wa sitandade 3 anachita zimenezi pakufufuza kwina kumene kunatchuka kwambiri. Iye anagaŵa kalasi lake m’magulu aŵiri: lina la ana amene maso awo anali oonekako buluu ndipo lina amene  ankaonekako ofiirira. Posakhalitsa magulu aŵiriwo anayamba kudana. Ngakhale anthu okonda gulu limodzi la zamaseŵera angathe kuyamba zachiwawa pa zifukwa zosathandiza n’komwe monga kungokonda zinthu zosiyana m’gululo.

Kodi Chiwawa Chachulukiranji Chonchi?

Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani nthaŵi zambiri anthu amasonyeza udani umenewu pochita zachiwawa? Akatswiri afufuza mozama nkhani zoterezi ndipo mpaka pano akungonena mongopenekera basi. Clark McCauley analemba ndandanda ya mabuku onse amene anafufuzamo nkhani zachiwawa ndiponso zamtopolazi. Analemba kuti buku lina linanena kuti “kuchita chiwawa n’kogwirizana ndi kamtima kofuna kuyambitsa ndiponso kupambana nkhondo.” Ofufuzawo anapeza kuti “mayiko amene anapambana pankhondo yapadziko lonse, yoyamba ndi yachiŵiri ndiwo amene anthu awo anaphana kwambiri nkhondoyo itatha.” Baibulo limati tikukhala m’nyengo yankhondo. (Mateyu 24:6) Kodi n’kutheka kuti nkhondo zimenezi ndizo zachititsa kuti chiwawanso chichuluke?

Ofufuza ena amafunafuna kupeza chimene chimayambitsa khalidwe lamtopolali poyang’ana thupi lathuli. Ofufuza ena otereŵa anayesa kupeza umboni wakuti mtopola wina umayamba chifukwa cha “ kuchepa kwa mtundu wina wa madzi a m’thupi opezeka mu ubongo.” Anthu enanso ambiri amati mwina khalidwe lachiwawa ndi lam’magazi. Katswiri wina wa sayansi yandale anati: “Kwenikweni [udani] timachita kuuyamwira.”

Baibulo nalo limati anthu opanda ungwiro amabadwa ndi makhalidwe oipa. (Genesis 6:5; Deuteronomo 32:5) Inde mawu amenewo amanena za anthu onse. Koma si kuti anthu onse amadana ndi ena mwanjiru yotere. Udani wotere amachita kuuphunzira. Motero katswiri wina wotchuka wa zamaganizo Gordon W. Allport, anaona kuti makanda “saonetsa n’komwe . . . kuti ali ndi chibadwa chokonda chiwawa. . . . Mwana zinthu sizim’khudza n’komwe, ndipo amasangalala ndi chinthu chilichonse, ndiponso munthu aliyense.” Zimenezi zikusonyezadi kuti mtopola, tsankhu, ndiponso udani kwenikweni ndi makhalidwe ochita kuphunzira! Chifukwa chakuti anthufe timatha kuphunzira udani, anthu olimbikitsa udaniŵa akutengerapo mwayi kwambiri wolimbikitsa udaniwo.

Kusokoneza Anthu Maganizo

Amene ali patsogolo pa zimenezi ndi atsogoleri a magulu osiyanasiyana olimbikitsa udani, monga gulu lotama mfundo zachipani cha Nazi ndiponso gulu la ku America lotama Akristu achizungu lotchedwa Ku Klux Klan. Nthaŵi zambiri m’magulu ameneŵa amakonda kukopa achinyamata ongotengeka ndi zilizonse ochokera m’mabanja osagwirizana kuti awatsatire. Achinyamata amantha ndiponso odzidelera angaganize kuti akaloŵa m’magulu olimbikitsa udaniŵa apeza anzawo odalirika.

Intaneti ndi njira imene yathandiza kwambiri anthu ena kuyambitsa udani. Malingana ndi kufufuza kwa posachedwapa, n’zotheka kuti pa intaneti pali Malo Achidziŵitso okwana 1,000 olimbikitsa udani. Magazini yotchedwa The Economist inalemba zimene munthu wina ananena yemwe ndi mwini wake wa malo ena otere. Iye anadzitama motere: “Intaneti yatithandiza kudziŵitsa anthu ambiri zedi maganizo athu.” Malo Achidziŵitso amkuluyu alinso ndi “Tsamba la Ana.”

Achinyamata akamafufuza nyimbo pa intaneti, angathe kungozindikira kuti apeza njira yoloŵera kumene kuli nyimbo zodanitsa zimene angathe kuzitepa. Nthaŵi zambiri nyimbo zotere  zimakhala zokweza mawu kwambiri ndiponso zamtopola, ndipo mawu ake amakhala onyozeratu anthu amitundu ina. Ndiye Malo Achidziŵitso ameneŵa amakhalanso ndi njira zina zoloŵera kumalo ena ankhani, malo ochezera, kapena ku Malo Achidziŵitso enanso amene amalimbikitsa udani.

Malo Achidziŵitso ena olimbikitsa udani ali ndi mbali zina zokhala ndi maseŵera ndiponso zochita zina zimene achinyamata amakonda. Malo Achidziŵitso ena a gulu lotama mfundo zachipani cha Nazi amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito Baibulo kuti alungamitse tsankhu ndiponso kudana ndi Ayuda. Gululi lapanganso tsamba lamaseŵera a mafunso olimbikitsa tsankhu. Kodi cholinga chake n’chiyani? Akuti ndicho “Kuthandiza ana amtundu wathu wa azungu kumvetsetsa nkhondo imene tikumenyera.”

Koma si kuti anthu onse olimbikitsa udani amakhala m’gulu la anthu okakala moyo. Katswiri wina wakhalidwe la anthu yemwe analemba za nkhondo yaposachedwapa yam’mayiko otchedwa Balkans, anasimba za olemba mabuku ena aulemu wawo komanso anthu ena olemekezeka. Iye anati: “Ndinadabwa kwambiri kuona kuti [iwo] ankalemba nkhani zawo mopweteketsa mtima adani awowo, mowachititsa kuti adane nawo kwambiri, komanso kuti asaganizekonso zodziletsa kuchita choipa chilichonse . . . , ndipo nkhanizo zinali zabodza lamkunkhuniza.”

Mfundo imenenso tiyenera kuikumbukira pankhaniyi ndi zimene abusa akuchita. M’buku lake lakuti Holy Hatred: Religious Conflicts of the ’90’s, wolemba wina wotchedwa James A. Haught ananena ndemanga yochititsa nthumanzi iyi yakuti: “Chodabwitsa kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 1990 n’chakuti ngakhale kuti zipembedzo ndizo ziyenera kukhala zolimbikitsa khalidwe lachifundo ndiponso kuganizira anthu, koma izo ndizo zatsogolera kwambiri poyambitsa udani, nkhondo, ndi uchifwamba.”

Motero zikuoneka kuti zoyambitsa udani n’zambiri ndiponso zovuta kuzitchula. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti sizingatheke kuti anthu aleke khalidwe loipali la udani umene wadzaza padziko lonse? Kodi pali chilichonse chimene aliyense payekha kapena anthu onse padziko angachite kuti alimbane ndi kusamvetsetsana, kusadziŵa, ndiponso mantha amene amayambitsa udani?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

Tsankhu ndiponso udani ndi makhalidwe ochita kuphunzira!

[Chithunzi pamasamba 4, 5]

Anthufe sitibadwa ndi . . .

. . . khalidwe lodana ndi ena kapena lomadziona ngati woposa ena

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Magulu olimbikitsa udani akugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti kuti akope achinyamata kuloŵa nawo m’maguluwo

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Nthaŵi zambiri zipembedzo zakhala zikulimbikitsa kusamvana

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AP Photo