Zoona Zake za Zikondwerero Zotchuka

MFITI, mizukwa, maungu, chimoto chapanja, ndiponso ana ofuna kupatsidwa mphatso ndizo zinthu zodziŵika kwambiri pa chikondwerero cha Halloween. Koma kodi chikondwerero chimenechi ndi zinanso zotere zinayamba motani? Chikondwerero cha Halloween, chimatchedwanso kuti madzulo otsatira Tsiku la Oyera Mtima Onse. Komabe dzinali, lomwe amati n’lachikristu, si loyera n’komwe. Ndipotu akatswiri amaphunziro amanena kuti chikondwererochi chinayamba kale Chikristu chisanabwere, nthaŵi imene anthu akale otchedwa  a Celt ankakhala ku Britain ndi ku Ireland. Pogwiritsa ntchito kalendala yoyendera mwezi, anthuŵa anagaŵa chaka m’nyengo ziŵiri: yozizira yomwe kunja kumakhala kwa mitambo ndi yotentha yomwe kunja kumakhala koyera. Mwezi ukatuluka wonse cha m’ma November 1, anthu ameneŵa ankachita chikondwerero chotchedwa Samhain, kutanthauza kuti “Kutha kwa Nyengo Yotentha.” *

Chikondwerero chimenechi, chomwe chinali kuchiyambi kwa chaka cha anthu a chi Celt, chinkachitika kumathero kwa nyengo yotentha, nthaŵi imene anthu amakhala atakolola ndipo ziweto zitabwerako kokadya n’kuloŵa m’khola. Anthuŵa ankakhulupirira kuti dzuŵa likayamba kuloŵa msanga, ndibwino kulipatsanso mphamvu pochita miyambo yosiyanasiyana ndiponso popereka nsembe zosiyanasiyana. Iwo ankayerekezera kutha kwa chaka, pozimitsa moto wonse, ndipo chaka chatsopano ankachiloŵa poyatsa moto wopatulika umene anthu onse ankaupala n’kukausonkhanso kunyumba zawo. Chimoto chimene amasonkha panjachi changati chimene amayatsabe ku Britain pa chikondwerero cha Guy Fawkes Night, ndiponso ku Brazil pa maphwando a m’mwezi wa June ankatinso chimaopseza mizimu yoipa.

Anthu ankakhulupirira kuti pa chikondwerero cha Samhain malire a pakati pa anthu ndi mizimu ankatsegulidwa ndipo mizimu yabwino ndi yoipa yomwe, inali piringupiringu padziko lapansi. Ankaganizanso kuti mizimu ya anthu akufa inali kubwerera kunyumba zawo, ndipo mabanja ankatulutsa chakudya ndi zakumwa kuti mwina alendo awo amene ali azimu awakomere mtima ndi kusawaonetsa malodza. Motero, masiku ano ana akavala ngati mizukwa kapena mfiti n’kumayenda khomo ndi khomo n’kumaopseza anthu kuti akapanda kuwapatsa mphatso ya pa Halloween awaonetsa zoopsa, amalimbikitsa mosadziŵa miyambo yakale ya chikondwerero cha Samhain. Jean Markale m’buku lake lakuti Halloween, histoire et traditions anati: “Polandira mphatso, amakhala akuyerekezera kuti sakumvetsa ubale wachidyerano wapakati pa anthu ooneka ndi anthu osaoneka ndi maso. N’chifukwa chake zochitika pa chikondwerero cha Halloween . . . kwenikweni zili zopatulika.”

Chifukwa chakuti anthu ankakhulupirira kuti malire a dziko la anthu ndi la mizimu anachotsedwa, iwo ankaganiza kuti anthu angathe kudutsa bwinobwino malire ameneŵa n’kukafika kudziko lamizimu. Motero nyengo ya chikondwerero cha Samhain inali nyengo yabwino kwambiri yodziŵira zinsinsi zam’tsogolo. Ma apulo ndi mtedza wina wachizungu, zinkaonedwa monga zipatso za m’mitengo yopatulika ndipo ankazigwiritsa ntchito powombezera maukwati, matenda, ndiponso imfa. Mwachitsanzo, ma apulo olembedwa zizindikiro zosonyeza munthu winawake ankawaika  m’beseni la madzi. Ndiye potengapo apulo limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito kamwa lokha, iwo ankati wachinyamata angadziŵe amene adzakwatirane naye. Mwambo wolosera umenewu udakalipo masiku ano m’maseŵera a pa Halloween omatenga apulo limene lili m’madzi m’pakamwa.

Chikondwerero cha Samhain chinalinso kudziŵika ndi zinthu monga chipwirikiti cha pa moŵa ndiponso kusadziletsa. Markale anati: “Iwo ankaiwalako za chikhalidwe chawo mwinanso n’kumachita zinthu zotsutsana ndi mwambo wawo. Zinthu zoletsedwa zinali kuloledwa, ndipo zololedwa zinali kuletsedwa.” Masiku ano pa Halloween pamachitika zinthu zofanana ndi zomwezi, ndipo mosakayika n’zimene zachititsa kuti chikondwererochi chitchuke kwambiri. Pankhani imeneyi, buku la The Encyclopedia of Religion linalongosola kuti masiku ano Halloween “ndi nthaŵi imene ngakhale anthu achikulire angachite zinthu mopanda mwambo ndipo angadzibise pomachita zinthu zachibwanabwana madzulo. Motero, mfundo ya anthu a chi Celt yakuti madzulo a pa chikondwererochi akhale nthaŵi yochita zinthu zosiyana kwambiri ndi za nthaŵi zonse ikugwirabe ntchito lero.”

Mpikisano wa Zipembedzo

Mbewu ya mbatata italephera kumera ku Ireland m’ma 1800 n’kudzetsa njala m’dzikolo, anthu amene anasamukira ku United States anakayambitsa chikondwerero cha Halloween ndi miyambo yake kumeneko. Miyamboyo itachoka kumeneko inabwereranso ku Ulaya m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Komatu si onse akusangalala ndi kutchuka kwa Halloween. Monga mmene nyuzipepala yotchedwa Le monde inanenera, akuti “chikondwerero cha Halloween chimene chimachitika pamodzi ndi chikondwerero cha Oyera Mtima Onse ndiponso Tsiku la Miyoyo Yonse (November 1 ndi 2) chingathe kuloŵa m’malo mwa zikondwererozi bwinobwino, ndipo chikusangalatsa kwambiri eni sitolo koma chikudetsa nkhaŵa azibusa amatchalitchi.”

Nthumwi za matchalitchi za ku France zanena kuti zikuda nkhaŵa chifukwa maholide a miyambo ya chikatolika ameneŵa akuyamba kuloŵedwa m’malo ndi Halloween, ndipo zikuona kuti chimenechi n’chizindikiro chakuti “anthu akuyamba uchikunja.” Mkulu wina wotchedwa Stanislas Lalanne yemwe ndi wolankhulira bungwe la France’s Conference of Catholic Bishops, amaona kuti chikondwerero cha Halloween ‘chimachititsa anthu kusamvetsa tanthauzo la moyo ndi imfa.’ Bishopu wa ku Nice, Jean Bonfils, anati “chikondwerero chimenechi ndiponso miyambo yake si zogwirizana ngakhale pang’ono ndi chikhalidwe chathu cha kuno ku Mediterranean ndiponso si zogwirizana ndi Chikristu,” ndipo anachenjeza Akatolika kuti chikondwererochi “n’chikondwerero chachikulu kwambiri cha Olambira Satana padziko lonse.”

Ponenapo za mmene anthu a ku France asiyira miyambo yachikatolika n’kuyamba kuchita  miyambo yachikunja imeneyi, Hippolyte Simon amene ali Bishop wa ku Clermont-Ferrand, anati: “Zili ngati kuti anthu a ku France akufunafuna chipembedzo cha anthu onse chimene chingathe kuloŵa m’malo mwa Chikristu ndi zinthu zimene Chikristucho chimafanizira.” Iye analemba kuti: “Pa chikondwerero cha Halloween anthu amafanizira anthu akufa ndipo amati ‘mizimu’ yawo imauka n’kumatiopseza kuti itipha. Koma pa chikondwerero cha Tsiku la Oyera Mtima Onse, timagogomezera kuti anthu akufa adakali ndi moyo ndipo kuti tinalonjezedwa kuti tidzakumana nawo mu Mzinda wa Mulungu,” anatero m’buku lotchedwa Vers une France païenne? (Kodi Dziko la France Layamba Kusanduka la Chikunja?)

Pamfundo yomweyi, Carlo Maria Martini, kadinala wa ku Milan, ku Italy, analimbikitsa anthu a ku Italy kuti asasiye maholide a ku Italy ndipo anati chikondwerero cha Halloween “si chogwirizana ndi miyambo yathu, imene ili ndi mfundo zabwino kwambiri ndipo iyenera kuchitidwabe. Chikondwerero cha Tsiku la Miyoyo Yonse n’chakale kwambiri m’mbiri yathu. Panyengo imeneyi pamakhala chiyembekezo cha moyo wosatha ndipo m’pamene Ambuye amatizindikiritsa kuti moyo suli padziko pokha pano.” Mosakayikira, Akatolika ambiri oona mtima amakhulupirira zomwezi. Koma kodi kusiyana kwa chikondwerero cha Halloween ndi Tsiku la Miyoyo Yonse n’kokhaku kumene anthu athirirapo ndemangaŵa akufuna kuti tikhulupirire? Kodi tikaona bwino chiyambi cha maholide a chikatolika ameneŵa timapeza chiyani?

Mwambo Woonedwa Ngati Wopatulika

Buku la The Catholic Encyclopedia limalongosola kuti Tsiku la Oyera Mtima Onse ndi phwando lomwe cholinga chake “n’kulemekeza anthu oyera mtima onse, odziŵika ndi osadziŵika omwe.” Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 100, odzitcha kuti Akristu anayamba kulemekeza anthu amene anaphedwa chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chawo ndipo pokhulupirira kuti anali kale ndi Kristu kumwamba, ankapemphera kwa iwowo kuti aziwalankhulira kwa iye popempha kuti awachitire chifundo. Chikondwererochi chinakhazikika kuyambira pa May 13, * 609 kapena 610 C.E., pamene Papa Boniface wachinayi anapatulira kwa Mariya ndi onse amene anafera chikhulupiriro, kachisi wa chiroma wa milungu yonse wotchedwa Pantheon. Markale anati: “Milungu yachiroma inapereka ulemerero wawo kwa anthu oyera mtima a chipembedzo chotchukacho.”

Papa Gregory wachitatu (amene anakhalako kuyambira 731 mpaka 741 C.E), ndiye anasintha tsikuli kuti likhale mu November ndiponso ndiye anamanga tchalitchi chapadera ku Rome n’kuchipereka kwa oyera mtima onse n’kulamula kuti azipatsidwa ulemu pa November 1. Chifukwa chenicheni chimene anachitira choncho sichikudziŵika. Koma n’kutheka kuti chifukwa chake chinali chakuti holide yotereyi inalipo kale patsiku lomweli ku England. Buku la The Encyclopedia of Religion limati, “chikondwerero cha Samhain chinatchukabe pakati pa anthu a chi Celt panthaŵi yonse imene Chikristu chinali kufala ku Great Britain. Tchalitchi cha ku Britain chinayesa kukhotetsa chidwi chimenechi cha miyambo yachikunja pokhazikitsa chikondwerero chachikristu patsiku limodzi ndi la chikondwerero cha Samhain. . . . Pakuti ku Britain m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500 anthu ankachita chikondwerero cha Tsiku la Oyera Mtima Onse, ndiye mwina n’chifukwa  chake m’matchalitchi onse achikristu anthu anayamba kuchita chikondwererochi.”

Markale analongosola kuti amonke a ku Ireland anakula mphamvu ku Ulaya konse panthaŵiyi. Buku la New Catholic Encyclopedia linatinso: “Nthaŵi zambiri anthu a ku Ireland ankachita zikondwerero zazikulu patsiku loyamba la mwezi, ndipo pakuti kwa anthu a chi Celt pa November 1 panali poyambira nyengo yozizira, n’kutheka kuti linali tsiku la phwando la oyera mtima onse.” Mapeto ake, m’chaka cha 835 C.E., Papa Gregory wachinayi anakhazikitsa chikondwerero chimenechi konsekonse.

Koma Tsiku la Miyoyo Yonse, pamene amapempherera mizimu imene ili ku purigatoriyo kuti ikaloŵe kumwamba kwa chimwemwe, linaikidwa monga holide pa November 2 m’kati mwazaka za m’ma 1,000 ndi abusa a ku Cluny, ku France. Ngakhale kuti Tsiku la Miyoyo Yonse n’looneka ngati holide ya chikatolika, n’zachidziŵikire kuti anthu wamba anali osokonezeka pa nkhaniyi. Buku la New Catholic Encyclopedia linati: “M’kati mwa zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500, anthu ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti patsiku limeneli mizimu imene ili ku purigatoriyo ingathe kuonekera monga nyali yamfiti, achule, ndi zina zotere.”

Polephera kuchotseratu zikhulupiriro zachikunja m’mitima mwa nkhosa zake, tchalitchichi chinangozibisa n’kumati ndi “zachikristu.” Pogogomezera mfundo imeneyi, buku lotchedwa The Encyclopedia of Religion limati: “Chikondwerero chachikristu, chotchedwa Feast of All Saints (Phwando la Oyera Mtima Onse) cholinga chake n’kukumbukira oyera mtima onse odziŵika ndi osadziŵika am’chipembedzo chachikristu monga mmene chikondwerero cha Samhain chimaonera ndiponso kulemekeza milungu ya anthu a chi Celt.”

Mmene Zikondwerero Zotchuka Zimakukhudzirani

Kodi chiyambi choipa cha Halloween ndiponso zikondwerero zina zotere chiyenera kukukhudzani motani? M’maganizo mwa anthu ambiri, chikondwerero cha Halloween ndi nthaŵi yotchena ndi kusangalala basi. Koma kodi simukuvomereza kuti m’pofunika kuti makolo azionetsetsa kuti chosangalatsa chilichonse chimene ana awo akuchita n’choyenerera ndiponso si chowavulaza?

Woyang’anira sukulu wina wochokera ku France amene wakhala akuchita ntchito yophunzitsa kwa zaka zoposa 20 anamufunsa za mmene chikondwerero cha Halloween chimakhudzira ana. Iye anati: “Ndimada nkhaŵa kuti ana akamayenda nyumba ndi nyumba n’kumaopseza anthu achikulire n’cholinga chofuna masiwiti angathe kuwonongeka kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Zingawachititse kuti akhale odzikonda ndiponso osaganizira ena. Amaphunzira kuti angapeze zimene akufuna povutitsa anthu ndi kuwaopseza.” Motero makolo ayenera kudzifunsa kuti, ‘Kodi ndi “maphunziro” otani amene ana anga angatengepo pochita chikondwerero cha holide imeneyi?’

N’zosadabwitsa, kuti mabanja ambiri amaona kuti kumvera ana awo powapatsa  mphatso ndiponso zovala za pa mwambowu kumawawonongera ndalama zambiri. Robert Rochefort, mkulu wa bungwe la ku France la Research Center for the Study and Observation of Living Conditions anati “Halloween . . . si holide ayi, koma ndi mwambo wogulitsirapo zinthu.” Halloween ndi nyambo yonyengerera anthu kuti agule zinthu Khirisimasi ili m’tsogolo. Kapena tinganene kuti, n’chinthu chinanso chimene chimachititsa anthu kuti angowononga ndalama zawo zambiri. Kodi muyeneradi kungotsatira zimene ena akuchita pankhaniyi?

Komatu chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri kwa Akristu n’chakuti chikondwerero cha Halloween ndiponso zikondwerero zina zotero n’zochokera kuchikunja. Mtumwi Paulo analemba kuti: “Sindifuna kuti inu muyanjane ndi ziwanda. Simungathe kumwera chikho cha Ambuye, ndi chikho cha ziwanda.” (1 Akorinto 10:20-22) Iye anafunsanso kuti: “Pakuti chilungamo chigaŵana bwanji ndi chosalungama? Kapena kuunika kuyanjana bwanji ndi mdima? Ndipo Kristu avomerezana bwanji ndi mdyerekezi? Kapena wokhulupira ali nalo gawo lanji pamodzi ndi wosakhulupira?” (2 Akorinto 6:14-16, Phillips) Motero Baibulo limakaniratu zosintha mwambo wachikunja kuusandutsa wachikristu!

Komanso Baibulo limachenjeza kuti tisachite zinthu zokhulupirira mizimu. (Deuteronomo 18:10-12) Ngakhale n’zoona kuti anthu ambiri amene amachita chikondwerero cha Halloween anganene kuti amadana ndi miyambo yausatana, tiyenerabe kudziŵa kuti kale lonse holide imeneyi yakhala ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zamizimu. Motero ingathe kuyambitsa munthu kukhulupirira mizimu, makamaka ana amene amangotengeka n’zilizonse. Miyambo yachikunja yophatikizapo kukhulupirira mizimu simagwirizana ngakhale pang’ono ndi kulambira kwachikristu ndipo ingamuike munthu m’mavuto aakulu.

Mfundo yotsiriza n’njakuti Halloween, Tsiku la Oyera Mtima Onse, ndiponso Tsiku la Miyoyo Yonse n’zikondwerero zoyamba chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti anthu akufa amavutika kapena kuti angathe kuvulaza anthu amoyo m’njira inayake. Komabe Baibulo limasonyeza momvekera bwino kuti zikhulupiriro zoterezi n’zabodza, ponena kuti: “Pakuti amoyo adziŵa kuti tidzafa; koma akufa sadziŵa kanthu bi.” (Mlaliki 9:5) Pachifukwa chimenechi Baibulo limatilangiza kuti “Chilichonse dzanja lako lichipeza kuchichita, uchichite ndi mphamvu yako; pakuti mulibe ntchito ngakhale kulingirira ngakhale kudziŵa, ngakhale nzeru, kumanda ulikupitako.” (Mlaliki 9:10) Pakuti akufa sadziŵa kanthu motero sangathe kuvulaza munthu kapena kuvutika, palibe chifukwa chilichonse chowaopera. Ndiponso kuwapempherera kuti athandizidwe kulibenso ntchito n’komwe. Koma kodi ndiye kuti palibe chiyembekezo chilichonse kwa okondedwa athu amene anafa? Ayi chilipo. Baibulo limatitsimikizira kuti “kudzakhala kuuka kwa olungama ndi osalungama.”—Machitidwe 24:15. *

Munthu akadziŵa zinthu amakhala ndi ufulu wosankha. Sitingaganize kuti tingasankhe zinthu mwanzeru ngati sitikudziŵa bwinobwino nkhani yonse. Pakuti tsopano mwadziŵa mfundo zimene zalongosoledwa m’nkhani zino, kodi inuyo muganiza zochita chiyani?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 20]

Chikondwerero cha Halloween chimalimbikitsa bodza lakuti akufa, kwenikweni adakali ndi moyo

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 21]

Miyambo yolosera zam’tsogolo ya chi Celt ikupezekabe m’maseŵera ochitidwa pa Halloween

[Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Chikondwerero cha Halloween chinayambira pamwambo wa anthu a chi Celt. N’kutheka kuti kunali kulambira Lug, mulungu wawo wa kuwala.

[Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Manda okhala ndi mitanda ya anthu akale a chi Celt

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Maseŵera omatenga apulo lomwe lili m’madzi m’pakamwa ndi amodzi mwa maseŵera a chi Celt

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzichi chachokera m’magazini yotchedwa: The Delineator a mu October 1911

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Papa Boniface wachinayi anapatulira kachisi wachikunja wa milungu yonse wa ku Rome wotchedwa Pantheon kwa Mariya ndi anthu onse ophedwa chifukwa chokhulupirira tchalitchi chawo

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Kodi chikondwerero cha Halloween chimakhudza bwanji ana anu?

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Akristu oona amasangalala ndi zosangalatsa zabwino pamodzi ndi banja lawo